ch 22_lecture_presentation

© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

22The Cardiovascular System: Vessels and Circulation

PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations prepared bySteven BassettSoutheast Community College Lincoln, Nebraska


Introduction

• There are two groups of blood vessels• Pulmonary circuit

• Blood goes to and from the lungs

• Systemic circuit• Blood goes to the rest of the body and back to the

heart

• Blood goes to both circuits at the same time with each heartbeat


Histological Organization of Blood Vessels

Blood vessel walls Tunica intima

Inner layer Endothelium and CT

Tunica media Middle layer Smooth muscle and CT

Tunica Externa (Adventitia) Outer layer Mostly CT


Figure 22.1 Histological Comparison of Typical Arteries and Veins

ARTERY VEIN

Adventitia

Media

Intima

SmoothmuscleInternal elasticmembrane

Externalelasticmembrane

Endothelium

Elasticfiber

Lumenofartery

Lumenof vein

Artery and vein LM 60

Adventitia

Media

Intima

Smoothmuscle

Endothelium



Types of arteries: Elastic arteries, or conducting arteries, are large vessels with

diameters of up to 2.5 cm (1 in.). Muscular arteries, or distribution arteries (also known as

medium-sized arteries), transport blood to the body’s skeletal muscle and internal organs.

Arterioles are considerably smaller than muscular arteries. Arterioles have an average diameter of about 30 μm.

Blood vessels in order of deceasing in size: Aorta Pulmonary artery Arteries Arterioles Capillaries


Figure 22.2 Histological Structure of Blood Vessels

Large Vein

Medium-Sized Vein

Venule

Capillaries

Arteriole

Muscular Artery

Elastic Artery

Adventitia

Media

Endothelium

Intima

Adventitia

Media

Endothelium

Intima

Adventitia

Endothelium

Pores

Endothelial cells

Basal lamina

Endothelial cells

Basal lamina

Endothelium

Basal lamina

Smooth muscle cells(Media)

Endothelium

Intima

Media

Adventitia

Adventitia

Media

EndotheliumIntima

Internalelastic layer

Fenestrated Capillary Continuous Capillary



Capillaries: Smallest and most delicate blood vessels Their walls permit exchange of substances

and gases between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids

Types of capillaries: Continuous— has a complete endothelial lining Fenestrated— contains “windows” in their walls due

to perforated endothelial lining Sinusoids— specialized fenestrated capillaries

found in selected tissues (such as the liver) that allow very slow blood flow


Figure 22.3b Structure of Capillaries

This diagrammaticview of a fenestratedcapillary details thestructure of the wall.

Basal lamina

Endothelial cell

Nucleus

Endosomes

Boundary betweenendothelial cells

Basallamina

Fenestrations,or pores


Figure 22.4a Organization of a Capillary Bed

Basic organization of a typical capillary bed.The pattern of blood flow changes continuallyin response to regional alterations in tissueoxygen demand.

KEY

Variableblood flow

Consistentblood flow

Smallvenule

Arteriovenousanastomosis

Precapillarysphincters

Section ofprecapillary

sphincter

Smoothmuscle cells

Thoroughfarechannel

Collateralarteries

Arteriole

Metarterioles

Vein

Venule

Capillaries



Types of veins: Venules, the smallest veins, collect blood from capillaries.

An average venule has a diameter of roughly 20 μm. Medium-sized veins range from 2 to 9 mm in internal diameter

and correspond in general size to medium-sized arteries. Large veins include the great veins, the superior and inferior

venae cavae, and their tributaries within the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities.

The neck and extremities contain two set of veins, superficial and deep, to regulate the body temperature.

The superficial vein on the radial side of the arm is cephalic vein and on the ulnar side is basilic vein.


Figure 22.5 Function of Valves in the Venous System Valves

Valveclosed

Valveclosed

Valve opens abovecontracting muscle

Valve closes belowcontracting muscle


Blood Vessel Distribution

Distribution of arteries and veins on the left and right sides is usually identical except near the heart. Right common carotid and right subclavian arteries are branches of brachiocephalic artery, while left common carotid and left subclavian arteries are branches of aortic arch.The brachiocephalic vein is also known as innominate vein. A single vessel may have several different names as it crosses specific anatomical boundaries, making accurate anatomical descriptions possible. Like subclavian artery after passing over the outer border of the first rib, is called Axillary artery. The anterior tibial artery at the ankle becomes dorsalis pedis artery. Arteries and veins often make anastomotic connections that reduce the impact of blockage of a single vessel.


Blood Vessel Distribution

Pulmonary circuit Carries deoxygenated blood/high carbon

dioxide blood to the lungs then back to the heart

Includes the pulmonary trunk, the left and right pulmonary arteries, and the pulmonary veins

Systemic circuit Carries oxygenated blood to the body tissues Includes the coronary circuit, which supplies

the myocardium. This circulation starts from Left ventricle and ends into right atrium.


Figure 22.7 An Overview of the General Pattern of Circulation

Brain

Upper limbs

Lungs

Pulmonarycircuit

(arteries)

Pulmonarycircuit(veins)

RALA

Rightventricle

Leftventricle

Systemiccircuit(veins)

Systemiccircuit

(arteries)

Kidneys

Liver

Spleen

Gonads

Lower limbs

Digestiveorgans


Figure 22.8a The Pulmonary Circuit

Anatomy of the pulmonary circuit. Blue arrows indicate the flow of deoxygenated blood; red arrows indicate the flow of oxygenated blood. The breakout shows the alveoli of the lung and the routes of gas diffusion into and out of the bloodstream across the walls of the alveolar capillaries.

Descending aorta

CO2

O2Inferior vena cava

Right pulmonaryveins

Right pulmonaryarteries

Right lung

Trachea

Superior vena cava

Ascending aorta

Aortic arch

Pulmonary trunk

Left lung

Left pulmonary arteries

Left pulmonary veins

Alveolus

Capillary


Figure 22.9 An Overview of the Systemic Arterial System

Vertebral

Right subclavian

Brachiocephalictrunk

Aortic archAscending

aorta

Celiac trunkBrachial

Radial

UlnarExternal

iliac

Palmararches

Popliteal

Posterior tibial

Anterior tibial

Fibular

Plantar arch

Dorsalis pedis

Descendinggenicular

Femoral

Deepfemoral

Renal

Superior mesenteric

Gonadal

Inferior mesenteric

Common iliac

Internal iliac

Diaphragm

Pulmonary trunk

Descending aorta

Axillary

Left subclavian

Left common carotid

Right common carotid


Figure 22.9 An Overview of the Systemic Arterial System (Part 1 of 2)

Right subclavian


Aortic archAscending

aorta

Celiac trunkBrachial Renal

Superior mesenteric

GonadalInferior mesenteric

Diaphragm

Pulmonary trunkDescending aorta

Axillary

Left subclavian

Left common carotid

Right common carotidVertebral


Figure 22.10 Aortic Angiogram

Thyrocervical trunk

Right commoncarotid artery

Right subclavian artery

Internal thoracic artery

Ascending aorta


Left commoncarotid artery

Left subclavian artery

Aortic arch

Descending aorta


Figure 22.11a Arteries of the Chest and Upper Limb

Arteries originating along the aortic arch shown branching into the chest and right upper limb

Thyrocervical trunk

Right common carotid

Left common carotid

VertebralBrachiocephalic trunk

Left subclavian

Aortic arch

Ascending aorta

Thoracic aorta

Heart

Internal thoracic

Abdominal aorta

Suprascapular

Right subclavian

Thoracoacromial

Axillary

Lateral thoracic

Anterior humeral circumflex

Posterior humeral circumflex

Subscapular

Deep brachial

Intercostal

Brachial

Superior ulnarcollateral

Inferior ulnarcollateral

Anterior ulnarrecurrent

Posterior ulnarrecurrent

Radial

Anteriorinterosseous

Ulnar

Deep palmararch

Superficial palmar arch

Digital arteries


Figure 22.13a Arteries of the Neck and Head

General circulation pattern of arteries supplying theneck and superficial structures of the head; this is an oblique lateral view from the right side.


Common carotid

Carotid sinus

External carotid

Lingual

Facial

Maxillary

OphthalmicMiddle cerebralAnterior cerebral

First rib

Clavicle

Internal carotid

Vertebral

Inferior thyroid

Thyrocervicaltrunk

Transverse cervical

Suprascapular

Subclavian

Axillary

Internal thoracic

Second rib

Occipital

Basilar

Posterior cerebral

Carotid canal

Cerebral arterial circle

Superficial temporal


Figure 22.14a The Arterial Supply to the Brain

An inferior view of the brain showing the distribution ofarteries. See Figure 22.21b for a comparable view ofthe veins on the inferior surface of the brain.

Anterior cerebral

Internal carotid (cut)

Middle cerebral

Pituitary gland

Posterior cerebral

Basilar

Vertebral

Anterior spinal

Anterior communicating

Anterior cerebral

Posterior communicatingCerebralarterialcircle

Posterior cerebral

Superior cerebellar

Pontine

Labyrinthine

Anterior inferior cerebellar

Posterior inferior cerebellar


Figure 22.14b The Arterial Supply to the Brain

The arteries on the inferior surface of thebrain; the vessels have been injected withred latex, making them easier to see.

Anterior cerebralAnterior communicating

Posterior communicating

Posterior cerebralLeft internalcarotid

Superiorcerebellar

Pons

Basilar

AnteriorinferiorcerebellarVertebral

Medullaoblongata


Figure 22.15 Major Arteries of the TrunkVertebral

Thyrocervical trunk

Brachiocephalic trunk

Aortic arch

Internal thoracic

Esophageal

Pericardial

THORACIC AORTA

Superior phrenic

Inferior phrenic

Diaphragm

Common hepatic

Suprarenal

Renal

Lumbar

Right common iliac

External iliac

Internal iliacMedian sacral

Terminal segmentof the aorta

Inferior mesenteric

Gonadal

ABDOMINALAORTA

Superior mesenteric

SplenicLeft gastric

Celiac trunk

Intercostal

Mediastinal

Bronchial

Axillary

Left subclavian

Common carotid


Figure 22.16a Arteries of the Abdomen

Major arteries supplying the abdominal viscera

Celiac trunk

Common hepatic

Hepatic artery proper

CysticGastroduodenal

Right gastric

Right gastroepiploicSuperior mesenteric

Superiorpancreaticoduodenal

Duodenal

Inferiorpancreaticoduodenal

Middle colic (cut)

Ascending colon

Right colic

Ileocolic

Intestinal

Right external iliac

Right internal iliacRectum

Sigmoid colon

Small intestine

Pancreas

LiverStomach

Inferior vena cava

Spleen

THORACIC AORTA

ABDOMINAL AORTA

Splenic

Left gastric

Left gastroepiploic

Pancreatic

Inferior mesenteric

Left colic

Sigmoid

Left common iliac

Rectal


Figure 22.9 An Overview of the Systemic Arterial System (Part 2 of 2)

Radial

Externaliliac

Palmararches

Popliteal

Posterior tibial

Anterior tibial

Fibular

Plantar arch

Dorsalis pedis

Descendinggenicular

Femoral

Deepfemoral

Common iliac

Internal iliacUlnar


Figure 22.17a Major Arteries of the Lower Limb, Part I

Anterior view of the arteries supplying the rightlower limb

Plantar arch

Medial plantar

Dorsal arch

Lateral plantar

Dorsalis pedis

Fibular

Anterior tibial

Posterior tibial

Descendinggenicular

Popliteal

Femoral

Lateral femoralcircumflex

Deep femoralMedial femoralcircumflex

ObturatorInternal pudendalLateral sacralExternal iliac

Internal iliac

Common iliac

Superiorgluteal

Inguinalligament

Iliolumbar


Figure 22.21a Major Veins of the Head and Neck

An oblique lateral view of the head and neckshowing the major superficial and deep veins

Axillary

Rightsubclavian

Clavicle

First rib

Externaljugular

Vertebral

Occipital

Sigmoidsinus

Occipital sinus

Petrosal sinuses

Straight sinus

Great cerebral

Righttransverse sinus

Inferiorsagittal sinus

Superiorsagittal sinus

Superficialcerebral veins

Temporal

Deep cerebral

Cavernous sinusMaxillary

Facial

Internal jugular

Right brachiocephalic

Left brachiocephalic

Superior vena cava

Internal thoracic


Figure 22.22 The Venous Drainage of the Trunk and Upper Limb

KEY

Deep veins

Superficial veins

Digital

Palmar venousarches

Ulnar

Basilic

Medialsacral

Median antebrachial

Radial

Anteriorinterosseous

Cephalic

Median cubital

Suprarenal

Phrenic

Basilic

INFERIOR VENA CAVA

Intercostal

BrachialHemiazygos

Accessory hemiazygos

CephalicAxillary

BrachiocephalicHighest intercostalSubclavian

Internal jugularVertebral

Mediastinal

SUPERIORVENA CAVA

Internalthoracic

Esophageal

Azygos

Hepatic

Renal

Gonadal

Lumbar

Commoniliac

Internal iliac

External iliac

External jugular


Figure 22.24b The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb

Anterior view showing the veins of theright lower limb

Superficial veinsDeep veins

KEY

DigitalPlantar venous arch

Dorsal venous arch

Small saphenous

FibularPosterior tibial

Anterior tibial

Popliteal

Great saphenous

Femoral

Obturator

Lateral sacral

Internal pudendal

Inferior gluteal

Internal iliacRight common

iliac

Superior gluteal

External iliac

Femoral circumflex

Deep femoral


Figure 22.24c The Venous Drainage of the Lower Limb

Superficial veinsDeep veins

KEY

Posterior view showing the veins of theright lower limb

Posterior tibial

Anterior tibial

Fibular

Smallsaphenous

Popliteal

Great saphenous

Deep femoral

Femoral

Inferior gluteal

Superior gluteal

Right externaliliac

Internal pudendal

ObturatorFemoral

Femoralcircumflex


Figure 22.26 The Hepatic Portal System

Inferior vena cava

Liver Stomach

Pancreas

Hepatic

Cystic

Hepatic portal

Pancreaticoduodenal

Middle colic(from transverse colon)

Superior mesenteric

Right colic

Ascending colon

Ileocolic

Intestinal

Superior rectal

Sigmoid

Small intestine

Descending colon

Spleen

Inferior mesenteric

Left colic

Pancreatic

Splenic

Right gastroepiploic

Left gastroepiploic

Right gastric

Left gastric

Aorta

Esophagus


Cardiovascular Changes at Birth

In fetal circulation oxygenated blood goes to the fetus in the umbilical vein. Blood shifts partially from right atrium to left atrium through foramen ovale. The remnant of foramen ovale in adults is fossa ovaleBlood shifts partially from pulmonary circuit to the systemic circuit through ductus arteriosus. The remnant of ductus arteriosus in adults is ligamentum arteriosum.Changes are made to adapt to extra-uterine life

Blood shunts close. Failure of closure of foramen ovale will cause mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Blood begins to be pumped to the lungs Newborn oxygenates blood for the first time


Figure 22.27a Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth

Circulation pathways in afull-term fetus. Red indicatesoxygenated blood, blue indicatesdeoxygenated blood, and violetindicates a mixture of oxygenatedand deoxygenated blood.

Liver

Aorta

Ductusarteriosus(open)

Pulmonary trunk

Inferior vena cava

Ductus venosus

Umbilicalarteries

Umbilicalcord

Umbilical vein

Foramen ovale (open)

Placenta


Figure 22.27b Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth

Blood flowsthrough the heartof the newborn.

Right ventricle

Leftventricle

Leftatrium

Inferiorvena cava

Rightatrium

Foramen ovale(closed)

Pulmonarytrunk

Ductus arteriosus(closed)


Aging and the Cardiovascular System

• Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system• Blood changes

• Decreased hematocrit• Thrombi and emboli form more easily• Pooling of blood in veins of the leg

• Heart changes• Reduced efficiency and elasticity• Atherosclerosis of coronary vessels• Scar tissue forms

• Blood vessel changes• Loss of elasticity• Calcium deposits damage vessel walls

ch 22_lecture_presentation

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theheart blood

transport blood

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distribution arteries

muscular arteries

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elastic arteries