ch 22: exploring space
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Ch 22: Exploring Space. “Imagination is more important than knowledge” -Albert Einstein. Section 1: Rocket Science. ROCKET-- machine that uses escaping gases to move THRUST -- the force that accelerates a rocket - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Ch 22: Exploring Space
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“Imagination is more important than knowledge”
-Albert Einstein
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Section 1: Rocket Science
ROCKET-- machine that uses escaping gases to move
THRUST -- the force that accelerates a rocket
Robert Goddard – 1st person to build rockets & known as the “father of modern rocketry”
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Rockets work according to…
Newton’s 3rd law of motion:For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
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Orbital velocity: speed and direction a rocket must have to orbit Earth (8 km/s)
Escape Velocity: speed and direction a rocket must have to completely break away (escape) from a planet’s gravitational pull
(11 km/s)
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NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• NASA was formed in 1958 to compete with Soviet Union’s rocket program. – Occurred during the Cold War (United States vs. Soviets)
– At this time, the Soviets were already ahead…
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Section 2: Artificial Satellites
Artificial Satellite: any human-made object placed in
orbit around a body in space
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The Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, in December of 1957.
• This began the “Space Race” between the U.S. and Soviet Union, and influenced the creation of NASA
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While the first attempt failed, the United States followed by launching Explorer 1, 4 months later in 1958.
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Low Earth Orbit (LEOs): an orbit located a few hundred km above the Earth’ surface
• Satellites in LEO move quickly, placing them out of contact much of the time– Defense and spying
• Satellites in LEO eventually spiral toward Earth
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Geosynchronous Orbit: an orbit much higher than LEO; satellite travels at a speed that matches the rotational
speed of the Earth exactly
• Satellites in GEO are positioned above the same spot on Earth at all times. – Communication – Local Weather
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Satellite programs are used for:
• Weather observations• Communications• Mapping the Earth• Tracking ocean currents• Crop growth• Urban development• Environmental Observations
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Space Shuttle: a reusable vehicle that takes off like a rocket and lands like an airplane
• Can take up to 8 astronauts into Low Earth Orbit (LEO) to: -launch satellites -work on International Space Station
• Missions last up to two and a half weeks
Section 4: Living and Working in Space
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Famous First AstronautsYuri Gagarin — First human to orbit the Earth (Soviets April ’61)
Alan Shepard — First American to reach space, but NOT orbit (U.S. May ’61)
John Glenn — First American to Orbit the Earth (U.S. Feb ’62)
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Space Station: long-term orbiting platform from which other vehicles can be launched or scientific research can be carried out.
• The International Space Station (ISS) is a collaboration the US and 15 other countries
(Russia, Canada, Japan, Brazil, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom)
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SKY LAB• Sky Lab was U.S.’s first space station
– Launched in ’73– Fell into Indian Ocean in ’79
Remember…all objects in LEO will eventually fall to Earth, unless we prevent it
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Project Mercury (1961-1963):• 1-manned spacecraft• Purpose:
– To orbit a manned spacecraft around Earth
– To investigate man’s ability to function in space
– To recover both man and spacecraft safely
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Project Gemini (1965-1966): • 2-manned spacecraft• Purpose:
– To subject man and equipment to 2 week space flight
– To rendezvous and dock with orbiting vehicles
– To perfected methods of entering the atmosphere
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Apollo Missions (1967-1972): • 3-manned spacecraft• Purpose:
– Scientific exploration of the Moon– Missions 7-17, landing 12 men on the
moon
• Missions 7-17, landing 12 men on the moon
• The Apollo spacecraft had 3 parts:– Command Module– Service Module– Lunar Module (LEM)
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Apollo 11• First landing on the moon—July 20, 1969
– Neil Armstrong: 1st man to walk on moon– Ed “Buzz” Aldrin: 2nd man to walk on moon
Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin
Michael Collins
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Apollo 13• Scheduled to be 3rd mission to land on moon• Due to an explosion on the Service Module, they had
to use the Lunar Module as a “life boat” and never made it to the moon
• They returned safely to Earth in the Command Module
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The Return of the Apollo 13 Astronauts
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Saturn V
Space Shuttle
Aries IAries V
NASA’s Future• Missions to the Moon…then on to Mars