ch. 21 fungi what did mr. fungus say to ms. algae, when he proposed? i lichen you!
TRANSCRIPT
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Ch. 21 Fungi
What did Mr. Fungus say to Ms. Algae, when he proposed?
I lichen you!
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Ch. 21 Outline
• 21-1: The Kingdom Fungi– What are Fungi?– Structure and Function of Fungi– Reproduction in Fungi– How Fungi Spread
• 21-2: Classification of Fungi– The Common Mold– The Sac fungi– The Club Fungi– The Imperfect Fungi
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Ch. 21 Outline
• 21-3: Ecology of Fungi– All Fungi are Heterotrophs– Fungi as Decomposers– Fungi as Parasites– Symbiotic Relationships
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What are Fungi
• Fungi used to be classified with plants, but they are actually very different than plants
• Fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophs that have cell walls– Cell walls made up of chitin (Complex carbohydrate
found in the exoskeleton of insects)
• Fungi do not ingest their food, they break it down outside their bodies by secreting enzymes. Then, they absorb it.
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Structure and Function of Fungi
• All fungi are multicellular except for yeasts
• Hyphae: thin filaments that make up fungi.– Some hyphae have cross walls in them (cell
walls with openings in them)– Hyphae have many nuclei in them
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Hyphae
Hyphae Without Cross Walls
Nuclei
Cell wall
Nuclei
Cytoplasm
Cross wall
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Hyphae With Cross Walls
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Structure and Function of Fungi
• The bodies of multicellular fungi are composed of many hyphae tangles together into a thick mass called a mycelium.– This gives fungi a very large surface area to absorb
nutrients.
• Fruiting body: reproductive structure growing from the mycelium– Ex. The Part of the mushroom you see!
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Fruiting Body and Mycelium
Mycelium
Fruiting body
Hyphae
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Reproduction in Fungi
• Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually
• Asexual happens when a hypha breaks off and grows on its own or by the production of spores– Spores: reproductive cell that is capable of growing
into new organisms by mitosis alone
– Sprorangia: the structure that produce spores
• Sexual two different fungi mate
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How Fungi Spread
• Fungal spores are found in almost every environment.– Ex. Mold grows everywhere it seems!
• Many spores are light and dry easily scattered by wind.
• Others are dispersed by animals.
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Classification of Fungi
• There are over 100,000 species of fungi. They are classified based on their structure and method of reproduction.
• Four main groups:– Zygomycota (common molds)– Ascomycota (sac fungi)– Basidiomycota (club fungi)– Deuteromycota (Imperfect fungi)
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Concept Map
are divided into the phyla
includesincludesincludesincludes
Section 21-2
Fungi
Common molds
Imperfect fungi
Sac fungiClub fungi
AscomycotaZygomycota Basidiomycota Deuteromycota
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The Common Molds
• Zygomycetes are the molds you see on cheese, breads, and meat. They are characterized by the zygospore in their life cycle.
• Zygospore: resting spore that contains zygotes formed during the sexual phase of the life cycle.
• Rhizoid: root-like structure that anchors the fungi
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Black Bread Mold
FERTILIZATION
Diploid
Haploid
MEIOSIS
Sexual ReproductionAsexual
Reproduction
Zygospore (2N)
Spores (N)
Sporangium
Zygospore (2N)
+ Mating type (N)Stolons
Rhizoids
- Mating type (N)Spores (N)
Sporangiophore
Sporangium
Gametangia
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The Sac Fungi
• The phylum Ascomycota is named for the ascus, a reproductive structure that contains spores.
• Ascospores: the spores produced in an ascus.
• Yeasts are an example of Sac Fungi.– Uses of yeast: baking breads and brewing
alcohol
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Ascomycota
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
HYPHAE FUSE
Diploid
Haploid
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual Reproduction
Hypha (N)
Hypha (N)
Conidiophore
Conidia (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
8 Ascospores (N)
Ascus
Zygote (2N)
Ascus (N + N)
Fruiting body (N + N)Hyphae (N + N)
GametangiaAsci
Hyphae (N)
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Ascomycota
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The Club Fungi
• The Phylum Basidiomycota gets its name from a specialized reproductive structure that resembles a club.– Basidium: the spore-bearing structure in
Basidiomycota
• Example of club fungi: Mushrooms
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Basidiomycota
FERTILIZATION
MEIOSIS
HYPHAE FUSE
Fruiting body (N + N)
Button
Secondary mycelium (N + N)
Primary mycelium (N)
+ Mating type (N)
- Mating type (N)
Basidiospores (N)
Zygote (2N)
Basidia (N + N)
Gills lined with basidia
Gills
Stalk
Base
Cap
Haploid
Diploid
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The Imperfect Fungi
• Deuteromycota is an extremely varied phylum. It is composed of those fungi that are not placed in the other phyla because researches have never been able to observe a sexual phase in their life cycle.
• Example: Penicillin notatum– (The Source of Penicillin)
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All Fungi are Heterotrophs
• Many Fungi are saprobes: obtain their food from decaying organic matter.
• Others are parasites or symbiotes (live in beneficial relationships with another organism).
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Fungi as Decomposer
• Fungi play an important role in ecosystems because they break down and recycle nutrients.
• They secrete enzymes outside of their hyphae and then absorb nutrients.
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Fungi as parasites
• Parasitic fungi cause serious plant and animal diseases
• Ex. Athlete’s Foot
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Some fungi form symbiotic relationships in which both partners benefit. These are often essential to the ecosystem.
• Lichens: association between a fungi and green algae or cyanobacteria.– The algae/cyanobacteria provide the fungus with food (since
they are photosynthetic)– The fungus provides a large surface area to collect water and
minerals– Lichens can exist in extreme environments (drought, cold) and
are many times the first to inhabit in an area.
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Lichens
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Symbiotic Relationships
• Mycorrhizae: The association of plant roots and fungi– Plants provide the food (photosynthesis)– Fungi increases the surface area for
absorption– About 80% of plants are in this type of
relationship– This association is essential for many plants
to survive and reproduce
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Mycorrhizae