ch. 2 - atomic structure i. subatomic particles ii. the periodic table
TRANSCRIPT
Ch. 2 - Atomic Structure
I. Subatomic Particles
II. The Periodic Table
Subatomic Particles
POSIT IVECHARG E
PROT ONS
NEUT RALCHARG E
NEUT RONS
NUCLEUS
NEG AT IVE CHARG E
ELECT RONS
AT OM
Most of the atom’s mass.
NUCLEUS ELECTRONS
PROTONS NEUTRONS NEGATIVE CHARGE
POSITIVE CHARGE
NEUTRAL CHARGE
ATOM
QUARKSAtomic Numberequals the # of...
equal in a neutral atom
Subatomic Particles (Parts of the Atom)
Particle Symbol Charge Relative Mass
Electron e- - 0 amu
Proton p+ + 1 amu
Neutron n0 0 1 amu
Location of Subatomic Particles
Electron (-)
Nucleus
Proton (+)
Neutron
Atoms Family Album
Click on the Light Bulb to See the Atoms Family Album
Atoms are building blocks of
elements.
Each element is made of only
one type of atom.
Example: Aluminum is made
only of aluminum atoms.
Each element’s atoms are
different from atoms of other
elements.
Example: Aluminum’s atoms are
different from copper’s atoms.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the atom. (If the atom is neutral, it is also the number
of electrons.)
Atomic Number on the Periodic Table
6
CSymbol
Atomic Number
All atoms of an element have the same number of protons!
6
CCarbon
6 protons
Learning Check State the number of protons (or electrons) for atoms of each of the following:
1. Nitrogen A) 5 B) 7 C) 14
2. Sulfur A) 32 B) 16 C) 6
3. BariumA) 137 B) 81 C) 56
Mass NumberCounts the number
of protons plus neutronsprotons plus neutrons
in an atom, so to find the number of neutrons you
simply use this formula:
Mass # - Atomic # = # of neutrons
Atomic SymbolsShow the mass number and atomic number
Give the symbol of the element
6
C12Mass Number
Atomic Number
Number of ElectronsAn atom is neutral The net charge is zeroNumber of protons = Number of electrons
Atomic number = Number of electrons
Subatomic Particles in Some Atoms
8 15 30
O P Zn 16 31 65
8 p+ 15 p+ 30 p+
8 e- 15 e- 30 e-
8 n 16 n 35 n
Drawing Atomic Models
The first electron shell/level/cloud can hold 2 electrons
The second electron shell/level/cloud can hold 8 electrons
The third electron shell/level/cloud can hold 18 electrons
The neutrons and protons are in the nucleus (center)
Let’s draw a model for sodium (Na) How many protons
does it have?
• 6 (same as atomic number)
How many neutrons?
• 6 (atomic mass - atomic number = 12 - 6 = 6)
How many electrons?
• 6 (same as # of protons)
C6
12
Where do we put this stuff?
6 protons, 6 neutrons, 6 electrons
Protons and neutrons go in the nucleus
Electrons go in the orbitals/shells/clouds
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
e-
6 p+
6 n0
Protons and neutrons go in the nucleus
How many electrons fit in the first shell?How many electrons fit in the second shell?How many electrons fit in the third shell?
Examples of 3-d Bohr Models
Visionlearning
The Elements Song
Lewis Dot Structure
C• •••
What does this symbol mean?
CarbonDots tell you valence electrons
••C• •
Valence Electrons?
C• •••
Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost shell of an atom. They are involved in forming bonds with other elements.
How do you figure out valence electrons?
C12
6Protons?
6 (same as atomic number)
Neutrons?
6 (atomic mass - atomic number)
Electrons?
6 (same as atomic number)
So we know carbon has 6 electrons…now what?
6p+
6n
e-
e-
e-e-
e-
e-
How many are in the outermost shell?
The first shell holds 2.Now 4 are left.
They go in the second shell.
4!
4 valence electrons=4 dots!
C• •••
How to draw your dots…
•Cl• ••• ••
3
2
1
4
7
6
5
Chlorine has 7 valence electrons. First put dots on each side before you double up.
An Easy Trick!
(1)5(1)4 (1)8(1)7(1)62 (1)31
Exception!
To figure out how many dots to draw
If an element has a full outermost shell, that means it does not react with anything.
Ne• ••••
• ••
Which elements have full outermost shells?
Now you try…1.Lithium
2.Nitrogen
3.Calcium
4.Oxygen
5.Fluorine
•
•
•
••N
•Li
•
• Ca•
•••
••O
••
•
••••F