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Page 1: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

1Dec 16 ­ 1:25 PM

Ch. 14 Fingerprints

http://www.idfpr.com/DPR/images/fingerprint.gif

Page 2: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

2Dec 16 ­ 1:30 PM

Essential Questions:

What is it about fingerprints that make them so unique?

How are fingerprints used by a forensic scientist?

Page 3: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

3Dec 16 ­ 1:50 PM

History of fingerprints• 1792­1750 B.C. ­ clay tablets in Babylon• 1000B.C. Chinese ­ to sign legal documents• Hershel ­ in India ­ required fingerprint on contracts• 1856 Sir William Hershel­ collected prints• 1880­ Fauld ­ recognized use of fingerprints for identification• 1892­ Galton ­ published book on topic

assigned patterns• 1896­ Sir Edmund Richard Henry ­ groupings based on ridge patterns (loops, whorls, arches)• 1901 ­ NYC ­ used to certify civil service applications• 1924 ­ FBI system started

Page 4: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

4Dec 16 ­ 1:32 PM

fingerprint ­ an impression of the pattern of ridges on the last joint of a person's finger

formed between 100­120 days of fetal development

properties for identification:1. unique ridges2. consistency over a person's lifetime3. systematic classification used  for           fingerprints

Page 5: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

5Dec 16 ­ 1:43 PM

Why do we have ridges?

­better grip­makes perspiration easier on hairless surface­sense of touch increased

(apes and monkeys also have ridge patterns)

Page 6: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

6Dec 16 ­ 3:13 PM

Where do the ridges come from?

dermal papillaelayer

Page 7: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

7Dec 16 ­ 3:15 PM

John Dillinger ­ gangster (1930's) tried to have his prints destroyed

applied acid ­ caused scar tissue to form (also characteristic)

­still had plenty of minutiae to identify him

some professions can affect fingerprintschemists, concrete workers, plasterers

Page 8: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

8Dec 16 ­ 1:58 PM

*Individuality is not based on pattern, but on ridge characteristics

*average person has about 150 ridge patterns

Page 9: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

9Dec 16 ­ 2:00 PM

Basic patterns of ridges

loop arches whorls

Page 10: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

10Dec 16 ­ 2:02 PM

loop ­ 1 or more ridges entering from 1 side, curving, then going out the same side it entered

have a delta ­ triangular area

have a core ­  near center of pattern

About 65% of all fingerprints are loops

Page 11: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

11Apr 2­7:11 AM

Ridge count can also be used to distinguish between prints

­from center of core to edge of delta, count # of ridges)

Page 12: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

12Dec 16 ­ 2:06 PM

2 subgroups:radial loop­ opens towards the thumb

http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/forensics/04­fingerprints/handout.htm

Page 13: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

13Dec 16 ­ 2:13 PM

ulnar loop ­ opens towards the pinky*need to know which hand the print came from to determine which type

http://shs.westport.k12.ct.us/forensics/04­fingerprints/handout.htm

Page 14: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

14Dec 16 ­ 2:17 PM

Arch ­ friction ridges enter from one side of the finger and exit the other while rising in the center

no delta or core

~5% have arches

Page 15: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

15Dec 16 ­ 2:19 PM

two types of arches:

plain­4% tented­1%

Page 16: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

16Dec 16 ­ 2:23 PM

whorl ­ roughly circular, with ridge lines going all the way around

2 deltas on opposite sides of whorlhas a core

core

deltas

~30­35% have whorls

Page 17: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

17Dec 16 ­ 2:26 PM

four whorl patterns:

plain­ 24%

central pocket ­ 2%

double loop4%accidental(2 or more patterns)(0.01%)

Page 18: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

18Dec 16 ­ 2:34 PM

ten print card for fingerprints

Page 19: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

19Dec 16 ­ 2:39 PM

Edward Henry­ primary classification system(based on presence of whorls)

R. Index R. Ring L. Thumb L. Middle L. Little 1­­­­­­     + ­­­­­­     + ­­­­­­       + ­­­­­­     + ­­­­­­  +      ­­­­­­     =R. Thumb R. Middle R. Little L. Index L. Ring  1

16 8 4 2 1

The presence of a whorl in any of the pairs above earns the value below the pair (i.e., a whorl on the Right Ring finger earns an 8 in the numerator, whereas a whorl on the left index finger earns a 2 in the denominator. The absence of a whorl ­­ in other words you have either a loop or an arch ­­ earns a zero for that finger.). 

Page 20: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

20Dec 16 ­ 2:44 PM

Unlike actual fractions, we will be adding the numerators and the denominators, so it is best not to think of these as actual fractions! We will also add a one to both numerator and denominator to get the final "fraction" classification:

right right left  left left add automatically finalindex ring thumb middle litle group

  +   +   +    +   + 1____ ____ ____ ____ ____       _____ =

  +   +   +    +   + 1

right right right left left added automatically finalthumb middle little index ring group

There are 1024 possible groupings. About 25% of the population has no whorls.

Page 21: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

21Dec 16 ­ 2:53 PM

Advantage of this system ­ can weed out most of the fingerprints on file

Page 22: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

22Dec 16 ­ 2:57 PM

How to individualize groups:

minutiae­ ridge characteristic detailsBasic and composite ridge characteristics (minutiae)

Minutiae Example Minutiae Example

     ridge ending bridge

   bifurcation double bifurcation

    dot           trifurcation

    island (short ridge) opposed bifurcations

    lake (enclosure)       ridge crossing

     hook (spur) opposed bifurcation/ridge endingTaken from <http://www.policensw.com/info/fingerprints/finger08.html>

Page 23: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

23Dec 16 ­ 3:06 PM

This image is from <http://perso.orange.fr/fingerchip/biometrics/types/fingerprint.htm>

Page 24: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

24Dec 16 ­ 3:09 PM

Presenting fingerprints as evidence

criminal courts ­ 8­12 minutiae as proof

Page 25: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

25Dec 16 ­ 3:20 PM

Types of prints:

1. plastic ­ (aka indented or molded)pressing a finger against a plastic­like material to form a negative impressionex. fresh paint, putty, candle wax, gum on envelopes, softened candy

Page 26: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

26Dec 16 ­ 3:27 PM

2. Patent ­(visible) ­ prints left by a finger touched onto colored material such as blood, paint, ink, grease, mud, chalk

3. Latent ­ invisible prints that must be developed, left by body oils and perspiration

Page 27: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

27Dec 19­9:26 PM

Procedures for processing fingerprints:

I. Dusting on nonporous surfaces

 powder­­Dusting is ideal on wood, metal, glass, plastics, Formica,  and tile. It is less than ideal on paper, cardboard, and  leather. 

­powder should be contrasting color to surface

­pour powder on a piece of paper­dip fingerprint brush in powder and shake out excess   powder­apply brush to object in a rotary motion to keep with pattern   of fingerprint

Page 28: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

28Dec 19­9:26 PM

­ use wax pencil to number print (number in sequence taken)

­ use clear tape to lift print ­ place tape over print and wax pencil   marking

­place lifted print on a backing of contrasting color to the powder

­package label includes case number, lift/item number, location   of print, date, time and person lifting print 

Page 29: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

29Dec 19­9:41 PM

II. Other processing methods­a.Super glue (cyanoacrylate)

­ a big storage container or aquarium along with a hotplate­ A few drops of superglue is placed on the hotplate, and the object containing prints is placed into the container. ­The hotplate is turned on, the container is sealed, and in about fifteen or twenty minutes, any prints that were invisible are now visible in grayish tone on the object­can then treat with fluorescent dye, UV light

Page 30: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

30Dec 19­9:48 PM

b. Ninhydrin­used for all kinds of surfaces, including books and wallpaper­ develops prints that may be very old, made over 30 years   ago.­reacts with oils of latent print­ produces a blue­violet color on the developed print. ­ area is sprayed until it is damp but not saturated. Need   ventilation­ Drying takes from ten to twenty minutes, but the process   can be speeded up by using a heat lamp.

Page 31: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

31Dec 19­9:52 PM

c. Iodine fuming­porous surfaces such as paper and unfinished wood­crystal iodine heated in fume chamber­combines with oils in print­produces brownish print­fades so has to be photographed quickly or preserved with  starch solution

Page 32: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

32Dec 19­2:49 PM

d. silver nitrate­print exposed to silver nitrate­chloride in salt in print reacts with silver nitrate and forms  silver chloride­under UV light ­ black or reddish brown print

Page 33: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

33Dec 19­10:11 PM

When fingerprint evidence is photographed:­ a complete record of all technical data about the camera, lens,   film, shutter speed, lens opening, illumination, camera position, distance from object, and angle is also kept. (This protects the police department from charges that it's the photography which makes it look like a match.)

­household furnishings are usually protected with a drop cloth while police are dusting for prints. 

­With photos, three different exposures are usually taken: a regular exposure, an underexposure, and an overexposure.

Page 34: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

34Dec 19­2:49 PM

AFIS (Automated fingerprint Identification Systems) ­ 1999­47 million people

a. Index systems­store "MO", individual characteristics, fingerprint  classification­computerized

b. Ridge­angle systems ­angle of ridge flow on ten print card stored

c. Encoded minutiae systems­ten print cards or latents scanned and minutiae mapped

Page 35: Ch. 14 Fingerprints · History of fingerprints •17921750 B.C. clay tablets in Babylon •1000B.C. Chinese to sign legal documents •Hershel in India required fingerprint on contracts

35Apr 4­6:53 AM