Chapter 13Chapter 13 The Consolidation of The Consolidation of Large Nation-States Large Nation-States 1859-18711859-1871

What is a Nation State?Political authority is held by and represents

a group of people who share the same history, traditions, and language

Crimean War 1853-1856The 1st “Modern War”

France, UK, Ottomans, France, UK, Ottomans, and Sardiniaand Sardinia

vs.RussiaRussia

(and anti-Ottoman nationalists)(and anti-Ottoman nationalists)

Russia pounced on the “sick man” of Europe the Ottomans

claimed to be “protecting” Orthodox Christians

Long time rivals France and Britain feared Russian victory

France = Ottoman ally

Conflict Conflict Over Over

------------------------------------------the the BalkansBalkans

the the MediterraneanMediterranean

“Holy Land” “Holy Land”

Austria occupied Moldavia and Wallachia (Romania) to block Russia

An industrial warMinie ball and breech loading rifles

1st war to be covered in

newspapers(what does that mean?)

Hugely mismanaged

war356,000+ killed

Florence Nightingale's report on causes of death

Excerpt from The Charge of the Light Brigade, 1854 by Alfred Tennyson“Forward, the Light Brigade!” Was there a man dismayed? Not though the soldier knew

Someone had blundered.

Theirs not to make reply, Theirs not to reason why, Theirs but to do and die. Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

Calling the Roll After An Engagement, Crimea, 1874 by Elizabeth Thompson

Russia’s lack of technology resulted in a humiliating defeat

Disrupted “balance of power” and Principle of Intervention

Italian Nation

Buildingand

Unification

NaplesNaplesSardiniaSardinia

PiedmontPiedmont

Lombardy-Lombardy-VenetiaVenetia

TuscanyTuscanyPapal Papal StatesStates

SicilySicily

1815 Congress of Vienna Reorganized Italy• Lombardy & Venetia – Austria• Sardinia & Piedmont – Italian king• Tuscany and N. Central – Self rule• Central Italy – Papal States• Naples and Sicily – Bourbons

Three Leading Three Leading Approaches to Approaches to

UnificationUnification

#1.Giuseppe Mazzini

Democratic government with

universal suffrage

Idealistic Patriot

#2.Catholic Priest

Vincenzo GiabortiFederation under

the presidency of a progressive pope

(but who???)

Pope Pius IX(r. 1846-1878)

Resisted unification and the mixing of

church and stateWhy?

#3. Unifying leadership

from kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont

Liberal constitution with

a parliament

Victor Emmanuel II(1820-1878)

King of Piedmont-Sardinia

Sardinia’s Prime Minister Camillo Benso

di Cavour (1810-1861)

“politics of reality”

Unify the N. Italian States

Not focused on the Papal States

or the Two Sicilies

1859 Second Italian War of Independence

Drove Austria from Venetia and Lombardy

Piedmont-Sardinia

and France

vs. Austria

(Venetia and Lombardy)

Napoleon III abandoned Cavour

Won with support from middleclass

anti-Austrian nationalists

Giuseppe Garibaldi(1807-1882)

Italian Nationalist

Wanted total unification

1860Garibaldi’s

“Red Shirts” took Sicily

and parts ofS. Italy

Prepared to attack Rome

Cavour (conservative-ish) cut

off Garibaldi and invaded the

Papal StatesOrganized a vote (plebiscite)

Garibaldi did not challenge Cavour and united with the north

Victor Emmanuel II

(1820-1878) 1st King of Italy

r. 1861-1878

A conservative Parliamentary Monarchy with

very limited vote------------------------------------------------

Social and economic inequities

Unification Completed in 1870

The Geneva Conventions (1864)

Rules of armed conflict, esp. for the sick and wounded

Linked to the Red Cross (1863)

Updated in 1906, 1929, and 1949 to include POWs and civilians

Nations Participating(many have not ratified all 4 parts)

German Unification

German Confederation

ZollvereinZollverein good for

members, but did not include

Austria

Prussia = an army with a nation

Frederick William IV of Prussia tried to become emperor after the Frankfurt Assembly but was blocked by Austria

Tension within the German Confederation

Prussian king

Wilhelm IHohenzollern

(1797-1888)

1858 Replaced Frederick William IV

Otto von Bismarck

Prime Minister of

Prussia1862-1873

1862 Goals

Increase Prussia’s strength and unite

Germany into a Great Power

Realpolitik Politics Based On Practical Matters

“One must always have two irons in

the fire”

“The great questions of the day will not be

decided by speeches and

resolutions – that was the blunder of 1848 and 1849

– but by blood and iron.”

Increased taxes to grow the army

“Might makes right”

German Nationalism German Nationalism against the Austriansagainst the AustriansBismarck taunted Austria Bismarck taunted Austria

into war over bordersinto war over borders

1866 Austro-Prussian WarPrussia won in seven weeksAustria out of German affairs

Prussia Industrial Superiorityrailroads and “needle gun” breech rifle

During the war Bismarck linked Prussia to the…

“national development of Germany”

Taming Parliament (N. German Confederation)

• New constitution–Some local control with a 2 house legislature

–Wilhelm I president and king–Bismarck chancellor

• Pres and Chanc controlled army• Liberals and Conservatives

cooperated with Bismarck (Why?)

Bismarck Politically Isolated France

France concerned about France concerned about the growth of Prussia the growth of Prussia

Bismarck wanted warBismarck wanted war

the the Ems Dispatch Ems Dispatch rallied rallied Germans and incited FranceGermans and incited France

Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871

Nationalism rallied southern states

France defeated Napoleon III captured and humiliated

Ended the French Second Empire

Germany took Alsace and Lorraine

France would not forget this

Jan. 1871 German Unification

Kaiser Wilhelm I(1797-1888)German Emperor1871-1888

German Empire

1871-1918

Chancellor Bismarck

(r. 1871-1890)created the

most powerful nation in

continental Europe

German Industrialism thrived

1871: 2 House LegislatureParliament and Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf

“struggle for civilization” against Catholic Church

Overall failure

Bismarck was anti-socialist

---------------------------1883-1884 Germany

enacted high tariffs, old-age pensions,

national health care, accident insurance

How would these actions = decrease in socialist popularity?

Wilhelm IIWilhelm II(1859-1941)

Kaiser of the German Empire

1888-1918

1890Wilhelm II

fired Bismarck and

took command of

foreign policy

Military Spending Increased

Political power

consolidated

“In spite of the fact that we have no such fleet as we

should have, we have conquered for ourselves a place in the sun. It will now be my task to see to it that this place in the sun shall

remain our undisputed possession, in order that

the sun's rays may fall fruitfully upon our activity and trade in foreign parts,

that our industry and agriculture may develop

within the state...”

Magyar revolt and the 1867 dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary

Ethnic and economic divisions prevented the Austro-Hungarian Empire from

harnessing the power of nationalismEmperor Francis Joseph (1830-1916)

Russian Empire 1800sNo parliamentNo political partiesHarsh serfdom (until 1861)Favored landed nobility

Failed 1825 constitutional Decembrist Revolt = more govt oppression

1850s - Behind in Industrialization

After embarrassing Crimean War Russian govt promoted industry

Tsar Alexander II(1818-1881)

Reform & ModernizeEnded Serfdom

Local AssembliesMore Education

Fair CourtsReligious Tolerance

New industrial-classes became politically frustrated and radical

1881 – Far-left Terrorists

assassinated Alexander II

Political reforms ended but

industrialization continued

Tsar Alexander

IIIr. 1881-1894

Cancelled many reforms

Tsar Nicholas IIRomanov

r. 1894-1917

Russian Revolution of 1905200,000 Factory Workers marched 200,000 Factory Workers marched

on St. Petersburg in Peaceful Proteston St. Petersburg in Peaceful Protest

Hundreds of Workers Killed“Bloody Sunday”

More Protests Followed

October ManifestoOctober Manifesto Granted civil rights

Promise of an elected DumaDuma (parliament)

Duma twice dissolved by

Nicholas II

Future troubles…