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Ch 1 1 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

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Page 1: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 1

Sensation and Perception

psyc 320

Takashi Yamauchi© Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Page 2: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 2

Sensation & Perception

• Ch. 1: Introduction to perception

• Main topics– Perceptual processes– How to study perception– How to measure perception

Page 3: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 3

• Sensation & Perception

• How is this course different from other psychology courses?

–learn sensation & perception

–Some very basic form of mind (sensing & perceiving)

–Deal with fundamental principles of psychology

Page 4: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 4

Questions:

• What is perception?

Perception is about perceiving.

What is perceiving?

What do we do when we perceive?

We see, smell, hear, feel, taste, …

Page 5: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 5

What tools do we have for perceiving?• Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin,

– eyes see,

– ears hear,

– nose smell,

– tongue taste,

– skin feel (temperature)

– skin feel (touch)

Page 6: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 6

What do eyes, a nose, ears, a tongue, and skin do?

• Eye:

• Ear:

• Nose:

• Tongue:

• Skin:

Page 7: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 7

What does the eye do?

• Eye:

– detecting light

Seeing,

yes but what is seeing?

What is light?

electromagnetic energy

Page 8: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 8

What is electromagnetic energy?

• Electro + magnetic + energy = electromagnetic energy

• Electromagnetic energy is a stream of photons.– www.wikipedia.org

Page 9: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 9

What are photons?

• They are massless particles each traveling in a wave-like pattern and moving at the speed of light.

• The smallest (quantum) unit of light/electromagnetic energy.

• It is the carrier of electromagnetic radiation of all wavelengths– such as gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible

light, infrared light, microwaves, and radio waves.

Page 10: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 10

So what is “seeing”?

• Detecting some form of the movement of photons (electromagnetic radiation).

Page 11: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 11

What does the ear do?

Hears sound

What is sound?

the vibration of air.

What is the vibration of air?Where do they come from?

Air moves when something else moves

Page 12: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 12

What does the nose do?

• Nose: is for smelling

–Where does smelling come from?

–Smelling is a “sensation caused by odorant molecules dissolved in air.” (wikipedia.org)

Page 13: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 13

Odorant molecules? What are they?

• Odorant (aroma compound) chemical compound (e.g., H2O; a

chemical substance of two or more different chemical elements.)

• Where do they come from?– Organic compounds foods, flowers, – Inorganic compounds ammonia,…

Page 14: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 14

Taste

• How do we get that?– From our tongues.

• Where do we get that?– From foods we eat.– From specific chemicals.

Page 15: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 15

What does the skin do?

• Detect temperature:

• What is temperature?• It is about how hot or cold something is.

• How does something get hot or cold?• Temperature is the result of the motion of particles

which make up a substance. • Temperature increases as the energy of this motion

increases. (wikipedia)

Page 16: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 16

What does the skin do?

feels touching

It responds to mechanical stimulation or pressure

Page 17: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 17

So, what is perception?

• Perception is a system that tells us about an environment.

Page 18: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 18

Eye, ear, nose, tongue & skin

• They are sensors.

• They are detecting some kind of changes in an environment.

Page 19: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 19

So, studying perception we need to study

• How the eye works,

• How the ear works,

• How the nose works,

• How the tongue works, and

• How the skin works

• Is that all?

Page 20: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 20

What tools do we have for perceiving?

• Eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, – Eyes see, ears hear, nose smell, – tongue taste, skin feel

• Are these all?• NO!

Brain (not Bryan)

Page 21: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 21

The brain is the locus of perception

• the study of perception entails the study of the brain and behavior.

Page 22: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 22

A quick demonstration

• Tell me what you see.

Page 23: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

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ch 10 25

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Ch 1 27

(A)

(B)

(A)

(B)

Page 28: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 28

Visual Illusions

• Why does this happen?

• Tell me what these illusions teach us.

Page 29: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 29

What is perception?

• Perception involves:– Detecting the information in the environment.– Sending the information to the brain, and

interpreting it.

• Perception is about– Detecting and interpreting

Page 30: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 30

Let’s have some break.

• Listen to music

• See a painting

Page 31: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 31

Paul Klee: Golden fish

Page 32: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 32Paul Klee: Ad Parnassum

Page 33: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 33Anselm Kiefer: Nuremberg

Page 34: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 34

Henri Rousseau: The Dream

Page 35: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 35

What’s going on?

• Perception is about detecting, but also more than detecting.

Page 36: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 36

What’s going on when we see the pictures?

• When we listen to beautiful music, we often see a picture.

• When we see a beautiful picture, we hear music. How come?

Page 37: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 37

How come?–Different types of physical information (air vibration, light energy) are translated into a common language in the brain– neural information

Environmental Stimuli (e.g., light energy)

Transduction

Neural Processing

Perception

Page 38: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 38

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Ch 1 39

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Ch 1 40

Key points:• Perception is about finding out what is going on in

an environment.

• Perceptual organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, a tongue) are basically detectors (sensors)

• Perception requires transforming physical information (e.g., light) into neural information.

• Perception also involves “interpretation,” which is carried out by the brain.

Page 41: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 41

Studying perception

• How perceptual detectors work.

• How physical information is transformed (e.g., light) into neural information.

• How neural information is processed in the brain.

• How neural information is interpreted and triggers a specific form of perception.

Page 42: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 42

How come?–Different types of physical information (air vibration, light energy) are transformed into a common neural language in the brain– neural information

Environmental Stimuli (e.g., light energy)

Transduction

Neural Processing

Perception

Page 43: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 43

Demonstration (attention & perception)

• An interaction between

– attention and perception

– cognition and perception

• Tell me what you see.

Page 44: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 44

• Tired

• Old

• Sick

• Dark

• Slow

• Heavy

• Hospital

• ugly

• death

Page 45: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 45

Page 46: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

• Beautiful

• Young

• Fresh

• Fast

• Energy

• Juicy

• Clean

• cheerful

• Vigorous

Page 47: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 47

Page 48: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 48

Page 49: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 49

Demonstration (knowledge and perception)

Page 50: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 50

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Ch 1 52

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Page 54: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 54

Page 55: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 55

What did you see?

• What does this tell?

Page 56: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 56

Perceptual process

• Perception is the end result of complex processes.

Page 57: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 57

Why study perception?

• If the doors of perception were to be cleaned, man would see everything as it truly is…..Infinite.

– William Blake

Page 58: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 58

How to approach the study of perception

• Levels of analysis– Psychophysical level of analysis

– Physiological level of analysis

Page 59: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 59

Measuring Perception

• Psychophysical level of analysis– Description

• Phenomenological method• E.g., Let a person describe what they see

– Recognition– Detection

Page 60: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 60

• Detection– Absolute threshold

• is the smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary to detect a stimulus.

E.g., eye exam

– Difference threshold• is the smallest difference between two

stimuli that a person can detect.

Page 61: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 61

Page 62: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 62

Demonstration

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Ch 1 66

Page 67: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 67

Demonstration: Measuring weight

• DL (difference threshold) gets larger as the standard stimulus gets larger.

Page 68: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

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Ch 1 69

Demonstration

• Color, line, length

Page 70: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 70

The impact of standard stimuli

• DL (difference threshold) gets larger as the standard stimulus gets larger.

• Weber’s lawDL/S=K

• DL: difference threshold• S: standard stimulus• K: constant

Page 71: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 71

Weber’s law

Page 72: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 72

Question:

• With a standard stimulus 1 kg, John’s difference threshold was 0.25kg. With a standard stimulus 10kg, what would be John’s difference threshold?

Page 73: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 73

Question:

• With a standard stimulus 1 kg, John’s difference threshold was 0.25kg. With a standard stimulus 10kg, what would be John’s difference threshold?

DL/S=K

•DL: ?

•S: 10

•K:

DL/S=K

•DL: 0.25

•S: 1

•K: 0.25

Page 74: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 74

Magnitude estimation

• Assign a value to a standard stimulus

• The subject estimates the value of a target stimulus.

Page 75: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 75

Magnitude estimationStandard: == 10

Target: == ?

Standard: == 100

Target: == ?

Page 76: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 76

Standard: == 100

Target: == ?

Page 77: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 77

Standard: == 100

Target: == ?

Page 78: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 78

Steven’s power law

• S is the physical magnitude of a target that you are estimating.

• P is your estimation• K is some value (constant)• n is some value

nKSP

Page 79: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 79

Magnitude estimation

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Ch 1 80

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Ch 1 81

Steven’s power law nKSP

• S is the physical magnitude of a target that you are estimating.

• P is your estimation

• K is some value (constant)

• n is some value

Page 82: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 82

Experiment (you are estimating the length of lines)

Page 83: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 83

Standard = 100 Target = ?

Page 84: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 84

Target Your estimations0 0

10 4620 5830 6740 7450 7960 8470 8980 9390 96100 100110 103120 106130 109140 112150 114160 117170 119180 121190 124200 126210 128

Estimating the length of stimuli

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

0 50 100 150 200 250

Physical magnitudes

Yo

ur

estim

atio

ns

P: your estimation

S: stimulus intensity

n: some value =0.33

K: some value (constant) = 21.5

nKSP P = S raised to the n-th power

Page 85: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 85

Experiment (you are estimating the intensity of electric shock)

Standard = 100

Target = ?

Page 86: Ch 11 Sensation and Perception psyc 320 Takashi Yamauchi © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)

Ch 1 86

Estimating the intensity of electric shock

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

0 50 100 150 200 250

Physcial magnitude

Yo

ur

est

ima

tion

s

Target Your estimations0 0

10 320 930 1640 2550 3560 4670 5980 7290 85100 100110 115120 131130 148140 166150 184160 202170 222180 241190 262200 283210 304

P: your estimation

S: stimulus intensity

n: some value =1.5

K: some value (constant) = 0.1

nKSP

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Ch 1 87

020406080

100120140160180200220240260280300320

0 50 100 150 200 250

Physical magnitudes

You

r es

timat

ions

Estimating electric shock

Estimating the length of lines

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Ch 1 88

Steven’s power law nKSP • S is the physical

magnitude of a target that you are estimating.

• P is your estimation

• K is some value (constant)

• n is some value

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Ch 1 89

Threshold

• Absolute threshold

• Difference threshold

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Ch 1 90

Difference threshold

• Weber’s law

• Stevens’s law