ch. 11 motion & forces i. newton’s laws of motion “if i have seen far, it is because i have...
TRANSCRIPT
Ch. 11Ch. 11Motion & ForcesMotion & Forces
I. Newton’s Laws of Motion “If I have seen far, it is because I have
stood on the shoulders of giants.”- Sir Isaac Newton (referring to Galileo)
A. Newton’s First LawA. Newton’s First Law
Newton’s First Law of MotionAn object at rest will remain at
rest and an object in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.
B. Newton’s Second LawB. Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Second Law of MotionThe acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
F = ma
C. Newton’s Third LawC. Newton’s Third Law
Newton’s Third Law of MotionWhen one object exerts a force
on a second object, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first.
Ch. 11Ch. 11Motion & ForcesMotion & Forces
II. Describing Motion Motion Speed & Velocity Acceleration
Newton’s First LawNewton’s First Law
Newton’s First Law of MotionAn object at rest will remain at
rest and an object in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.
motion
constant velocitynet force
A. MotionA. Motion
Problem: Is your desk moving?
We need a reference point...nonmoving point from which
motion is measured
A. MotionA. Motion
MotionChange in position in relation to
a reference point.
Reference point
Motion
A. Motion: DisplacementA. Motion: Displacement
The distance an object has been moved from one position to another.
A. MotionA. Motion
Problem:You are a passenger in a car
stopped at a stop sign. Out of the corner of your eye, you notice a tree on the side of the road begin to move forward.
You have mistakenly set yourself as the reference point.
B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Speed rate of motion distance traveled per unit time
time
distancespeed
vd
t
B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Instantaneous Speedspeed at a given instant
Average Speed
time total
distance totalspeed avg.
B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Problem:A storm is 10 km away and is
moving at a speed of 60 km/h. Should you be worried?
It depends on the storm’s direction!
B. Speed & VelocityB. Speed & Velocity
Velocityspeed in a given directioncan change even when the
speed is constant!
C. AccelerationC. Acceleration
Acceleration the rate of change of velocitychange in speed or direction
t
vva if
a: acceleration
vf: final velocity
vi: initial velocity
t: time
a
vf - vi
t
C. AccelerationC. Acceleration
Positive acceleration “speeding up”
Negative acceleration “slowing down”
D. CalculationsD. CalculationsYour neighbor skates at a speed of 4 m/s.
You can skate 100 m in 20 s. Who skates faster?
GIVEN:
d = 100 m
t = 20 s
v = ?
WORK:
v = d ÷ t
v = (100 m) ÷ (20 s)
v = 5 m/s
You skate faster!vd
t
D. CalculationsD. CalculationsA roller coaster starts down a hill at 10 m/s.
Three seconds later, its speed is 32 m/s. What is the roller coaster’s acceleration?
GIVEN:
vi = 10 m/s
t = 3 s
vf = 32 m/s
a = ?
WORK:
a = (vf - vi) ÷ t
a = (32m/s - 10m/s) ÷ (3s)
a = 22 m/s ÷ 3 s
a = 7.3 m/s2a
vf - vi
t
D. CalculationsD. CalculationsSound travels 330 m/s. If a lightning bolt
strikes the ground 1 km away from you, how long will it take for you to hear it?
GIVEN:
v = 330 m/s
d = 1km = 1000m
t = ?
WORK:
t = d ÷ v
t = (1000 m) ÷ (330 m/s)
t = 3.03 s
vd
t
D. CalculationsD. CalculationsHow long will it take a car traveling 30 m/s
to come to a stop if its acceleration is -3 m/s2?
GIVEN:
t = ?
vi = 30 m/s
vf = 0 m/s
a = -3 m/s2
WORK:
t = (vf - vi) ÷ a
t = (0m/s-30m/s)÷(-3m/s2)
t = -30 m/s ÷ -3m/s2
t = 10 sa
vf - vi
t
E. Graphing MotionE. Graphing Motion
slope =
steeper slope =
straight line =
flat line =
Distance-Time Graph
A
B
faster speed
constant speed
no motion
speed
E. Graphing MotionE. Graphing Motion
Who started out faster? A (steeper slope)
Who had a constant speed? A
Describe B from 10-20 min. B stopped moving
Find their average speeds. A = (2400m) ÷ (30min)
A = 80 m/min B = (1200m) ÷ (30min)
B = 40 m/min
Distance-Time Graph
A
B
0
100
200
300
400
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
Dis
tan
ce (
m)
Distance-Time Graph
E. Graphing MotionE. Graphing Motion
Acceleration is indicated by a curve on a Distance-Time graph.
Changing slope = changing velocity
E. Graphing MotionE. Graphing Motion
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
Sp
ee
d (
m/s
)
Speed-Time Graph
slope =
straight line =
flat line =
acceleration +ve = speeds up -ve = slows down
constant accel.
no accel. (constant velocity)
E. Graphing MotionE. Graphing Motion
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
Sp
ee
d (
m/s
)
Speed-Time GraphSpecify the time period
when the object was... slowing down
5 to 10 seconds speeding up
0 to 3 seconds
moving at a constant speed 3 to 5 seconds
not moving 0 & 10 seconds
Ch. 3 & 4Ch. 3 & 4Motion & ForcesMotion & Forces
III. Defining Force Force Newton’s First Law Friction
A. ForceA. Force
Force a push or pull that one body exerts on another What forces are being
exerted on the football?
Fkick
Fgrav
A. ForceA. Force
Balanced Forces
forces acting on an object that are opposite in direction and equal in size
no change in velocity
A. ForceA. Force
Net Force unbalanced forces that are not
opposite and equal velocity changes (object accelerates)
Ffriction
W
Fpull
Fnet
NN
B. Newton’s First LawB. Newton’s First Law
Newton’s First Law of MotionAn object at rest will remain at
rest and an object in motion will continue moving at a constant velocity unless acted upon by a net force.
B. Newton’s First LawB. Newton’s First Law
Newton’s First Law of Motion “Law of Inertia”
Inertia tendency of an object to resist any
change in its motion increases as mass increases
Concept Test 1Concept Test 1
TRUE or FALSE?
The object shown in the diagram must be at rest since there is no net force acting on it.
FALSE! A net force does not cause motion. A net force causes a change in motion, or acceleration.
Taken from “The Physics Classroom” © Tom Henderson, 1996-2001.
Concept Test 2Concept Test 2
You are a passenger in a car and not wearing your seat belt.
Without increasing or decreasing its speed, the car makes a sharp left turn, and you find yourself colliding with the right-hand door.
Which is the correct analysis of the situation? ...
Concept Test 2Concept Test 2
1. Before and after the collision, there is a rightward force pushing you into the door.
2. Starting at the time of collision, the door exerts a leftward force on you.
3. both of the above
4. neither of the above
2. Starting at the time of collision, the door exerts a leftward force on you.
C. FrictionC. Friction
Friction force that opposes motion between
2 surfaces depends on the:
• types of surfaces• force between the surfaces
C. FrictionC. Friction
Friction is greater... between rough surfaces when there’s a greater
force between the surfaces (e.g. more weight)
Pros and Cons?
Ch. 3 & 4Ch. 3 & 4Motion & ForcesMotion & Forces
IV. Force & Acceleration Newton’s Second Law Gravity Air Resistance Calculations
A. Newton’s Second LawA. Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration of an object is
directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
F = ma
A. Newton’s Second LawA. Newton’s Second Law
F = maF: force (N)m: mass (kg)a: accel (m/s2)
1 N = 1 kg ·m/s2
am
F
a
Fm
B. GravityB. Gravity
Gravity force of attraction between any two
objects in the universe
increases as...
•mass increases
•distance decreases
B. GravityB. Gravity
Who experiences more gravity - the astronaut or the politician?
less distance
more mass
Which exerts more gravity - the Earth or the moon?
B. GravityB. Gravity
Weight the force of gravity on an object
MASSalways the same
(kg)
WEIGHTdepends on gravity
(N)
W = mgW: weight (N)m: mass (kg)g: acceleration due
to gravity (m/s2)
B. GravityB. Gravity
Would you weigh more on Earth or Jupiter?
greater gravity
greater weight
greater mass
Jupiter because...
B. GravityB. Gravity
Accel. due to gravity (g) In the absence of air
resistance, all falling objects have the same acceleration!
On Earth: g = 9.8 m/s2
mW
g
elephant
m
Wg
featherAnimation from “Multimedia Physics Studios.”
C. Air ResistanceC. Air Resistance
Air Resistance a.k.a. “fluid friction” or “drag” force that air exerts on a moving
object to oppose its motion depends on:
• speed• surface area• shape• density of fluid
C. Air ResistanceC. Air Resistance
Terminal Velocity
maximum velocity reached by a falling object
reached when…
Fgrav = Fair
Fair
Fgrav
no net force no acceleration constant velocity
C. Air ResistanceC. Air Resistance
Terminal Velocity
increasing speed increasing air resistance until…
Fair = FgravAnimation from “Multimedia Physics Studios.”
C. Air ResistanceC. Air ResistanceFalling with air resistance
Fgrav = Fair
Animation from “Multimedia Physics Studios.”
heavier objects fall faster because they accelerate to higher speeds before reaching terminal velocity
larger Fgrav
need larger Fair
need higher speed
D. CalculationsD. CalculationsWhat force would be required to
accelerate a 40 kg mass by 4 m/s2?
GIVEN:
F = ?
m = 40 kg
a = 4 m/s2
WORK:
F = ma
F = (40 kg)(4 m/s2)
F = 160 N
m
F
a
D. CalculationsD. CalculationsA 4.0 kg shotput is thrown with 30 N of
force. What is its acceleration?
GIVEN:
m = 4.0 kg
F = 30 N
a = ?
WORK:
a = F ÷ m
a = (30 N) ÷ (4.0 kg)
a = 7.5 m/s2
m
F
a
D. CalculationsD. CalculationsMrs. J. weighs 557 N. What is her
mass?
GIVEN:
F(W) = 557 N
m = ?
a(g) = 9.8 m/s2
WORK:
m = F ÷ a
m = (557 N) ÷ (9.8 m/s2)
m = 56.8 kg
m
F
a
Concept TestConcept Test
Is the following statement true or false? An astronaut has less mass on the
moon since the moon exerts a weaker gravitational force.
False! Mass does not depend on gravity, weight does. The astronaut has less weight on the moon.
Motion & ForcesMotion & Forces
V. Free-Fall Motion Free-fall Circular Motion Free-fall
A. Free-FallA. Free-Fall
Free-Fall when an object is influenced only
by the force of gravity
Weightlessness sensation produced when an object
and its surroundings are in free-fall object is not weightless!
CUP DEMO
A. Free-FallA. Free-Fall
Weightlessness surroundings are falling at the same
rate so they don’t exert a force on the object
Motion & ForcesMotion & Forces
VI. Action and Reaction Newton’s Third Law Momentum Conservation of Momentum
A. Newton’s Third LawA. Newton’s Third Law
Newton’s Third Law of Motion When one object exerts a force
on a second object, the second object exerts an equal but opposite force on the first.
A. Newton’s Third LawA. Newton’s Third Law
Problem:
How can a horse pull a cart if the cart is pulling back on the horse with an equal but opposite force?
NO!!!
Aren’t these “balanced forces” resulting in no acceleration?
A. Newton’s Third LawA. Newton’s Third Law
forces are equal and opposite but act on different objects
they are not “balanced forces” the movement of the horse
depends on the forces acting on the horse
Explanation:
A. Newton’s Third LawA. Newton’s Third Law
Action-Reaction Pairs
The hammer exerts a force on the nail to the right.
The nail exerts an equal but opposite force on the hammer to the left.
A. Newton’s Third LawA. Newton’s Third Law
Action-Reaction Pairs
The rocket exerts a downward force on the exhaust gases.
The gases exert an equal but opposite upward force on the rocket.
FG
FR
A. Newton’s Third LawA. Newton’s Third Law
Action-Reaction PairsBoth objects accelerate.The amount of acceleration
depends on the mass of the object.
a Fm
Small mass more accelerationLarge mass less acceleration
JET CAR CHALLENGEJET CAR CHALLENGE
CHALLENGE:
Construct a car that will travel as far as possible (at least 3 meters) using only the following materials.scissorstape4 plastic lids2 skewers
2 straws1 balloon1 tray
How do each of Newton’s Laws apply?