ch. 11: human development across the life span 1
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span
1
![Page 2: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Progress Before Birth:Prenatal Development
• 3 phases– germinal stage (Zygote) = first 2 weeks
• conception, implantation, formation of placenta
– embryonic stage = 2 weeks – 2 months• formation of vital organs and systems• Heart, spine, brain, arm, legs, hands, feet, fingers,
toes, eyes & ears. Most miscarriage occur and birth defects.
– fetal stage = 2 months – birth• bodily growth continues, movement capability
begins, brain cells multiply, sex organs develop• age of viability. 22-26 weeks
Human Development 2
![Page 3: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Union of Egg & Sperm
3
![Page 4: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Genetic Influences
• X- Chromosomes– sex chromosome found in both males & females– females have two, males have one– an X-chromosome from each parent produces a
female
• Y-Chromosomes– sex chromosome found only in males– when paired with a X-chromosome from the
mother, it produces a male child
4
![Page 5: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Progress Before Birth:Prenatal Development
• Prenatal Period 9 complete months (40 weeks)– 1 in 5 pregnancies end before the women is aware she
pregnant.– Placenta. Allows oxygen and nutrients to pass through the
fetus
Human Development5
![Page 6: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Environmental FactorsPrenatal Development
Maternal nutritionMalnutrition linked to increased risk of birth complications, neurological problems, and psychopathology
Teratogens agents that can reach the embryo or fetus
during prenatal development & cause harm-Chemical, alcohol, some medicines, cocaine,
nicotine, viral
Fetal Alcohol Syndromephysical & cognitive abnormalities
caused by drinking in pregnancyHuman Development 6
![Page 7: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The Childhood Years: Motor Development
• Rooting Reflex: tendency to turn head, open mouth & search for nipple when touched on the cheek
• Grasping Reflex: infants can hold there own body weight– Cephalocaudal trend – head to foot– Proximodistal trend – center-outward
Human Development 7
![Page 8: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Infancy & Childhood
• Maturation: biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, uninfluenced by experience
• Developmental norms – median age– Cultural variations
8
![Page 9: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Easy and Difficult Babies:Differences in Temperament
Human Development
Temperament- Mood, activity level & emotional reactivity (established by 2-3 months old)
Thomas, Chess, and Birch (1970)3 basic temperamental styles
easy – 40%slow-to-warm-up – 15%difficult – 10%mixed – 35%stable over time
9
![Page 10: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Early Emotional Development: Attachment
• Attachment- close emotional bonds of affection. Develop around 6-8 months old
• Evolutionary Perspective- Attachment styles correlate to adult patterns in romantic relationships
Human Development10
![Page 11: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Social Development
• Critical Period an optimal period shortly after birth when a organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
• Imprinting the process that certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
11
![Page 12: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Harry Harlow: Attachment Preferences
• Surrogate Mother Experiment: monkeys prefer contact with comfortable cloth mother, even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother
12
![Page 13: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Early Emotional Development: Attachment
• Separation anxiety- Peaks around 14-18 months– Ainsworth (1979). Relationship between infant &
mother (caretaker)– The strange situation and patterns of
attachment• Secure• Anxious-ambivalent• Avoidant
• Developing secure attachment– Bonding at birth– Daycare– Cultural factors
Human Development 13
![Page 14: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ainsworth Separation Anxiety
14
![Page 15: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Stage Theories of Development: Personality
• Stage theories, three components– progress through stages in order– progress through stages related to age– major discontinuities in development
Human Development 15
![Page 16: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stage Theories of Development
Human Development 16
![Page 17: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Stage Theories: Cognitive Development
• Jean Piaget (1920s-1980s)– 4 stages and major milestones
• Sensorimotor Birth-2– Object permanence
• Preoperational 2-7– Centration: 1 thing @ a time
– Irreversibilty: unable to rewind
– Egocentrism: unable to share others views
• Concrete Operational 7-11– Decentration, Reversibility, & Conservation
• Formal Operational 11<– Abstraction
Human Development 17
![Page 18: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Piaget
18
![Page 19: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Piaget’s Stage Theory
Human Development 19
![Page 20: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Piaget’s Conservation Task
Human Development 20
![Page 21: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The gradual mastery of conservation
Human Development 21
![Page 22: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Cognitive Development• Schema- framework that organizes &
interprets info• Assimilation- Interpreting new experiences in
terms of mental structures without changing them.
• Accommodation- Changing existing mental
structures to explain new experiences. • Habituation- A gradual reduction in strength of a
response when presented repeatedly.
• Dishabituation- If a new stimulus elicits am increase in strength of an habituated response.
Human Development 22
![Page 23: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Development of Moral Reasoning– Kohlberg Reasoning as opposed to behavior:
• Moral dilemmas: Measured nature & progression of moral reasoning
– 3 levels, each with 2 sublevels• Preconventional (Stages 1&2)
– Acts are wrong b/c they are punished » Stop b/c you fear a ticket
– Acts are right b/c they lead to positive consequences» Stop b/c you wont get into an accident
• Conventional (Stages 3&4)– Acts are determined by other’s approval/disapproval
» Stop b/c you want to be a good citizen
– Rules become internalized & viewed as absolute» Stop b/c it’s right
• Postconventional (Stages 5&6)– Rules are less rigid & show some flexibity
» Slow down, not stopping (no one will catch you)
– Allows for the possibility that you might not comply with society’s rules b/c it conflicts w/ personal ethics
» Don’t stop b/c you feel there’s no point no one will get hurt& no one» is watching Human
Development
23
![Page 24: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Kohlberg’s Stage Theory
Human Development 24
![Page 25: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Adolescence: Physiological Changes
• Primary Sex Characteristics body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
• ovaries- female• testes- male• external genitalia
• Secondary Sex Characteristics
nonreproductive sexual characteristics• female- enlarged breast, hips• male- voice quality, body hair
• Menarche first menstrual period
Human Development 25
![Page 26: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Physical development at Puberty
Human Development 26
![Page 27: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Adolescence: Neural Changes
• Increasing myelinization• Synaptic pruning• Changes in prefrontal cortex
Human Development 27
![Page 28: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Search for Identity
• Erik Erikson (1968)– Key challenge - forming a sense of identity– Eight stages spanning the lifespan– Psychosocial crises determining balance
between opposing polarities in personality
Human Development 28
![Page 29: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Erikson’s Stage Theory
Human Development 29
![Page 30: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Search for Identity
• James Marcia (1988)– 4 identity statuses
• Foreclosure: identity based on parents• Moratorium: undecided • Identity Diffusion: Refuse to identify• Identity Achievement: Achieve your own identity
based on actual research/experience
30
![Page 31: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Adulthood
• Personality Development. (Stable until 50)– Midlife Crisis
• Transitions in Family Life– “U” Shaped Martial Bliss– Between Families
• Aging & Physical Changes– Physical Changes– Vision & Hearing– Hormonal Functioning– Dementia
31
![Page 32: Ch. 11: Human Development Across the Life Span 1](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022020417/56649f2f5503460f94c48e24/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The Expanse of Adulthood
• Social Clock the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, & retirement
• Crystallized Intelligence accumulated knowledge & verbal skills, increases w/ age
• Fluid Intelligence ability to reason speedily & abstractly, decreases during late adulthood
Human Development 32