ch 11. ch. 11 sec 1 1700s – france considered most advanced country of europe ◦ center of...
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The French Revolution and
NapoleonCh 11
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The French Revolution Begins
Ch. 11 Sec 1
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1700s – France considered most advanced country of Europe◦Center of Enlightenment◦Large population and prosperous foreign trade
◦Culture admired by many
Setting the Stage
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Appearances can be deceiving◦Great unrest in France High prices High taxes Disturbing questions raised by Enlightenment
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Caste system remained from days of feudalism
Three social classes◦First Estate◦Second Estate ◦Third Estate
Privileged Classes◦First and Second Access to high government offices
Exemptions from paying taxes
The Old Regime
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Clergy of Roman Catholic Church◦1% of population ◦Owned 10% of land◦Provided education and relief services to the poor
◦2% of income went to the government (taxes)
◦Scorned Enlightenment ideas
First Estate
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Rich nobles whose wealth consisted of land◦Own 20% of the land◦Make up 2% of the population◦Paid almost no taxes◦Scorned Enlightenment ideas Radical ideas that threatened status and power
Second Estate
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97% of the populationConsisted of three groups
◦Bourgeoisie Merchants and artisans Well-educated Believed in Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality
Wealthy, but paid high taxes
The Third Estate
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◦WorkersCooks, servantsPoorer than bourgeoisieLow wagesFrequently out of workOften went hungry
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Peasants◦Largest group in Third Estate 80% of population – 21 million people
◦Lost half of income to other estates Dues to nobles Tithes to the church Taxes to the kings agents
◦Resented clergy and nobles for privileges/special treatment
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Enlightenment Ideas◦Views on gov’t spread among 3rd EstateQuestion structure of societyEquality, liberty, and democracy
◦Inspired by American Revolution
◦Discuss ideas of Rousseau and Voltaire
The Forces of Change
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Economic Troubles◦Prosperous economy was failingPopulation expandedTaxes made it impossible to do business in France
Cost of living roseBad weather caused crop failures – prices of food doubled
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◦Gov’t went into debt Extravagant spending by king and queen
Louis XVI inherited debt Borrowed to help Americans against British
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A Weak Leader◦Louis XVI indecisive ◦Paid little attention to details of governing
◦Married Marie Antoinette – Austrian royalty
◦Marie spent $ on frivolous items◦Louis didn’t deal with $ issues til France was bankrupt
◦Estates General called when Louis calls for more taxes
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National Assembly◦3rd estate wanted Assembly to meet as oneEach person have one voteBenefits 3rd Estate
◦King orders Estates General to follow old rules
Revolution Dawns
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Abbe Sieyes◦Clergy member sympathetic to 3rd Estate
◦Suggest 3rd estate become National Assembly
◦Pass laws and reforms in name of French people
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Delegates agree◦End absolute monarchy◦Beginning of representative gov’t◦Tennis Court Oath – June 17, 1789 Would not leave court until constitution formed
Joined by sympathetic nobles and clergy
◦Louis XVI responds Stations mercenaries outside Versailles
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Rumors◦People suggest Louis will dismiss Nat’l Assembly by force
◦Others – foreign troops will massacre citizens
Storming the Bastille
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July 14, 1789◦Mob storms the Bastille, a Paris prison Search for gunpowder and weapons
◦Overwhelm guards and seize control Kill prison commander and guards March down streets with heads on pikes
Symbolic act of revolution◦Similar to July 4 in USA
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Rebellion spreads from Paris to countryside◦Rumors that nobles hired outlaws to terrorize peasants
Wave of panic sets in◦Great Fear Peasants become armed outlaws Break into homes of
nobles
A Great Fear Sweeps France
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August 4, 1789◦Late-night meeting of the National Assembly
◦Do away with privileges of the 1st and 2nd Estates Make commoners equal to nobles and clergy
Old Regime is dead
End of the Old Regime
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Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen◦Aug 26, 1789◦All men are free and equal in rights Liberty, property, security, and resistance to
oppression◦Appointment to public office based on talent
◦Guaranteed equal justice, freedom of speech and religion
Rights of Man
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Bread Riots◦Oct. 4, 1789◦Women riot over price of bread◦March on Versailles◦Demand Nat’l Assembly be recognized by Louis XVI
◦Demand king and queen return to Paris
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National Assembly reforms the Church◦Took over Church lands Sale of lands helped to pay off French debt
◦Church officials and priests had to be elected Paid as state officials Offended Catholics in France
◦Church loses power and $
A State Controlled Church
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June 1791◦Tries to leave for Austrian Netherlands◦Recognized and brought back to Paris Portrait on money
Louis Tries to Escape
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A Limited Monarchy◦New constitution - Sept 1791 Limited constitutional monarchy Strips king of much of his authority
◦Creates Legislative Assembly Power to create laws Approve or prevent war declared by the
king
Conflicting Goals Cause Divisions
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Legislative Assembly designed to be conservative◦Only “active” citizens could vote Men over 25 that paid a certain amount in taxes
Only wealthy people would serve◦Local gov’t in charge of taxation
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Food shortages and gov’t debt remain
Legislative Assembly splits into three groups◦Radicals◦Moderates ◦Conservatives
Factions Split France
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Sat on the left of the hall Opposed idea of a monarchy Wanted a lot of changes to be made
Radicals
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Sat in the center Wanted some changes
◦Not as many as radicals
Moderates
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Sat on the right Upheld idea of limited monarchy
◦Wanted few changes
Conservatives
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Spring 1792 - Radicals create commune◦City council run by popular vote◦Take king captive◦Force Legislative Assembly to suspend monarchy
Rise of the Paris Commune
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Sans-culottes◦Wore long pants Identified as ordinary patriots
◦Wage-earners and shopkeepers◦Wanted greater changes in gov’t◦Lower food prices and end to food shortages
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European leaders watch changes in France◦Fear revolts will break out in own countries
◦Austria and Prussia take action Urge French to restore absolute
monarchy◦April 1792 – France declares war
France at War
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Summer 1792◦Enemy armies advanced on Paris Prussian general threatens to destroy Paris if royal family is harmed
Aug 10◦Parisians respond violently 20,000 men and women invade palace where royal family is staying
Massacre guards and imprison Louis, and Marie Antoinette
France at War
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Radical Revolution and Reaction
Ch. 11 Sec 2
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French troops in Paris sent to help in field◦Rumors spread Supporters of king in prison might break out and seize city
◦Citizens raid prisons and massacre over 1,000 Royalists, nobles, and clergy
September Massacres
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National Convention – Sept 21, 1792◦Ruling body of France Chosen to draft new constitution Lawyers, professionals, property owners 2/3 under age of 45
◦Abolished monarchy◦Declared France a republic◦Adult male citizens granted right to vote No vote for women
The First Republic
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Political Social Clubs form in Paris◦The Girondins Represent areas outside Paris
◦The Mountain Represent radicals in Paris
The Fate of the King
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Jacobins Take Control◦Radical political organization◦Wanted to execute kingEnsure he was not a rallying point for opponents of republic
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Jacobins influence Nat’l Convention◦Try Louis for treason◦Sentenced to death Jan. 21, 1793 – beheaded by guillotine
Thousands of French oppose Jacobins◦Horrified by beheadings of Louis XVI
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Robespierre Assumes Control◦Maximilien Robespierre Jacobin leader “Republic of virtue” Try to wipe out every trace of monarchy and nobility
Terror Grips France
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Leader of Committee of Public Safety◦Decided who was enemy of the republic
◦Protect France from enemiesReign of Terror
◦July 1793 – July 1794 – governs as dictator
◦Executes Marie Antoinette◦40,000 French executed 16,000 by guillotine 85% were from 3rd Estate
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Democratic republic composed of good citizens
Formed by good education◦Primary education for all
Abolished slavery in French colonies
Tried to control prices of essential goods
De-Christianization
The Republic of Virtue
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Active participants◦No official power
Observed sessions of Nat’l Convention◦Made demands
Society for Revolutionary Republican Women in Paris◦Asserted readiness to defend republic
Role of Women
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France’s Citizen Army◦1793 – GB, Holland and Spain join Austria and Prussia against French
◦Feb. 1793 – National Convention starts draft 300,000 citizens ages 18 – 40 1794 – 800,000 soldiers, including women
Pushed back invading army◦Conquered Austrian Netherlands
Rise of the revolutionary army
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Robespierre attacks other revolutionaries◦Less radical than Robespierre
July 1794 – National Convention turns against Robespierre◦Arrested and executed July 28◦Public opinion shifts to the right
End of the Terror
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1795 – National Convention drafts new gov’t◦3rd since 1789
More conservative◦Restricted power of CoPS◦Churches reopened◦New constitution created
New Government
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Two legislative houses◦Council of 500Drafted laws
◦Council of Elders250 membersAccepted or rejected laws
◦Members chosen by electorsOwned or rented property worth certain value 30,000 people
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Committee of 5 leaders◦Council of Elders chose from list from Council of 500
◦Reactionary and corrupt◦Many political enemies◦Economic issues◦Relied heavily on support of military
The Directory