cg, environment concerns
TRANSCRIPT
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-Sankar
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AIR POLLUTION ACT, 1987
y 1. Air pollution in this Act means a condition of the
atmosphere in which a pollutant is present in such a
quantity as to be liable to
y (i) be injurious to public health, or
y (ii) have a deleterious effect on flora or fauna or damage
property, or
y (iii) impair or interfere with amenities or with the
environment.
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2. Non application of Act:
This Act shall not apply in relation to an emission
arising fromy (i) the disposal at sea of a substance by deliberate
combustion for thermal destruction, or
y
(ii) the use of any radioactive substance or device.
3 .This Act shall apply to premises belonging to or inthe occupation of the State
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4. Regulations.
y (1) The Minister may make regulations
y (a) for prescribing any matter referred to in this Act asprescribed,
y (b) in relation to any matter referred to in this Act asthe subject of regulations, and
y (c) for the purpose of giving full effect to this Act.y (2) Regulations made under this Act may make
different provisions in relation to different areas,different circumstances and different classes of cases.
y (3) Where it is proposed to make regulationsunder section 6 , a draft of the regulations shall be laidbefore each House of the parliament and theregulations shall not be made until a resolutionapproving of the draft has been passed by each House.
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y (4) Every regulation made by the Minister under
this Act (other than a regulation madeunder section 6) shall be laid before each House ofthe parliament soon as may be after it is made and,if a resolution avoiding the regulation is passed by
either such House within the next 21 days onwhich that House has sat after the regulation islaid before it, the regulation shall be avoidaccordingly, but without prejudice to the validity
of anything previously done under it.
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. .
(1) A person guilty of an offence under this Act
shall be liabley (a) on summary conviction, to a fine not exceeding
Rs,1,000 , a fine not exceeding Rs,100 for every day onwhich the offence is continued or to imprisonment for
any term not exceeding six months or, at the discretionof the court, to both such fine and such imprisonment.
y (b) on conviction on indictment, to a fine not exceedingRs,10,000 (together with, in the case of a continuingoffence, a fine not exceeding Rs,1,000 for every day onwhich the offence is continued), or to imprisonment forany term not exceeding two years or, at the discretion
of the court, to both such fine and such imprisonment.
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y Offences by companies.
y (1) Where an offence under this Act has , been committed by acompany, every person who, at the time the offence was committed, wasdirectly in charge of, and was responsible to, the company for theconduct of the business of the company, as well as the company, shall bedeemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceededagainst and punished accordingly:
y Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall render anysuch person liable to any punishment provided in this Act, if he
proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or thathe exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of suchoffence.
y (2) Any director, manager, secretary or other officer of the company,such director, manager, secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to
be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against andpunished accordingly.
.
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7. The Registery (1) Every local authority shall as soon as may be after the
commencement of this Act establish and maintain a register(in
this Act referred to as the register ) for the purposes of this
Act and shall make therein all such entries and additions as
may, from time to time, be prescribed.
y (2) The register shall be kept at the offices of the local authorityand shall be made available for inspection by any person
during office hours.
y (3) When a request is made to a local authority for a copy of an
entry in the register, the copy shall be issued to the applicant onthe payment by him to the local authority of such fee (if any) as
they shall fix not exceeding the reasonable cost of making the
copy.
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y
(4) Every document purporting to be a copy of an entry in theregister and purporting to be certified by an officer of a local
authority to be a true copy of the entry shall, without proof of
the signature of the person purporting so to certify or that he
was such officer, be received in evidence in any legal
proceedings and shall, until the contrary is proved, be deemedto be a true copy of the entry and to be evidence of the terms of
the entry.
y (5) Evidence of an entry in the register may be given byproduction of a copy thereof certified pursuant to this section
and it shall not be necessary to produce the register itself.
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8.Research into air pollution.(1) A local authority may organise and conduct research, surveysor investigations into the nature and extent, the cause and
effect, and the prevention or limitation, of air pollution and
may establish and maintain educational programmes relating to
such matters and may publish, or cause to be published, any
information derived from any such research, surveys,investigations or educational programmes. )
(2)The Minister, with the consent of the Minister for Finance,
may make a financial contribution to any person, or body of
persons, engaged, or proposing to engage, in research, surveysor investigations into the nature and extent, the cause and
effect, and the prevention or limitation, of air pollution or in
any educational programme relating to such matters.
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. THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION)
ACT, 1981
y Power to give instructions for ensuring standards for emission fromautomobiles:-
y Its is necessary to the concerned authority in charge of registrationof motor vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Act 4 of1939), and such authority shall, notwithstanding anythingcontained in that Act or the rules made thereunder be bound tocomply with such instructions.
y Restrictions on use of certain industrial plants:-
y Provided that a person operating any industrial plant in any airpollution control area, immediately before the commencement of
section 9 of the Air (Prevention and Control ofPollution)Amendment Act, 1987, for which no consent was necessary prior tosuch commencement, may continue to do so for a period of threemonths from such commencement or, if he has made anapplication for such consent within the said period of three months,till the disposal of such application
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y Every person to whom consent has been granted by the StateBoard under sub-section (4), shall comply with the followingconditions, namely -
y (i) the control equipment of such specifications as the StateBoard may approve in this behalf shall be installed andoperated in the premises where the industry is carried on orproposed to be carried on;
y (ii) the existing control equipment, if any, shall be altered orreplaced in accordance with the directions of the State Board;
y (iii) the control equipment referred to in clause (i) or clause(ii) shall be kept at all times in good running condition;
y (iv) chimney, wherever necessary, of such specifications asthe State Board may approve in this behalf shall be erected orre-erected in such premises; .and
y (v) such other conditions as the State Board, may specify in
this behalf,
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Provided that in the case of a person operating any industrial
plant in an air pollution control area immediately before the
date of declaration of such area as an air pollution control area,the period so specified shall not be less than six months :
y Provided further that:-
y (a) after the installation of any control equipment in accordance
with the specifications under clause (i), ory (b) after the alteration or replacement of any control equipment
in accordance with the directions of the State Board under
clause (ii), or
y (c) after the erection or re-erection of any chimney under
clause (iv), no control equipment or chimney shall be altered or
replaced or, as the case may be, erected or re-created except
with the previous approval of the State Board.
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y (3) In any prosecution for a contravention of this section or of
regulations made under this section, it shall be a good defence
to establish that
y (a) the best practicable means have been used to prevent or to
limit the emission concerned, or
y (b) the emission concerned was in accordance with a licence
under this Act, ory (c) the emission concerned was in accordance with an emission
limit value, or
y (d) the emission concerned was in accordance with a special
control area order in operation in relation to the area concerned.
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12. Power of local authority to require measures
to be taken to prevent or limit air pollution.
y (1) Where it appears to a local authority that it is necessary so todo in order to prevent or to limit air pollution, the local authoritymay serve a notice under this section on the occupier of anypremises from which there is an emission.
y (2) In considering whether a notice should be served under thissection, a local authority shall have regard to
y (a) any air quality management plan in relation to the area inwhich the premises are situate,
y (b) any special control area order in operation in relation to thearea in which the premises are situate,
y (c) any relevant emission limit value,y
(d) any relevant air quality standard,y (e) the availability of the means necessary for compliance with
the notice, andy (f) the expense which would be incurred in complying with the
notice.
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13. Power of High Court in relation to air
pollutiony (1) The High Court may, on the application of a local
authority or any other person, by order, prohibit or restrictan emission from any premises where the Court is satisfied
thaty (a) the continuance of the emission (not being an emission
which is in compliance with a licence granted under thisAct) would give rise to a serious risk of air pollution, or
y (b) the emission is an emission from industrial plant incontravention of the terms of a licence under this Act, or
y (c) the emission is an emission from industrial plant forwhich a licence under this Act is required and in relation towhich no such licence has been granted.
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y (2) An order made by the High Court on an application under thissection may contain such provisions as to the Court seem appropriateand may, in particular, include provisions
y (a) requiring specific measures to be taken to eliminate or reduce therisk of air pollution;
y (b) requiring any person to do, or not to do, or cease from doing, as thecase may be, anything which the Court considers necessary andspecifies in the order to ensure that the emission concerned is
terminated or restricted or, as the case may be, complies with anyrelevant licence under this Act;
y (3) An application for an order under this section shall be by motionand the High Court when considering the matter may make suchinterim or interlocutory order as it considers appropriate.
y (4) An order of the High Court made pursuant to this section shall haveeffect notwithstanding the terms of any permission given under anyother enactment in relation to the premises concerned.
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14. License to operate industrial plant.
y
(1) A person shall not operate industrial plant,other than existing industrial plant, on or aftersuch day as may be prescribed unless a licenceunder this Act is in force in relation to the plant.
y
(2) The Minister may, by regulations, provide thatexisting industrial plant of such class as may bespecified in the regulations shall not be inoperation on or after such date as may be so
specified unless a licence under this Act is in forcein relation to the plant.
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15. Air Quality Management Plans and Standards
y (1) A local authority may, and shall if the Minister so directs, make, inrelation to all or any part of their functional area, a plan (in this Actreferred to as an air quality management plan) for the preservation orthe improvement of the air quality in the area to which such planrelates.
y (2) A local authority may, from time to time as occasion demands, andshall at least once in every five years after the date of the making of anair quality management plan, review the plan and make in it any
variations (whether by way of alteration, addition or deletion) whichthey consider proper or replace it by a new plan.
y (3) Two or more local authorities may, in relation to all or any part oftheir functional areas, jointly make an air quality management planand the provisions ofsubsection (2) shall apply to any such plan.
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16.Air quality standards.
y (1) The Minister may, for the purposes of this Act, by regulationsspecify standards (in this Act referred to as air quality
standards) and different air quality standards may be specifiedfor different areas or classes of areas, different circumstances orclasses of circumstances or for different periods of time.
y (2) Without prejudice to the provisions ofsubsection (1),regulations under this section may make provision for all or anyof the following matters
y (a) relate an air quality standard to a particular pollutant or to acombination of pollutants;
y (b) express an air quality standard as a concentration in the air, oras a mass depositing on a specified area, of the particular
pollutant or combination of pollutants which is not to beexceeded for specified periods and under specified conditions;y (c) provide that the Minister may suspend, relax or modify an air
quality standard for such period and in such circumstances asmay be specified either generally or in relation to a particulararea.
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17.Monitoring of air quality and emissions
y (1) A local authority shall carry out, or cause to be carried out, suchmonitoring of
y (a) air quality, and
y (b) the nature, extent and effects of emissions,
y
(2) A local authority shall keep and maintain. or cause to be kept andmaintained, such records of any monitoring carried outunder subsection (1) as they consider reasonable and necessary
y (3) Effect of the emission and of the air quality as the local authority
consider necessary and to keep and to supply to the local authoritysuch records of the monitoring as the local authority considernecessary.
y (4) The Minister may monitor, or make such arrangements for themonitoring of, air pollution as seem to him to be necessary or desirable.
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y INDUSTRIESADOPTINGMEASURESTOPREVENTAIRPOLLUTION
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Measures taken by industryy Wet Scrubbers- e.g. Power, steel, fertilizer plantsy Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP)-to remove particulate matter from any
flowing gas, e.g. air.
y Dust Cyclones-These are used to remove particulate matter from a gas or
air stream, without using filters, using vortex separation instead. the cement
industry wherein they form a part of the kiln.y Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR-reducing NOx that is used in most diesel
and gasoline engines.
y Catalytic Converter-to diminish the toxicity of emissions that are produced
by internal combustion engines
y Gas Flare-: Also called a flare stack, this is a chimney that is erected on oilrigs or oil wells, as well as landfills, chemical plants, and refineries
y Biofilters-used to degrade the air pollutant.
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PREVENTION BY CEMENT INDUSTRYy The cement manufacturing process generates lot of dust,
which is captured and recycled to the process
y Gasses from clinker cooler are used as secondarycombustion air.
y The process, using pre-heaters and pre-calciners, is botheconomically and environmentally preferable to wetprocess because of techno-economic advantages of theenergy saving dry system over wet.
y Certain other solids such as pulverized f ly ash from powerplants, slag, roasted pyrite residue and foundry sand can be
used as additives to prepare blended cement.
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Measures
y Prevention and control of dust: The priority in the cement industryis to minimize the increase in ambient particulate levels by reducingthe mass load emitted from the stacks, from fugitive emissions, andfrom other sources. Collection and recycling of dust in the kiln gases inrequired to improve the efficiency of the operation and to reduceatmospheric emissions
y (a) ventilation systems should be used in conjunction with hoodsand enclosures covering transfer points and conveyors;
y (b) Drop distances should be minimized by the use of adjustableconveyors;
y (c) Dusty areas such as roads should be wetted down to reduce dustgeneration;
y (d) Appropriate storm water and runoff control systems should beprovided to minimize the quantities of suspended material carriedoff site.
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y Mechanical systems for controlling dust: Several mechanical
equipments are used in cement manufacturing plant to control /
collect dust.. They are
y Dust collector - A dust collector(bag house) is a typically
low strength enclosure that separates dust from a gas stream
by passing the gas through a media filter
y Cyclone -Cyclones are typically used as pre-cleaners and
are followed by more efficient air-cleaning equipment such
as electrostatic precipitators and bag houses.
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EXAMPLES: 1. CHETTINAD CEMENTy
Dust generation due to mining activities would becontrolled as follows:
y Prevention of fine dust getting air borne by spraying water onthe dust generation points.
y
Drilling with dust extractions and use of water jet for dousingthe cuttings.y Well designed blast by effective stemming and use of milli
second delay detonators.y Avoiding blasting during high wind periods.y Maintenance and wetting of haul roads strictly as per
standards.y Avoiding over loading of trailers/tippers.y Covering of trailers/trippers with tarpaulin during
transportation.y Periodical maintenance of trucks/trailers.
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2.AMBUJA CEMENTSy All major sources of air pollution (Raw Mill Kiln, Clinker Cooler, Coal Mill,
Cement Mill) of proposed new kiln will be provided with ESP, Bag filters tomaintain limits of50 mg/Nm3 for the PM emissions.
y All material transfer points will be provided with bag filters to entrapthe
emissions at the source itself.
y
Clinker will be stored in silos /covered stock piles and gypsum incovered shed.
y Fly ash will be stored in silos and closed shed.
y Better maintenance and installation of proper pollution controlequipment like Bag filters and ESP will help in reducing suchemissions.
y
Houses, Bag filters and ESP will help in reducing such emissions.y Green belt will be developed along the roads and around the plant
premises as dust preventive barrier.
y Automized Water sprinkling system will be provided at limestone andcoal
unloading hopper and handling area.
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TATA CHEMICALS
y Tata chemicals have introduced this concept long before byadaptation of water harvesting, soil reclamation, wastelanddevelopment programme, waste management, effluentmanagement etc. to develop over all environment quality of thefactory site, in and around.
y TATA CHEMICALS SOCIETY FOR RURALDEVELOPMENT (TCSRD) brings better knowledge to thecommunity about new methods of agriculture, like
y water harvesting programme,
y better management of land through soil conservation,
y soil reclam- ation, manuring,
y afforestation, and
y wasteland development programme
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Countries with the highest CO2 emissions
Country
Carbon dioxide emissions
peryear (106 Tons) (2006)
Percentage of global total
China 6,103 21.5%
United States 5,752 20.2%
Russia 1,564 5.5%
India 1,510 5.3%
Japan 1293 4.6%
Germany 805 2.8%
United Kingdom 568 2.0%
Canada 544 1.9%
South Korea 475 1.7%
Ital 474 1.7%