cfpa_e_guideline_no_19_2009_evacuation_from_buildings.pdf

8/17/2019 CFPA_E_Guideline_No_19_2009_EVACUATION_FROM_BUILDINGS.pdf

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A Guide to Best Practicein the Specification and

Use of Fire-ResistantGlazed Systems

Cl/SfB Ro

Summer 2011 Issue 3


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Introduction

3Fire - Resistant Glazing - Best Practice GuideSpring 2!!

"a#le of $ontents

Introduction

Introduction by Chairman 7

Terms used in this Best Practice uide ! " #uic$ reference %uide to the $ey factors to be considered in s&ecifyin%fire'resistant %la(in% and a&&ointin% a %la(in% contractor 10Reference to &rinci&le Buildin% Re%ulations

)n%land and *ales 11Scotland 11+orthern Ireland 12

Codes of Practice and Standards 12,ey &oints of Best Practice 13

Section ! - Principles

-esi%n fle.ibility 1Plannin% 1+e build 17Buildin% refurbishment 17&%rade or re&lacement 17ire'resistant %la(in% systems 1!Res&onsibilities 1!lossary of terms 20 "&&lications 22 "&&licable standards for fire'resistance 23Re%ulations coerin% fire safety 23Classification of fire'resistance in , buildin% re%ulations 23 "&&roed -ocument B 4)n%land and *ales5 26Re%ulatory Reform 4ire Safety5 rder 2008 29Buildin% Re%ulation 3! 4formerly 1B5 30Classification of fire'resistance to harmonised )uro&ean +orms 31Pro&erty &rotection ' Princi&les 32Reaction in the )ent of ire 33

Section 2 - %&idence of Fire Performance

Introduction 38Test re&orts 3 "ssessment re&orts 3Third'&arty certificates 37C) mar$in%

)C Certificate of conformity 3!Classification re&ort 3!)C -eclaration of conformity 3!ield of a&&lication 3!C) mar$in% and harmonised &roduct standards 39

"lternatie routes to demonstrate fire'resistance &erformance 60

Section '(Fire-Resistant Glass

lass ty&es 62

Performance in the eent of fire 66


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Introduction

6 Fire - Resistant Glazing - Best Practice GuideSpring 2!!

Table of Contents cont:

ire'resistant insulatin% %lass units 6;ori(ontal and slo&ed %la(in% systems 6-ecoratie treatments on %lass 67

Combinin% other &erformance re#uirements ith fire'resistin% %la(in% 67

Section ) - Fire-Resistant Glazing Seals

Im&ortance of the %la(in% seal 6!unction of the %la(in% seal 6! "ailable forms of seals 6!Intumescent seal ty&es 69+on'intumescent seal ty&es 80Seal combinations ith different %lass ty&es 82

Section * - "im#er Screens and +oors

Behaiour of timber in fire 83Timber density 83Particular considerations concernin% timber fire doors 88Timber %la(in% beads 87

).am&les of timber bead ty&es and intumescent seals 8! "dditional information 0

Bead fi.in%s 0Settin% bloc$s 0Inte%rity and insulation %la(in% in timber fire'resistant systems 1la(in% a&ertures in doors 1


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Introduction


Section . - Frameless /#utt-0ointed1 Systems

Ty&es of systems 73

Perimeter framin% 78 "ailable systems 78Butt'>ointed system/trade names 78

Section - Fire-Resistant Glass Floors

)ssential re#uirements 7ire &erformance re#uirements and testin% 7In serice functional re#uirements 7! "dditional functional considerations 7!Systems 79Connections and %as$ets 79

).ternal load'bearin% fire'resistant floors !0Installation !0

Section 3 - Refur#ishment and Replacement of Fire-Resistant Glazing

Refurbishment of fire'resistant %la(ed doors and screensRecommended best &ractice !1lass !2Timber doors !2la(in% seals !3Timber screens !63Steel doors and screens !3

&%radin% timber doors and screens !3Protected buildin%s and historical conte.t !6Re&lacement %la(in% in doors? frames and screens manufactured frommaterials other than timber or steel !6=ar$in% of fire'resistant %lass !6Su&&ortin% construction !8=aintenance and aftercare !ire sto&&in% !Stora%e and trans&ort of fire'resistant %lass !7Records and documentation !7

Section ! - Fre4uently As5ed 6uestions !!

Appendi7 A - em#ership of FRGG 93

Appendi7 B - Summary of Impact Safety Re4uirements 96

Appendi7 $ - Re4uirements of Glazing anifestation 9

Appendi7 + - $ontact details of Associated 8rganisations 97

+isclaimer 99

Table of Contents continued


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Introduction

Fire - Resistant Glazing - Best Practice GuideSpring 2!!

It is almost fie years since the best &ractice %uide as first &ublished: The R

ac$noled%ed that there as a need for a com&rehensie %uide to assist in the

s&ecification? testin%? and use of fire'resistant %la(ed systems to match the

increasin% use of s&ecialist %lasses ithin the built enironment: ur s&ecificintention as? and still remains? to &roide information to the hole construction

industry of the need for correctly s&ecified? tested and installed fire'resistant

%la(ed systems: Since its ori%inal &ublication oer 8?000 hard co&ies hae been

distributed and many isitors to the ebsite hae donloaded the R

Best Practice uide:

This third edition has e.&anded our ori%inal document to $ee& &ace ith chan%es

in le%islation and the constant &roduct deelo&ment underta$en by our dierse

%rou&s@ membershi&: In addition e hae added some ne sections to reflect

these eer chan%in% adancements:

Since the first edition of the %uide? e hae seen chan%es in fire safety le%islation

and standards: These chan%es include the &ublication of BS 9999A200!? Code of

&ractice for fire safety in the desi%n? mana%ement and use of buildin%s 4this

su&ersedes BS 88!!5? the reised 200 edition of "&&roed -ocument B 4ire

Safety5 hich references this %uide and the introduction of The Re%ulatory Reform

4ire Safety5 rder 2008:

The R has also underta$en the tas$ of &roducin% s&ecific trainin%

#ualifications for the s&ecification and installation of ire'Resistin% la(in%: These

ne #ualifications 4formerly +@s5 hae been deelo&ed in line ith the ne C

%uidelines at leels 2 and 3: These ill ensure that an a&&ro&riately hi%h leel oftrainin% is introduced to ensure the correct installation of these com&le. and

intricate? life safety &roducts: The draft modules hae been com&leted and they

are currently &ro%ressin% ith la(in% ualifications "uthority 4"5 and ill be

aailable durin% 2011:

The %uidance &roided ithin this com&rehensie %uide has been &roided by a

broad cross section of indiiduals and com&anies en%a%ed in the testin%?

manufacture? su&&ly and installation of fire'resistant %la(ed com&onents:

r%anisations include fire test laboratories? %lass manufacturers? seal

manufacturers? frame system manufacturers? s&ecialist %lass distributors and%la(in% contractors:

ur membershi& all endorse the recommendations of the %uide and ill continue

to or$ and stand by its &rinci&les to ensure that hi%h standards are set and

maintained in the su&&ly and installation of these life safety &roducts:

,ein ;ulin=ann =coanChairman R

4The latest information can be found on the @s eb site :%%f:or%:u$:5


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Introduction


The lass and la(in% ederation 45@s ire'Resistant la(in% rou& 4R5

is committed to the deelo&ment and adancement of best &ractice in the

manufacture? testin%? s&ecification? a&&lication and installation of fire'resistant

%la(ed systems:ur %oal is to or$ ith the ider fire safety community to achiee the o&timum

fire &rotection in our buildin%s: ur tar%et is to deelo& best &ractice for fire'

resistant %la(ed systems:

*e ill see$ to meet our ob>ecties by brin%in% to%ether and ma$in% aailable the

latest e.&ert adice of those ho or$ ith fire'resistant %la(ed systems : *e ill

also lead the industry in the deelo&ment and a&&lication of the most a&&ro&riate

best &ractice releant to such systems:

The ? as the re&resentatie association of the %la(in% industry? only

reco%nises those ithin the industry ho endorse and subscribe to the &olicies?aims and ob>ecties of the R by membershi& of the %rou&:

" necessary condition of R membershi& is that members follo the &rinci&les

defined in this document and that they &romote? deelo& and cham&ion the

a&&lication of best &ractice in the use of fire'resistant %la(in% systems ith a

reco%nition of their res&onsibilities in ensurin% fitness for &ur&ose in the eent of

fire:

lass and la(in% ederation

86 "yres Street


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Introduction

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9oteA the folloin% terms are used in this %uideA

Responsi#le Person

4a5 in relation to a or$&lace? the em&loyer? if the or$&lace is to any e.tent under

his controlE4b5 in relation to any &remises not fallin% ithin &ara%ra&h 4a5'

i5 the &erson ho has control of the &remises 4as occu&ier or otherise5 inconnection ith the carryin% on by him of a trade? business or other underta$in%4for &rofit or not5E or

ii5 the oner? here the &erson in control of the &remises does not hae control inconnection ith the carryin% on by that &erson of a trade? business or otherunderta$in%:5

*here to or more Res&onsible Persons share this res&onsibility then they must co'o&erate? share information and collaborate to ensure that a&&ro&riate fire safetymeasures are in &lace in the &remises 4e:%: tenant and landlord? multi&le tenancyoccu&ancy? ad>acent &remises5:

$ompetent Person

This is a &erson a&&ointed by the Res&onsible Person to underta$e fire safety ris$assessments? fire safety mana%ement of the &remises or or$ associated ith theinstallation and o&eration of fire safety systems ithin the &remises under there#uirements of the Re%ulatory Reform 4ire Safety5 rder 2008:

The Com&etent Person may be an em&loyee of the Res&onsible Person or acontractor ith dele%ated res&onsibility for the safety of buildin% occu&ants a%ainstfire: If the Com&etent Person is an em&loyee? the Res&onsible Person must ensurethat a&&ro&riate and sufficient trainin% is &roided so that the fire safety obli%ationscan be com&etently dischar%ed: If the Com&etent Person is a contractor? it is im&licitthat the contractor must be able to demonstrate a&&ro&riate leels of com&etence?for e.am&le by third &arty accreditation:

%7pert :udgment

).&ert >ud%ment is a &ermissible method of demonstratin% com&liance ith thefunctional re#uirements of , re%ulations? includin% the assessment of fire'resistance &erformance of systems? assemblies? and constructions: This can inole?for e.am&le? com&le. en%ineerin% ealuations of structures hich are not amenableto the a&&lication of &rescri&tie solutions? or relatiely less com&le. ealuations of

the e.&ected fire &erformance of ariations on a &articular fire'resistant systemhich has a&&ro&riate test eidence:

It is im&licit that the e.&ert is a &ractisin% &rofessional in the releant field of firesafety and can demonstrate the a&&ro&riate $noled%e? #ualifications ande.&erience:

It is also im&licit that the >ud%ment is related to one or more of the folloin%A $nonfire behaiour? $non material behaiour? test information? a&&ro&riate case studies?fire science &rinci&les or a&&ro&riate en%ineerin%'based e#uations and &rocesses:

Responsi#ilities

The occurrence and deelo&ment of fire is essentially un&redictable and uncertain?and its effects can be catastro&hic for both life and &ro&erty: There is therefore a


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Introduction


shared duty of care incumbent on all those inoled in the s&ecification? testin%?su&&ly and installation of fire'resistant %la(ed systems: It is essential to ensurethat the final installed system is fit to &rotect the buildin% and its occu&antsa%ainst the effects of fire: Critical factors in achiein% the intended &erformance in

the eent of fire are both the #uality and the reliability of &roduct &erformance andsatisfactory or$manshi& on installation:


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Introduction


A 4uic5 reference guide to the 5ey factors to #e considered in specifying fire-resistant glazing and appointing a glazing contractor

+efine the Performance Specification

$onfirm;

• uidance in "&&roed -ocument B or BS 9999

• "lternaties to meet Buildin% Re%ulations

• "&&lication

♦ Internal or ).ternal

♦ aFade? screen or door

♦ ertical? hori(ontal or inclined

• rame material 4timber? metal or other5

Reference;

• Section 1 ' Basic Princi&les

• Bead desi%ns

• Performance class

♦ Inte%rity nly

♦ Inte%rity ith insulation

• Re#uired classification time

• ther &erformanc re#uirements

Identify an Appro&ed Fire-Resistant Glazing System$hec5;

• Test eidence of &erformance

♦ Test re&ort

♦ "ssessment re&ort

♦ Certificate from third &arty scheme

Reference;

• Section 2G)idence of ire Performance

$onfirm;

• -etails of %la(in% system to meet the re#uireds&ecification

♦ Classification re&ort

♦ -eclaration of Conformity

♦ Certificate of Conformity

$onfirm aterial and Glazing System Specification

$onfirm;

•lass ty&e and name

• Seal ty&e and name

• rame materials and frame desi%n

• Bead material and desi%n

%sta#lish;

• Points of detail %oernin% fire &erformance

Reference;

• Section 3 ' ire'resistant %lass

• Section 6 ' ire'resistant %la(in% seals

• Section 8 ' Timber screens and doors

• Bead fi.in%s

• -etails of assembly

• -etails of any finishes and decoration

• Chec$ all releant drain%s

• Section G=etal systems for screens and doors

• Section 7 rameless 4butt'>ointed5 systems

%nsure Installation is $orrect

$hec5


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Introduction


Reference to the principle regulations? standards /BS or BS %91 and $odes ofPractice

Appro&ed +ocuments @ %ngland and ales

These are documents created by The -e&artment of Communities and


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Introduction


"echnical Boo5lets @ 9orthern Ireland

Technical Boo$lets are &ublished by the -e&artment of inance and Personnel insu&&ort of some of the technical &arts of the re%ulations: They &roideconstruction methods that? if folloed? ill be deemed'to'satisfy the re#uirements

of the Buildin% Re%ulations:

They allo the -e&artment to set certain standards of &erformance and to &roidea de%ree of &redictability and certainty as to hat methods and standards ofbuildin% hich? if folloed? ill satisfy the re#uirements of buildin% re%ulations:

These boo$lets are s&ecifically ritten for the use of indiiduals ho hae a sound$noled%e of modern buildin% techni#ues? terminolo%y and &ractices:

There is no obli%ation to follo the methods or com&ly ith the standards set outin the Technical Boo$lets 4or any other named deemed'to'satisfy document5: oumay ado&t any form of construction you ish? hoeer you ill hae todemonstrate to the satisfaction of district councils that the re#uirements of the

buildin% re%ulations hae been met:

The Technical Boo$lets &articularly releant to fire'resistant %la(in% systems andtheir a&&lication are as follosA

• -P Technical Boo$let )A 2008 H ire Safety

• -P Technical Boo$lets 1A 200 and 2A 200 H Conseration of fueland &oer in dellin%s and buildin%s other than dellin%s

• -) Technical Boo$lets A 1990 and 1A 1996 H Sound and Sound inconersions

• -P Technical Boo$let ;A 200 H Stairs? ram&s %uardin% and &rotection

from im&actRele&ant $odes of Practice and Standards

BS 8236'2H Partitions 4includin% matchin% linin%s5 H S&ecification for &erformancere#uirements for stren%th and robustness includin% methods of test

BS 1!0 H Barriers in and about buildin%s

BS 22'6 H la(in% for buildin%s: Code of &ractice for safety related to humanim&act

BS !000'7 H *or$manshi& on buildin% sites H Code of Practice for %la(in%

BS 9999 H Code of &ractice for fire safety in desi%n? mana%ement and use of

buildin%s

BS )+ 1200 H lass in buildin%: Pendulum test? im&act test method andclassification for flat %lass

BS )+ 1278! H lass in buildin%s: la(in% and airborne sound insulation: Productdescri&tions and determination of &ro&erties

BS )+ 1990 H )urocodeA Basis of structural desi%n H consists of 9 se&arate)urocodes dealin% ith all as&ects of structural desi%n


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Introduction


9ote;

The final installation should re&roduce the %la(in% assembly as a&&roed: ore.am&le if a sin%le &ane is tested? an assembly containin% shared transoms andmullions should not be installed:

hat to loo5 for on site

• fficial eidence from a com&etent authority demonstratin% the fire'resistant &erformance of the %la(in% system used

• )idence of installer com&etence 4e:%: ,"S'accredited certificationbody5

• Permanent stam& on the %lass that indicates as a minimum? the nameof the %lass &roduct and the manufacturer/su&&lier and &ossibly the fire&erformance ratin%

• The stam& must be isible and readable after %la(in%

• =ar$in% of the im&act &erformance class 4i:e: class 1? 2 or 3 accordin%to BS 22 &art 6 and )+ 12005 here a&&licable

• "&&ro&riate and &ro&er stora%e of %lass ty&es and aailability of

a&&ro&riate handlin% e#ui&ment• ull understandin% and a&&reciation of health and safety as&ects by

those handlin% and installin% fire'resistant %la(in% systems

aintenance

• isual ins&ection of %la(in% is re#uired durin% routine fire ris$assessments

Refur#ishment

• Confirm ith the JRes&onsible Person@ that the fire ris$s and fireha(ards hae not chan%ed since installation of last refurbishment

• "ny necessary refurbishments must be carried out accordin% to thea&&roed ori%inal s&ecification for the %la(in% system and should becom&leted on a li$e for li$e basis

• "ll com&onents must be re&laced ith a ne? com&lete and a&&roed

fire'resistant %la(in% system if the ori%inal %la(in% system s&ecificationcannot be established or as ori%inally s&ecified incorrectly

orizontal or Inclined 8&erhead Glazing

ire resistant %la(ed systems are normally used in ertical locations but hori(ontaland inclined %la(in% are &ossible usin% s&ecialist systems: Contact manufacturersfor details:

• The amount of ed%e coer and ed%e clearance hen %la(ed? es&eciallyfor modified Soda


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Introduction


Al


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Section !Principles


&rocurement? orderin%? deliery? handlin% and site stora%e: "ll &re&arations shouldbe carried out in %ood timeE last minute chan%es or ad>ustments should be aoidedotherise the buildin% &erformance may fall short of the re#uirements:

Suitable deliery and lead'times should be built into the &ro>ect &lan and a%reed

ith the su&&lier in %ood time before e.&ected arrial time on site in reco%nitionthat fire'resistant %la(in% systems are s&ecial hi%h &erformance &roducts based onseeral matched com&onents:

9e< Build

Specification based on the guidance contained in Approved Document B (ADB),BS 9999 or an evaluation by a ire Safety !ngineer" #nsurers may also have theiro$n re%uirements for enhanced property protection"

The fire &rotection measures ill be s&ecified by the buildin%s architect/desi%ner?based on the statutory re#uirements of the Buildin% Re%ulations: Com&liance iththese re%ulations may be achieed throu%h the use of details contained in "&&roed -ocument B? BS 9999 or throu%h assessments conducted by ireSafety )n%ineers: To ensure satisfactory &erformance use the %uidance containedithin this document in res&ect of s&ecification and installation:

Building Refur#ishment

Specification based on the guidance contained in Approved Document B (ADB),BS 9999 or an evaluation by a ire Safety !ngineer" #nsurers may also have theiro$n re%uirements for enhanced property protection"

If a buildin% is under%oin% a full refurbishment and/or a chan%e of use? the sameBuildin% Re%ulation re#uirements relatin% to +e Build ill a&&ly: The fire&rotection measures ill be s&ecified by the architect/desi%ner based on thestatutory re#uirements of the Buildin% Re%ulation: Com&liance ith thesere%ulations may be achieed throu%h the use of details contained in "&&roed-ocument B? BS 9999 or throu%h an assessment carried out by a ire Safety)n%ineer:

"lternatiely the refurbishment may be localised to only a fe items hich illeither be &%rades? here nely s&ecified &roducts re&lace the old ones orRe&lacements here ne or e#uialent &roducts are substituted for e.istin%: Inboth cases it is necessary to establish the de%ree of fire &rotection re#uired from a

record of the ori%inal s&ecification or more li$ely from a recent ris$ assessmentcarried out by a com&etent &erson: The %uidance %ien in the releant sections ofthis Best Practice uide can then be used to ensure the correct &roducts ares&ecified and installed:

Upgrade or replacement

ollo$ing a ris& assessment by a competent person, a visit by ire Brigade or are%uirement from the buildings insurers, the current level of protection has beenidentified as being insufficient and it is re%uired to be upgraded"

olloin% a Ris$ "ssessment carried out by a com&etent &erson? a isit by the ireBri%ade or a re#uirement from the buildin%s insurers? it may be necessary to ma$e


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Section !Principles

1! Fire - Resistant Glazing - Best Practice GuideSpring 2!!

%la(ed &roducts fire resistant or the leel of fire resistance increased: This may bebecause the ron% &roduct as ori%inally s&ecified or installed? or the use of thes&ace has chan%ed since the s&ecification as determined:

Initially the ne re#uired s&ecification must be established in terms of ty&e of

&rotection re#uired? inte%rity only or inte%rity ith insulation and the len%th of timeof &rotection re#uired:

)aluate the current installation to determine hat leel? if any? of fire resistance iscurrently &roided? e:%: if timber doors are currently fitted? a 86mm thic$ fire door isli$ely to be a 0 minute fire door hereas a 66mm door is li$ely to be a 30 minutefire door: "lays chec$ for labels or other indicators such as &lu%s? hich illenable the &erformance ratin% to be confirmed:

Timber screens are more difficult to assess as these are &ur&ose built based onan ori%inal fire test or assessment? and therefore unless details of the ori%inal buildare aailable? the assessment needed ill be based on the $noled%e and

e.&erience of the &erson carryin% out the surey/assessment: enerally theminimum timber section of a 30 minute screen is !0mm . 28mm and 90mm .68mm for a 0 minute screen: If these basic re#uirements are met? e.amine thecurrent %la(in% detail? if they are not correct the &ro>ect must be treated as aBuildin% Refurbishment:

If insulation is re#uired and the %lass is not identifiable as an insulatin% %lass? itmust be re&laced ith a suitable &roduct for the fire resistance s&ecificationre#uired 4see table 2 in section 3 of this uide for a list of suitable %lasses andmanufacturers5:

In some cases the ed%e coer is im&ortant? contact the %lass manufacturer/su&&lier to confirm:

There should be a&&ro&riate fire rated %la(in% seals beteen the %lass and beads:These ill often be intumescent %la(in% seals but can be other materials such asrubber: ;oeer? in all cases they must hae been the sub>ect of a fire test in a%la(ed a&&lication to either BS 67'20 or )+ 136'1: If the %la(in% s&ecification isfor a 0 minute resistance? the %la(in% rebate should also be lined ith anintumescent liner stri& as shon in i% section 8:

or metal screens and doors? the ori%inal manufacturer should be identified andthe installation details chec$ed a%ainst their s&ecification? hich has beendetermined by fire test or assessment:

Fire-resistant glazing systems

ire'resistant %la(in% &roides e.cellent &rotection for lies and &ro&erty in theeent of fire:

The fire enironment is a hostile one for all materials and its occurrence anddeelo&ment is essentially un&redictable ith uncertain outcome:

It is therefore critical that the s&ecification? selection? and installation of fire'resistant %la(in% are all carried out ith close attention to detail:

ire'resistant %lass can only achiee its desi%ned &erformance hen it is &art of acom&lete fire'resistant %la(ed system: This means that all com&onent &arts? suchas the %la(in% seal? beads? fi.in%s? and frame material? must all be com&atible andor$ to%ether to achiee the re#uired &erformance:


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Section !Principles


The fire'resistant %la(ed system must also be installed as tested or assessed by ana&&ro&riately #ualified authority: -ifferent ty&es of fire'resistant %lass may re#uiredifferent %la(in% details? e:%: concernin% %lass ed%e coer? hich must not bechan%ed or assumed to a&&ly to other %lass ty&es:

Installation must be carried out by com&etent indiiduals ho can demonstrate thenecessary $noled%e and s$ills 4see Section 95:

ADA=S;

• Chec$ ith the su&&lier that there is releant and a&&ro&riate eidenceof fire'resistance &erformance:

• )nsure correct installation of the %la(ed system? hich is fundamental tothe achieement of its stated fire'resistance &erformance:

9%E%R;

• "ssume that the substitution of one com&onent for another ill result inthe same leel of fire'resistance? een if the com&onents in #uestion arenominally similar:

• =i. and match com&onents from different a&&roed systems:

• Be tem&ted to ta$e short cuts by reducin% the &erformance s&ecification:

Responsi#ilities

There is a shared duty of care incumbent on all those inoled in the s&ecification?manufacture? testin%? su&&ly and installation of fire'resistant %la(ed systems? to

ensure that the final installed system is fit to &rotect the buildin% and its occu&antsa%ainst the effects of fire:

"ll those inoled in the &rocess need to be aare of their indiidual res&onsibilitiesand obli%ations? in &articular ta$in% &articular res&onsibility for the conse#uences ofhat they do? or mi%ht not do? concernin% the fire'resistance &erformance of the%la(ed system in the eent of a fire:


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Section !Principles


Glossary of terms

The cross sections in i%ures 1 and 2 sho fire'resistant %la(ed systems labelled

ith most commonly used terms and com&onents: These terms are usedthrou%hout this best &ractice %uide:

i%ure 1 H ).am&le com&onents of a ty&ical %la(ed timber door leaf


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Section !Principles


i%ure 2b H ertical section throu%h %la(ed timber screen

Applications

The %lass must be tested and classified in a &ro&osed end'use a&&lication? e:%:screen? door? roof? floor? or faFade in a %la(ed system a&&ro&riate for thata&&lication:

"ny test or assessment re&ort for one a&&lication must not be used to coer other

a&&lications:

"&&roal in a ertical orientation must not be ta$en to im&ly a&&roal in ahori(ontal or inclined orientation.

>ey factors that influence fire-resistance of glazing systems

• =a.imum &ane area

• lass &ane as&ect ratio

• enestration layout and oerall si(e of screen

• Ty&e of %la(in% seal

• rame material

• rame desi%n and construction

• Ty&e and sha&e of beads

• ).tent of %lass ed%e coer 4for e.am&le? for modified tou%hened

soda'lime %lass5

• Ty&e? location and a&&lication of fi.in%s for both frame and beads

• Ty&e of door materials and construction

• rientation H ertical? ;ori(ontal or Inclined


22/99

Section !Principles


Applica#le standards for fire-resistance

ire'resistance is a characteristic of an element of construction or of a com&leteassembly: " classification of fire'resistance for the %lass in isolation is therefore

not &ossible:ire'resistance is alays stated ith reference to defined criteria hich can onlybe determined on the basis of a furnace test carried out in accordance ith a %ientest standard: Releant standards for the , are as follosA

• BS 67'22? ire tests on building elements and structures ' ethods forthe determination of fire-resistance of non-load bearing elements ofconstruction"

• BS )+ 133'1, ire 'resistance tests ' eneral re%uirements

• BS )+ 133'2A? ire-resistance tests ' Alternative and additional procedures

• BS )+ 136'1, ire-resistance tests for non-load bearing elements '*alls

• BS )+ 136? ire-resistance tests for door and shutter assemblies 'ire doors and shutters

• BS )+ 13801'2? ire classification of construction products and buildingelements ' +lassification using data from fire-resistant test, ecludingventilation services

• BS )+ 138'2? ire-resistance tests for load bearing elements ' loors and roofs

Regulations co&ering fire safety

The , Buildin% Re%ulations are coered by three se&arate documents? based oncommon &rinci&les ith differences only in &oints of indiidual detailA

The &rinci&les can be illustrated by reference to "&&roed -ocument B 4"-B5:

$lassification of fire-resistance for U> Building Regulations

Integrity is the ability of a material to ithstand fire e.&osure on one side ithoutthe transmission of fire as a result of the &assa%e of flames or hot %ases: "ninte%rity barrier acts in effect to &hysically sto& fire moement: "lternatiely?inte%rity may be referred to as non'insulatin%:

%ngland and alesBuildin% Re%ulations 2000? "&&roed -ocument B 4"-B5? ire Safety? 200edition

ScotlandTechnical Standards-omestic and +on'domestic section 1 4structure5? 2010-omestic and +on'domestic section 2 4fire5? 2010

9orthern IrelandBuildin% Re%ulations Part ) ire Safety


23/99

Section !Principles


Insulation is the ability of a material to ithstand fire e.&osure on one side ithoutthe transmission of fire to the une.&osed side by limitin% heat transfer due toconduction? conection or radiation 4in addition to inte%rity5:

9ote; Fire performance insulation must not #e confused


24/99

Section !Principles


•


25/99

Section !Principles


" summary of the ran%e of a&&lications for fire'resistant %la(ed systems is %ienbelo and i%ure 3 shos an e.am&le of ty&ical functional &erformance %uidance:

"- B? as issued in "&ril 2007? is in to olumesA olume 1? dellin% housesE olume2? buildin%s other than dellin%s: Particular &oints of %uidance releant to best&ractice are as follosA

• The need to carry out any buildin% or$ in com&liance ith Re%ulation 7?ith &ro&er materials and in a or$manli$e manner

• Recommendations on the role of inde&endent schemes of certification for&roducts and accreditation of installers? as a ay of &roidin% eidencefor the confidence of Buildin% Control in satisfyin% themseles ofcom&liance ith re%ulations

• The &roision of a&&ro&riate information and documentation for effectie

fire safety mana%ement of the buildin% 4Re%ulation 3!5

Summary of applications for fire-resistant glazing systemsReference Appro&ed +ocument B /or e4ui&alent1

=eans of esca&e• Corridors • -oors • Stairells •


26/99

Section !Principles


• The im&ortance of inclusie desi%n 4e:%: ta$in% into account Part = of there%ulations? "ccess to and use of buildin%s5

• "dice that fire'resistant %lass should be mar$ed ith manufacturer and&roduct name? "-B ' ol 2 ' Table "6 and section 9 of this %uide

• " reminder that additional measures are often re#uired and thatinsurers may as$ for hi%her standards

• Com&artment alls should be able to accommodate the &redicteddeflection of the floor aboe 4section ! of this %uide5

9ote; "&&roed -ocument B can be accessed on the Communities and


27/99

Section !Principles


).am&le ' " sin%le storey sho& ith office and stora%e areas

i%ure 3A Buildin% &lan shoin% &ossible fire'resistance re#uirements

Fire doors

"ccess to e.terna l es ca&e route430 minutes inte%ri ty? -305

Stora%e

ffice

ffice

Retail

$ompartment


28/99

Section !Principles


Fire safety legislation; "he Regulatory Reform /Fire Safety1 8rder

n%oin% control of the occu&ied buildin% for effectie fire safety? after desi%n andconstruction? is &roided by the Re%ulatory Reform 4ire Safety5 rder 2008? hich

came into force on 1st ctober 200: This order a&&lies to )n%land and *ales andcoers all non'domestic &remises? includin% the common &arts of &remises thatcontain one or more dellin%s: 4Se&arate las a&&ly in Scotland and + Ireland:5

The S is no the dominant &iece of le%islation %oernin% fire safety? re&lacin%&reious le%islation such as the ire Precautions "ct 1971 under hich firecertificates ere &reiously issued for defined buildin% cate%ories: It brin%s fire safetyinto line ith established health and safety &rinci&les and accordin%ly introduces amethodolo%y based on ris$ assessments for fire safety embracin% fire &recautions?mana%ement? &rotection and &reentatie measures? trainin%? and information:

Res&onsibility and accountability for com&liance ith the statutory re#uirementsrests ith the &erson ho is directly res&onsible for the buildin% 4normally the oner

or em&loyer? as a&&licable? defined as the Res&onsible Person5: Ins&ection andenforcement &oers rest ith the ire and Rescue Serice? includin% the facility toim&ose enforcement orders in cases of non'com&liance:

Si%nificantly? the &roisions of the order coer contractors carryin% out refurbishmentor re'construction or$ ithin the buildin%? to ensure that the fire safety &roisionsare not im&aired by such or$: This could s&ecifically coer? for e.am&le?re&lacement %lass? re&air of installed fire'resistant %la(ed systems and ne %la(eddoors or &artitions: See separate guidance section 9"

9ote; uidance documents can be accessed on the Communities and


29/99

Section !Principles


Building Regulation ' /formerly !,B1 - Fire Safety Information

"&&roed -ocument B 42005 has been &roduced on the assum&tion that thebuildin% concerned ill be &ro&erly mana%ed for life safety throu%hout its or$in%

life: This a&&lies in &articular to the &roision of information on the desi%n andconstruction of buildin%s hich are coered by the Re%ulatory Reform 4ire Safety5rder 2008? here the or$ &otentially affects life safety: Re%ulation 3! 4formerlyRe%ulation 1B5 &roides this lin$ and its sti&ulations are mandatory: It is clearly offundamental im&ortance for the Res&onsible Person to be made aare of both thedetails of installed fire safety measures and a&&licable underlyin% assum&tions:

The ob>ectie of Re%ulation 3! is to ensure that releant information &roduced at theconstruction sta%e is &assed on to the Res&onsible Person so that the ris$assessment &rocess can be as fully informed as &ossible: The re%ulation isobli%atory and a&&lies to the information that should be &roided on initialconstruction? e.tension or material chan%e of use:

eneral %uidance on the ty&e of information to be &roided is %ien in "&&endi. of "&&roed -ocument B 4200 edition5? olume 2:

or best &ractice in fire'resistant %la(ed systems? the ould e.&ect thefolloin% information to be &roided by the installerA

• " &recise descri&tion of the fire'resistant %la(ed system asinstalled? ith a listin% of all the $ey com&onents by name andmanufacturer 4i:e: %lass? %la(in% seal? frame? ty&e of fi.in%s and theirs&ecification? beads and fi.in%s of the frame to the surroundin% structure5

• or timber frames? the ty&e of timber and its nominal density

•


30/99

Section !Principles


$lassification of fire resistance to harmonised %uropean 9orms /h%9s1

The )uro&ean classification standard BS )+ 13801'2 includes a &roision for bothinte%rity and insulation accordin% to the same definitions a&&licable to , re%ulations:

nder the )uro&ean scheme? the symbol % is assi%ned to inte%rity and I to insulation:Proision is made ithin the classification scheme defined in this standard to use aran%e of standard test time &eriods? i:e: 18? 20? 30? 68? 0? 90? 120? or 1!0 minutes:

BS )+ 13801'2 also introduces a su&&lementary criterion of radiation 4desi%nated by*5 to cater for those limited number of countries hose national re%ulations re#uirethis &erformance cate%ory: Radiation is defined as the ability of a material to ith'stand fire e.&osure on one side and reduce the &robability of transmission of fire bysi%nificant heat radiation to ad>acent materials: Radiation must be determined bymeasurement in a standard fire test:

"n element hich meets the insulation criterion is automatically deemed to meet theradiant heat criterion ithout measurement:

Product classification to BS )+ 13801'2 can then be described usin% shorthand asfollos? for e.am&leA

• Inte%rity only for 30 minutes? K)30L

• Inte%rity and radiation &rotection for 30 minutes? K)*30L

• Inte%rity and insulation for 30 minutes? K)I30L:

"n amendment as issued to "&&roed -ocument B in 200 to &roide isible reco%'nition to the ne )uro&ean technical s&ecifications? classification standards and su&'&ortin% fire test methods? hich hae been deelo&ed in su&&ort of the ConstructionProducts -irectie 4CP-5: Table "1 in the amendment &roides the minimum &roi'sions e.&ressed in terms of the classification scheme %ien in BS )+ 13801'2 hentested to the releant )uro&ean standard: There are no chan%es to the minimum &eri'ods of fire'resistance %ien in Table "2:

9ote; "&&roed -ocument B can be found on the -C


31/99

Section !Principles


Radiant heat and BS %9 !'*!-2

The radiation &erformance cate%ory 4*5 is defined in BS )+ 13801'2 at a #uali'

fyin% ma.imum total heat flu. of 18 $*/mN:alues are determined on the basisof measurements accordin% to BS )+ 133'2 at a standard distance of 1 metrefrom the %la(ed element at the end of the standard fire test time &eriod 4e:%: 30or 0 minutes as a&&ro&riate5: This criterion can be achieed by only certainty&es of inte%rity %lass 4and automatically by usin% an insulation %lass5: It is notnecessary to measure radiant heat 4*5 from insulation %la(ed systems becausethe total heat flu. for such &roducts is so lo 4ty&ically less than 1 $*/mN5:

uidance in , Buildin% Re%ulations 4e:%: "&&roed -ocument B? or e#uia'lent5 does not include radiation:

or those countries here the fire re%ulations re#uire a radiation &erformancecate%ory? then this is ty&ically a&&lied at boundary conditions and alon% fire es'ca&e routes to allo for the safer &assa%e of &eo&le in the eent of fire? hencom&ared ith basic inte%rity function:*here leels of radiant heat are concerned? there are ma>or differences beteeninsulation 4)I5 and inte%rity 4)*5 %lass ty&es: The )* cate%ory should not? un'der any circumstances? be seen as a loer leel of insulation &erformance: The)* cate%ory is a diffuse oneA the ma.imum limit allos inclusion of %la(ed ele'ments ith measured radiant heat alues from? for e.am&le? 3 $*/mN u& to 18$*/mN ithout differentiationE radiant heat de&ends on critically on %lass area?as&ect ratio? orientation and distance from the %lass surfaceE and all inte%rity%lass ty&es can be included ithin the classification by choosin% an a&&ro&riate%lass radiatin% area: The )* classification is therefore a feature of the &articular%la(ed element that has been tested and not a fundamental %lass characteristic:

Property protection

The &rimary em&hasis of "&&roed -ocument B or e#uialents in Scotland and +orth'ern Ireland is the &reention of in>ury and death in the eent of fire? althou%h a by'&roduct of these re#uirements cab be that the structure of the buildin% and its contentsusually benefit from a de%ree of &rotection from fire as ell:

"lthou%h &erformance based fire safety en%ineerin% can be used to delier the same

leel of life safety? it may dis&ense ith buildin% or content &rotection: This may alsocom&romise the ability of a business to continue to trade: Therefore issues concernedith &ro&erty and asset &rotection and business continuity fall are of &articular concernof insurers and they may im&ose their on desi%n re#uirements in relation to fire &ro'tection: The oerall re#uirements can be addressed throu%h a ualitatie -esi%n Re'ie 4-R5 here the sco&e and ob>ecties of the fire safety desi%n are defined andhere &erformance criteria are established and acce&tance criteria set:

It is li$ely that insurance sureyors ill ma$e reference to the %uidance contained inK-esi%n uide for the ire Protection of Buildin%sL &ublished by the ire Protection "sso'ciation 4P"5 on behalf of the "ssociation of British Insurers or K"&&roed -ocument BAire Safety 4olume 25 ' Buildin%s other than dellin%houses Incor&oratin% Insurers@ Re'

#uirements for Pro&erty ProtectionL hen assessin% &otential insurance liability of a


32/99

Section !Principles


buildin%: This &ublication is &roduced by RIB" Publishin% in association ith RISC"u'thority and P": R su&&orts the 12 essential &rinci&les for fire &rotection hichhae direct releant to the a&&lication of fire'resistant %la(ed systems: These are asfollosA

Reaction in the e&ent of fire

Principle !

The buildin% shall be constructed in such a manner that if a fire starts? thee.tent of fire and smo$e dama%e ill be minimised and confined as close tothe source of fire outbrea$ as is &ractical/feasible:

Principle 2

*ith the e.ce&tion of >oinery &roducts? the buildin% shall be constructed

from buildin% materials/&roducts that ill not ma$e a si%nificant contributionto the early sta%es of a fire or contribute to the s&read of fire:

Principle '

Suitable measures ill be ta$en for the &reention of &rematurestructural colla&se and e.cessie deflection:

Principle )

Consideration should be %ien at the desi%n sta%e re%ardin% &oten'tial dama%e from firefi%htin% ater and to ensure as far as &racticalthat the effect on the enironment of the fire effluent ill be mini'mised:

or5manship

Principle *

"s a minimum? all fire &rotection &roducts shall be third'&arty certi'fied to an a&&ro&riate &roduct or &erformance'based standard4attestation leel1 for C) mar$in%5:

Principle ,

"ll fire &rotection &roducts/systems shall be installed by ade#uatelytrained s&ecialist installers:

Response to fire

Principle .

The buildin% shall be fitted ith an a&&ro&riate automatic fire alarmsystem:

Principle

The fire &rotection systems shall be re%ularly maintained so thatthey are able to &erform their intended function throu%hout the life

of the buildin%:


33/99


34/99

Section 2%&idence of Fire Performance


Section $ontents;

• Introduction

• Test re&orts

• "ssessment re&orts• Third'&arty certificates

• C) =ar$in% &rocess

• )C Certificate of Conformity

• Classification re&ort

• )C declaration of conformity

• ield of a&&lication

• C) =ar$in% and harmonised )uro&ean Product Standards and )uro&ean

Technical "&&roal uidelinesIntroduction

The %uidance %ien in "&&roed -ocument B 4)n%land and *ales5 or the e#uialentfor Scotland and +orthern Ireland is that fire'resistance &erformance is determined byreference to tests either in British Standards? i:e: BS 67 series? or )uro&ean Stan'dards? i:e: )S )+ 136 for alls or BS )+ 136 for doors: *ith the emer%ence of the)uro&ean mar$et the )uro&ean tests are becomin% more &realent and mem'bers conduct fire resistance tests to )+ standards for future a&&lications: Test ei'dence %enerated to these Standards may be used to %enerate a number of differentdocuments that demonstrate the &roduct &erformance claims: These areA

• " test re&ort• "n assessment re&ort

• " certificate &roided by a third'&arty&roduct certification scheme 4this isnormally oluntary5

• "n )C Certificate of Conformity 4usedonly for C) =ar$in% and therefore isa mandatory re#uirement in most)uro&ean Countries5

• " classification re&ort 4in accordanceith BS )+ 13801'25

• " manufacturer@s declaration of con'formity 4used only for C) mar$in%and therefore is a mandatory re#uire'ment in most )uro&ean countries5

• " direct and/or ).tended "&&licationre&ort 4in accordance ith BS )+18286'6 for %la(ed &artitions or BS)+ 1829'2 or 3 for steel or timberdoorsets res&ectiely5

Best Practice Rule 9oC 2

"lays ma$e sure that thereis releant eidence of &er'formance for the installed

%la(ed system? based on testdata:

Symmetry of test samples

If the %lass or frame is asym'metrical in cross'section thenthe %la(ed system should ei'ther be tested ith both sides

toards the fire or if it hasbeen established that one ori'entation has a loer &erform'ance than the other? ith that

side toards the fire: "&&ro&ri'ate installation instructionsshould be &roided accord'

in%ly:


35/99



"est Reports

ire'resistant %la(ed system test re&orts should only be acce&ted if they are from ana&&ro&riately accredited test laboratory? e:%: a +otified )uro&ean Test


36/99



• Test data relatin% to one ty&e of %lass must not be used to su&&ort thea&&lication of another

• If test eidence that contradicts the conclusions of the assessment subse'#uently becomes aailable then the assessment must be ithdran

• "n assessment %ies no %uarantee concernin% the system@s consistencyof manufacture

"hird-party certificates

These relate to national schemes deelo&ed by certification bodies to &roide reas'surance relatin% to the manufacturin% &rocess and &roduct consistency of fire'resistant %la(in% systems: Third Party Certification is a hi%her leel of attestation thantests and/or assessments used in isolation: The re#uirements of certification shouldinclude fire &erformance and other releant $ey &arameters 4es&ecially im&act safetyand durability5: The use of a&&ro&riate third'&arty &roduct certification schemes is rec'ommended? as these can hel& to ensure that &roducts are made consistently? that

their intended end use is su&&orted by a&&ro&riate test eidence and that this enduse is &ro&erly defined: "&&ro&riate third &arty &roduct certification schemes ithinthe , includeA

"&&ro&riate &roduct certification schemes includeA

• C)RTIIR)? from ).oa *arrin%tonfire

• ="R,? o&erated by B=TR"-"

• B* C)RTIIR) for timber doors

• The endorses the aboe Certification schemes

Third &arty &roduct certification schemes shouldA

• Be accredited by an accreditation body? e:%: ,"S or e#uialent

• Include inde&endent sam&lin% and testin% of fire &erformance of the%lass

• Include inde&endent testin% and sam&lin% of other $ey &ro&erties rele'ant to the a&&lication 4e:%: im&act safety and durability5

• Re#uire sureillance of the factory &roduction control system byscheme &ersonnel 4or their authorised re&resentaties5 to chec$ &rod'uct consistency

• Re#uire auditin% of inde&endently selected %lass &roduct from either the&roduction line or the mar$et 4as re#uired5

• Refine scheme #ualification criteria

• -efine &rocedures in the eent of demonstrated non'com&liance includin%the &ossibility of &roduct recall if necessary


37/99



$% ar5ing process - at time of publication +! mar&ing is not a re%uirement in the

.

%$ $ertificate of $onformity

This is a document si%ned by a +otified Certification Body 4i:e: a body nominated anda&&roed by =ember State authority5: It confirms com&liance ith the releant)uro&ean 4)+5 &roduct standard? attests that the claims of the manufacturer areaccurate and that the &roduct has been manufactured usin% an a&&ro&riate factory&roduction control system hich meets the re#uirements defined in the releant)uro&ean &roduct standard:

$lassification Report

The )uro&ean &rocess re#uires a classification re&ort to be issued folloin% a

successful test or series of tests: This is to conert the test results into a classification

in accordance ith )+ 13801'2? a&&licable across the )uro&ean Community: "ll the

releant tests used as a basis for the classification shall be referenced in the re&ort:The classification re&ort should contain a brief descri&tion of the tested element? test

results and any -irect or ).tended "&&lications 4see belo5 that may determine the

sco&e of the final classification: The classification is based on ) to si%nify inte%rity? *

to si%nify radiant heat and I to si%nify insulation: The a&&ro&riate classification letter is

folloed by a number hich desi%nates the standard test time &eriod achieed 4e:%: )

30? inte%rity 30 minutesE )I 30? inte%rity and insulation 30 minutes5:

%$ +eclaration of $onformity

" declaration of conformity is si%ned by the manufacturer or su&&lier: This declaration

can only be made once a Certificate of Conformity ' hich references an a&&ro&riateclassification re&ort ' is aailable:

By si%nin% this declaration the manufacturer/su&&lier is ta$in% res&onsibility that the&roduct ill achiee its declared characteristics in the &articular end use a&&lications?as defined in the sco&e of the declaration: It refers s&ecifically to C) =ar$in% for the&roduct in #uestion:

Field of Application

This refers to the e.tent to hich the results of test data can be used to &roideincreased sco&e of a&&lication for a s&ecific fire'resistant %la(ed system: sin% the

test data as a basis? the field of a&&lication defines &arameters such as the limits of%lass si(e? frame re#uirements and su&&ortin% construction re#uirements:

There are to ty&es of a&&licationA

• -irect a&&lication

• BS )+ 136'1 and BS )+ 136'1 allo for certain e.tensions for the

%la(ed system under consideration? accordin% to s&ecific clearly

defined rules as defined in the test standards: These a&&lications

alays a&&ly to the test result and test re&ort under consideration:


38/99


39/99



Alternati&e Routes to +emonstrate Fire-Resistance Performance

Carried out by ,"S accredited body Carried out by +otified CertificationBody for C) =ar$in%

"est/s1 to BS )., or

BS %9 !',) or BS %9 !,')

"est/s1 to BS %9 !',)

or BS %9 !,')

Test

Re&ort4s5

Test

Re&ort4s5

Test

Re&ort4s5

Test

Re&ort4s5

Test

Re&ort4s5

).tended "&&lication

ClassificationRe&ort

Certificate ofConformity

"ssessment "&&raisalincludin%

"udit

3ocuments t%at can be used to demonstrate test e+idence for t%e purpose ofcompliance wit% 45 Building 6egulations

TestRe&ort

"ssessmentRe&ort

Third PartyCertification

ClassificationRe&ort

-eclarationof

Conformity4C)

=ar$in%)

).tended "&&lication

Table 3GRoutes to demonstrate fire'resistance


40/99



9otes;

• C) =ar$in% is not a #uality mar$ 4althou%h the &rocess of

demonstratin% conformity does include elements similar to thosenormally associated ith &roduct #uality schemes5

• C) =ar$in% may only be claimed by the manufacturer throu%h a

J=anufacturer@s -eclaration@ hich refers to a test re&ort and a

classification re&ort &roided by a +otified Certification Body

• C) =ar$in% for %lass &roducts may be shon either on the &roduct?

or on &ac$a%in%? or on associated documentation

• alse declarations carry financial and/or custodial &enalties? under

the sureillance of Tradin% Standards


41/99

Section 'Fire-Resistant Glass


Section $ontents;

• lass Ty&es

• Performance in the eent of fire

• ire'resistant insulatin% %lass

• ;ori(ontal and slo&ed %la(in% systems

• -ecoratie treatments on %lass

• Combinin% other &erformance re#uirements ith fire'resistin% %la(in%

Glass "ypes;

ire'resistant %lass can be based on a number of different %lass technolo%ies:

These are summarised in tables 2 and 3:

Table 2A lass ty&es

Glass "ype

/rele&ant %9product standard

in #rac5ets1

Fire-Resistance

"rade 9ame

anufacturermain FRGG

supplier ref Ap-pendi7 A

*ired

4BS )+ 872'3 O

BS )+ 872'5

Inte%rity

Pyrostem

Pyroshield 2 Te.ture

Pyroshield 2 Safety Clear

CI International

Pil$in%ton rou&

Ceramic

4BS )+ 176!'2'15

Inte%rity

irelite

irelite Plus

,eralite R

Southern Ceramic

Su&&lies

etrotech Saint'

obain

;eat Soa$ed Thermally

Tou%hened Soda


42/99



Glass "ype


in #rac5ets1

Fire-Resistance

"rade 9ame

anufacturermain FRGG sup-plier ref Appen-

di7 A

=odified Tou%henedSoda


43/99



Glass "ype


in #rac5ets1

Fire-Resistance

"rade 9ame

anufacturermain FRGG sup-plier ref Appen-

di7 A

el


44/99



Glass "ype "rade 9ame%7amples

ethod of Pro&iding Fire-Resistance

;eat Soa$edThermally Tou%hened=odified Soda


45/99



Glass "ype "rade 9ame%7amples

ethod of Pro&iding Fire-Resistance

Thermally Tou%henedBorosilicate Safety Pyran S

n e.&osure to fire? the %lass remains intactdue &rimarily to its com&osition and lo thermal

e.&ansion: =anufacturer@s s&ecified ed%ecoer re#uirements must be com&lied ith? butthis ty&e is much less sensitie to ed%e coerre#uirements than modified tou%hened sodalime %lass: The inte%rity limit is reached henthe %lass &asses its softenin% &oint and &ullsout of the %la(in% K&oc$etL:

Thermally Tou%hened "l$aline )arth Silicate

Safety

Pyrosiss).tra

*hen thermally tou%hened? "l$aline )arthSilicate lass has a hi%her tem&erature resis'tance than tou%hened float %lass: In the caseof fire? a hi%h tem&erature differential deel'o&es beteen the %lass and frame hichcauses differential e.&ansion of the %lass:

This differential e.&ansion results in addi'tional stresses ithin the %lass hich ouldcause normal %lass to brea$:

Fire-Resistant insulating glass units

Insulatin% %lass units 4Is5 do not offer fire'resistance unless they incor&orate one or

more of the ty&es of fire'resistant %lass shon in Table 2 and hae been fire

&erformance tested:

Im&ortant considerations are thatA

• The I must hae its on fire test or assessment re&ort based on testeidence

• It must be &ossible to confirm the direction of use before installation

• The com&onents used in the I must be &roen by test or assessmentthe fire'resistant %la(in% system must be a&&ro&riate for the a&&lication ofthe I? e:%: drained and entilated for use in e.ternal faFade a&&lications

In all cases? the manufacturer/su&&lier must be consulted for eidence in su&&ort of

the fire'resistant %la(ed system: S&ecial %lass units containin% inte%ral enetian

blinds may also be aailable fire rated:

orizontal and sloped glazing systems

ire'resistant %la(ed systems are most often

used in a ertical orientation: ;oeer? there

are some s&ecialist a&&roals aailable for

a&&lication in the slo&ed and hori(ontal

orientations? includin% fire'resistant floor

constructions:

" number of manufacturers hae tested and

a&&roed systems aailable: These structures must also be able to ta$e the

im&osed loads defined in BS 399'1?


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+ecorati&e treatments on glass

It must not be assumed that decoratie effects can be a&&lied to all ty&es of fire'resistant %lass ithout affectin% fire'resistance: Some ty&es of %lass may bedecorated ith surface treatments? e:%: sandblastin%? screen &rintin%? ithoutim&airin% their fire'resistance &erformance: thers cannot be surface treated:

In all cases? the s&ecialist adice of the manufacturer/su&&lier must be obtained toensure that the &ro&osed treatment is a&&ro&riate and that releant eidence of&erformance is aailable:

$om#ining other performance re4uirements


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Section )Fire-Resistant Glazing Seals


Section $ontents;

• Im&ortance of the %la(in% seal

• unction of the seal

• "ailable forms of seals

• Intumescent seal ty&es

• +on'intumescent seal ty&es

• Seal combinations ithdifferent %lass ty&es

Best Practice Rule 9oC *

Standard non'fire rated %la(in% seals

must not be used in fire'resistant

%la(in% systems: ADA=S use

seals that hae the a&&ro&riate

eidence of fire &erformance:

Importance of the glazing seal

la(in% seals &lay an im&ortant role in fire'resistant %la(ed systems: They are anessential &art of the system? and selection of the a&&ro&riate %la(in% seal is

influential in ensurin% that the &erformance ca&ability of the full assembly isachieed under fire conditions:

"n incorrect choice of seal may cause &remature failure? &articularly in some %la(edsystem ty&es: The seal must be ca&able of ithstandin% the tem&eraturese.&erienced in fire ithout i%nitin%? de%radin% catastro&hically or losin% stren%th andadhesion:

The folloin% $ey rules a&&lyA

• The seal must be com&atible ith the other system com&onents?es&ecially the fire'resistant %lass

• There must be a&&ro&riate eidence of fire &erformance of the %la(ed

system in all cases• ne seal must not be substituted for another ithout such a&&ro&riate

eidence:

Suitable seals can be either intumescent or non'intumescent based and they areaailable in a ariety of forms:

Function of the glazing seal

The combined functions of the %la(in% seal as follosA

• Beddin% the %lass a%ainst the retainin% bead and minimisin% the&robability of uneen &oint loadin% or ed%e stresses 4hich can be criticalfor s&ecial tou%hened %lasses? for e.am&le5

• Sealin% the %a& beteen the %lass? the bead and the ed%e of the frameto &reent the &enetration of hot %ases and flame

• In the case of intumescent seal ty&es? &roidin% additional &rotection tothe to& of a timber bead to loer the ris$ of bead i%nition ' a benefit thatcomes at the e.&ense of %a& sealin% &erformance? so both intumescentand non'intumescent seals hae been deelo&ed for use ith inte%rity'only %lass ty&es for both 30 and 0 minute a&&lications:

A&aila#le forms of seals

" ariety of different forms are aailable? as follosA

• Preformed ri%id stri&s hich are normally enca&sulated ith PC for&rotection and decoratie coloured effects


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• Self'adhesie &reformed fle.ible stri&s aailable either in coils or cut tostandard len%ths

• Preformed ri%id channels enca&sulated by PC? or &reformed rubberchannels? hich are fitted around the outside ed%e of the fire'resistant

%lass as a %as$et• =astic com&ounds aailable in cartrid%es? of modest e.&ansion hich

must be a&&lied strictly accordin% to the manufacturer@s recommendedthic$ness

• ibre %as$ets or oen ta&es of mineral fibre

• )nca&sulated cellular seal foam stri&? for s&ecialist a&&lications only ithonly certain %lass ty&es and only hen clearly s&ecified:

Intumescent seal types /see summary in "a#le )1

Intumescent seals are based on materials that e.&and and foam on e.&osure to

heat: The de%ree of intumescence and the e.&ansion &ressure ary accordin% tothe material and its formulation: In &articular? the folloin% should be notedA

• Sodium silicate and %ra&hite based materials may hae a hi%h e.&ansion&ressure hich means they hae to be used and a&&lied carefully as thea&&lication of too much material may &ush the beads off? leadin% to&remature failure

• "mmonium &hos&hate materials do not sho e.&ansion &ressure to thesame de%ree? but if the e.&ansion is too %reat then the density of thematerial left in the %a& beteen the %lass and the bead may be too lo toinhibit erosion leadin% to &remature failure

• Preformed stri&s of intumescent com&ound hich ensure that the correctthic$ness and amount of material is a&&lied:

Intumescent seal stri& materials may be un&rotected if they are com&osed of amaterial that is not &articularly sensitie to moisture and they ill %enerally hae aself'adhesie layer to fi. to the bead:

Table 6A Summary of intumescent seal ty&es

Seal aterial "rade 9ameanufacturer

"ypeethod of pro&iding Fire-

Resistance

Sodium Silicate

Pyro%la(e

=ann=coan

System 90 Plus


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"ypeethod of pro&iding Fire-

Resistance

ra&hite

Pyro%la(e 30=ann =coan

Pyro%la(e 0=ann =coan

Pyro%la(e S"=ann =coan

Pyro%la(e


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"ype ethod of pro&iding Fire-Resistance

"blatie Seals

Intu%la(e;od%son

ire%la(eCom&oundSealmaster

ire%la(eSealmaster

=astic

=astic

=astic

These &roducts are often &roduced in cartrid%esfor easy a&&lication but may also be &reformedstri&s ith a remoable bac$in% stri& ona&&lication: They may hae a little e.&ansion toco&e ith the shrin$a%e of the timber bead butthis is normally much less than for a ty&icalintumescent sealant: " fire retardant is normallyre#uired to &reent i%nition: In the case ofcartrid%e a&&lied com&ound it is im&ortant thatthe manufacturer@s instructions are folloed inres&ect of the thic$ness of com&ound beteenthe bead and the %lass: sually beteen 2mmand 6mm is re#uired for 30 minute a&&lications

but more may be needed for lon%er time&eriods:

)lastomericas$et

Pyro%la(eChannel

=ann =coan

System 3


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Seal com#inations unction ith modified tou%hened %lass:

In timber frames? both insulation and &artial insulation %lass ty&es &erform ellbecause the surface of the non'fire side immediately ad>acent to the %lass is&rotected a%ainst direct radiant heat for the &eriod that insulation is maintained:These %lass ty&es are able to function ith most ty&es of seals for 30 minutea&&lications: "&&lications for 0 minutes may still be a &roblem? hoeer? if the sealdoes not &reent flame &enetration around the %lass ed%e beteen the timber beadand the %la(in% a&erture in the case of doors? or beteen the bead and the frame inthe %la(in% rebate for screens:

or 0 minute a&&lications it is necessary to consider carefully the arious a&&roeda&&lications &roided by the seal manufacturers: Some &roducts hae been tested infully %la(ed doors 4e:%: &attern 105 for 0 minutes hilst others may only haea&&roal in small &anes:

la(in% for 0 minute a&&lications usin% timber beads is much more difficult than for30 minutes? and indiidual seal manufacturers must be consulted to establish theran%e of their test eidence: The im&ortance of this cannot be oerem&hasisedbecause? hilst some %lass &roducts or$ e.ce&tionally ell ith some sealsystems? it cannot be assumed that all combinations or$ in the same ay:

or 0 minutes &erformance in timber? a linin% stri& is normally fitted around thehole %la(in% a&erture rebate under the beads: The &ur&ose of this linin% is to&reent failures from occurrin% as a result of fissures in the beads linin% u& ithfissures in the door core or frame: "ny holes from the inside of the assemblythrou%h to the outside result in immediate failure:

There are third'&arty accreditation schemes aailable for %la(ed systems hich hel&to ensure that there is com&atibility beteen %lass and seal? that seal manufacturersclaims are reliable and that their &roducts &erform consistently: "n e.am&le of this isthe B*'C)RTIIR) scheme:

9ote;

"he glass? glazing seal? retaining #ead and its fi7ings all


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Section *"im#er Screens and +oors


Section $ontents;

• Behaiour of timber in fire

• Timber density

• Particular considerations concernin% timber fire doors

• Timber %la(in% beads

• "dditional information concernin% %la(in% beads used in timber firedoors

• Bead fi.in%s

• Settin% bloc$s

• Inte%rity and insulation %la(in% ith timber fire'resistant systems

• la(in% a&ertures in doors

• acent constructions:

Both 30 and 0 minute timber systems therefore need to be carefully desi%nedbecause of this de%radation: The ty&e of timber? section thic$nesses? fi.in%s? andbead sha&es all hae to be s&ecified in detail: *here 0 minute timber fire screensand doors are re#uired? additional detailin% ill be needed because of the increasedfire e.&osure time:

"im#er density

The ty&e of timber and its density is a $ey factor hich determines the rate at hichtimber chars and de%rades under fire conditions: The %rain density and strai%htnessof the %rain also e.ert an effect in terms of the de%ree to hich tistin% may occur inthe eent of fire:

Timber is a naturally occurrin% material and a certain amount of natural ariation in&ro&erties? es&ecially density? can occur:


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The folloin% information can be ta$en as %eneral %uidance for the charrin% rates oftimberA

• ;ardood timbers used in fire'resistant %la(ed systems? %enerally hae

densities more than 30 $%/m3

? ith ty&ical char rates in the order of0:8mm &er minute e:%: Sa&ele? Iro$o or -ar$ Red =eranti H notee.ce&tions belo

• Softood timbers used in fire'resistant %la(ed systems %enerally haedensities more than 6!0 $%/m

3? ith ty&ical char rates of around 0:7mm

&er minute e:%: )uro&ean Redood:

;oeer? there are some e.ce&tionsA

• Certain tem&erate'(one hardoods e:%: "sh? demonstrate burnin%characteristics closer to those found for softood timbers: These ty&es ofhardood must therefore be desi%ned ith thic$er frames and beads to

ta$e into account the increased charrin% rate: ire test eidence or third&arty assessments should be referred to &rior to s&ecifyin% timbers&ecies? to ensure &erformance:

• Some softoods e:%: -ou%las ir? ith densities loer than 6!0 $%/m3

hich char faster than 0:7mm &er minute must therefore be used in

>ey factors determining the performance of tim#er glazing systems

• Ty&e of %lassA Inte%rity only? Partial or ully Insulatin%

• Ty&e and density of timber

• Si(e of sections and cross'section dimensions of frame

• -e&th of %la(in% rebate

• Si(e? sha&e and desi%n of %la(in% beads

• Ty&e of fi.in%s of the beads? their location and an%le of fi.in% relatie to the ty&e of

%lass

• )d%e coer and clearances for the different ty&es of fire'resistin% %lass 4es&ecially

for modified soda'lime silicate tou%hened %lass5

• Ty&e of %la(in% seal

• +ature of any timber treatment re#uired

• Com&atibility of all com&onents

• =ethod and materials used to fi. the frame to the surroundin% structure? e:%: alls

• ire sto&&in% beteen the fire'resistant screen or door frame and all

• Internal or e.ternal &osition

• Re#uirements for doors ithin screens

• "ailability of fire test or third &arty assessment eidence to su&&ort detailed s&eci'

fication

• Installers ca&ability re%ardin% fire'resistant %la(in% and aailability of trained andcertified &ersonnel


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Particular considerations concerning tim#er fire doors

" timber fire door is a carefully desi%ned and en%ineered &roduct that has far more todo than sim&ly fillin% a hole in a all or &artition 4see dia%ram 65:

ire doors are fundamental to the esca&e and access strate%y for fire safety inbuildin%s? and they hae to function correctly as a fire barrier: It should be noted thesi(e? &osition and as&ect ratio of the %lass is critical: ire test eidence or third &artyassessments must be submitted to su&&ort the %la(in% s&ecification:

" fire door com&rises the door leaf? door frame? hin%es? associated ironmon%ery?intumescent fire and cold smo$e seals and the %la(in% system in any ision &anels:These com&onents must all or$ to%ether to ensure that the com&leted doorassembly functions correctly in the eent of a fire:

To ensure the fire &erformance of the door is achieed? the manufacturer@sinstructions concernin% assembly and installation must be correctly folloed:

"s a %eneral %uide? door thic$nesses are %enerally at least 66mm for 30 minuteratin%s and 86mm for 0 minutes: The indiidual com&onents of a door assemblymust not be chan%ed from those s&ecified ithin the fire test re&ort: Chec$substitution under Certifire and Chiltern test certification:

-ia%ram 6 H ).am&le of 30 minute timber %la(ed door

lar%er sections to achiee the re#uired fire'resistance &eriod H see noteaboe


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Additional factors influencing fire-resistance performance

+oor Deaf

• Sin%le leaf or double leaf? sin%le action or double action? latched or un'latched

• Thic$ness and construction? i:e: core material? sub'facin%s? facin%s andli&&in%s

• Ty&e of timber and nature of any timber'based &roducts that may haebeen used

• *idth and hei%ht of door leaf

Glazing Aperture

• Si(e and sha&e of a&erture

• nless tested? the %la(in% a&erture must not cut throu%h internalstiffenin% elements ithin the door

• ointin% of %la(in% beads

• la(in% materials? i:e: intumescent %la(in% seals? liner etc

• Position of? len%th and direction of fi.in%s 4scres/&ins5

General

• Pro&er a&&lication of smo$e seals if a&&ro&riate

• -oor furnitureA hardare? such as closers? latches and hin%es and theirsuitability for use in fire doors

• -oor frame and su&&ort structure

• Surface finishes and treatments

• The intumescent sealin% system in the door leaf? door frame?ironmon%ery &rotection and frame to structure %a&s


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"im#er glazing #eads

The %la(in% beads are the smallest section of timber in a fire'resistant %la(edsystem? and therefore the s&ecies of timber used for the bead? the bead thic$ness?

bead sha&e? si(e and method of fi.in% are all critically im&ortant in achiein% there#uired fire'resistance &erformance: This is &articularly im&ortant for inte%rity'only%la(ed systems:

The bead section si(e and sha&e should both be sufficient to ensure that there isenou%h residual timber remainin% at the end of the fire'resistance &eriod to ensureinte%rity of the %la(ed a&erture and to &reent failure of the screen or door: ire testor third &arty assessment eidence should be consulted hen determinin% the beads&ecification:

*hen a clear inte%rity'only 4non'insulation5 %lass ty&e is used then there is a ris$ ofbead i%nition on the une.&osed face due to transmitted radiant heat: " traditionaldesi%n feature to reduce this ris$ is to chamfer the to& of the bead 4instead of hain%

a s#uare bead5 to minimise the e.&osed surface area and the radiant heat intensityon the to& of the bead: Test eidence is re#uired for the %lass ty&e? bead detail and%la(in% sealant combination: Such a&&roed %la(ed systems are aailable? and thedoor/screen manufacturer/su&&lier must be contacted for s&ecific details: The to& of atimber bead may be successfully &rotected by usin% an insulation rated fire'resistant%lass or &ossibly a &artial insulation 4)*5 fire'resistant %lass:

9ote;

• If the #ead or their fi7ings fail prematurely then the glass


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BOLECTION RETURN BEADINGS

PROPRIETARY

GLAZING

CHANNEL

MASTICINTUMESCENT

INTUMESCENT SEALCERAMIC FIBRE OR

CHAMFERED BEADINGS

GLAZING BEAD

-ia%ram 8a H ).am&les of different ty&es of bead used ith flat %la(in% &latform

%7amples of tim#er #ead types and intumescent seals

Timber beads used in fire'resistant %lass doors and screens can be of ariousdesi%ns and can be used ith different intumescent seal systems:

Timber screens and doors may be manufactured ith either flat %la(in% &latformsor rebated %la(in% &latforms: -ia%ram 8a shos flat %la(in% &latform o&tions anddia%ram 8b shos rebated %la(in% &latform o&tions:

The folloin% sho the more common ty&es and the combinations alloed ill beshon in the a&&ro&riate test/assessment re&ort:


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CHAMFERED BEADING WITH REBATED FRAME

GLASS

SQUARE BEADING WITH REBATED FRAME

BEADS CAN BE SQUARE

IF TEST EVIDENCE EXISTS

-ia%ram 8b H ).am&les of different ty&es of bead used ith rebated %la(in% &latform


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Additional information concerning glazing #eads used in tim#er fire doors

Beads used for fire doors re#uire additional considerations to those used for screens inie of the door leaf constructionA

• The %la(in% beads may need to be a hi%her density than that used in the

main door construction:

• Circular a&ertures in fire doors may need a stee&er s&layed chamfer than

normally used for rectan%ular

Bead fi7ings

The bead fi.in%s are critical to thesuccessful &erformance of a fire'resistanttimber %la(ed system:

The function of the bead fi.in%s is to $ee&the %lass in &lace in the frame should thebeads burn aay:

The folloin% factors are $ey to thesuccessful &erformance of the systemA

• Scres? nails or &ins may be used? &roided that the material and %au%eis sufficient to %ie the re#uired fire'resistance &erformance hen tested

• The fi.in%s must be an%led toards the centre of the frame 4and notertical5

•The len%th of the fi.in%s should be sufficient to ensure sufficient&enetration into the sub'frame to %ie a secure fi.in% 4ty&ically at least3!mm for 30 minute &erformance and at least 80mm for 0 minutes5

• Particular care must be ta$en if air %un &ins are used? to ensure that thesu&&lied eidence su&&orts the use of these com&onents? as &in %au%eand an%le of a&&lication are &articularly critical for this fi.in% ty&e

• The distance beteen the fi.in%s must be as shon in the su&am

cfpa_e_guideline_no_19_2009_evacuation_from_buildings.pdf

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