PRES/1125/0 1 CFA

CFA ARCHAEOLOGY LTD

May 2006

Commissioned by East Lothian Council and the Heritage Lottery Fund.

This document has been prepared in accordance with CFA standard operating procedures. Author: Date Approved by: Date Draft/Final Report Stage: Final

Author: Michael Cressey HND BA MSc PhD FSA Scot MIFA Illustrators: Peter Rix BA Editor: Sue Anderson BA MPhil MIFA FSA Scot

CFA ARCHAEOLOGY LTD Old Engine House

Eskmills Business Park Musselburgh EH21 7PQ

Tel: 0131 273 4380 Fax: 0131-273 4381

email: cfa@cfa-archaeology.co.uk

Prestongrange Community Project Data Structure Report

(Year 2)

Report No. 1125

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CONTENTS Chapter 1. Introduction 3

Chapter 2. Methodology 5

Chapter 3. Archaeological Fieldwork Results 8

Chapter 4. Ground penetration survey: Areas 1-3 (Erica Utsi) 27

Chapter 5. Discussion 35

Chapter 6. Recommendations 40

Chapter 7. References 43

TABLES 1. Summary results obtained from coring at Morrison’s Haven 11 2. Finds quantities 25

APPENDICES 1. Context Register 44 2. Photographic Register 46 3. Drawings Register 48 4. Bulk Samples Register 49 5. Finds Quantification 50 ILLUSTRATIONS 1. Location map 10 2. Core profiles from Morrisons Haven 12 3. The site of Gordon’s Pottery and part of Morrison’s Haven in 1832 13 4. The pottery site in use as a drying green in the 1930s 14 5. Recording the stone wall 001 15 6. Pottery Site: Areas A and B and related archaeological features 16 7. Section drawings Areas A and B 17 8. Looking eastwards as the glass flue walls (A074 and A075) are exposed 19 9. Air-raid shelter and wall profiles 20 10. No. 4 Morrison’s Haven showing the position of Test Pits 1 and 2 21 11. Morrison’s Haven: an engraved letterhead from 1834 22 12. Sections of in Test-pits 1 and 2 23 13. A fragment of glass waste 26 14. Erica Utsi and a PCAP volunteer with ground penetrating radar apparatus. 28 15. Typical 2-D output from Area 1 (Transects 14 and 15) 29 16. Area 1 timeslices at c.69cm, 77cm and 93cm showing possible building remains 30 17. Area 2 timeslice at c.1.2m 31 18. Area 3 timeslice at c.1.21m 33 19. Interior shot of the glass furnace flue with supporting steel joists inserted in 1939 36 20. A glass-kiln with subterranean flue and a section through a furnace above 37 21. Sgraffito ware pottery sherds recovered from a dump at the east end of the glass flue 38

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. General This report presents the results of archaeological fieldwork undertaken by CFA Archaeology Ltd (CFA) and the Prestongrange Community Archaeology Project (PCAP) from April 2005 to April 2006 at Prestongrange, East Lothian. A Project Design for the fieldwork was produced by CFA in consultation with the East Lothian Heritage Officer and Prestongrange Project Co-ordinator, Biddy Simpson.

The East Lothian Museums Service and the East Lothian Council Archaeology Service (ELCAS) have developed the concept of PCAP. Lottery Funding has been secured and a prerequisite of the project was to foster local community participation in order that local groups could obtain a better understanding of the history and archaeological importance of the study area. At the same time a fundamental component of the project has been the promotion of informal archaeological training with all members taking part in all aspects of the project so that a good grounding in practical archaeology could be attained.

The interim results of the 2004 season PCAP work have been described (Cressey 2005). This report discussed the archaeological findings of the first year (Phase 1) and recommended that further more extensive work be carried out on the former pottery site.

A series of popular summaries precede each chapter. This report, together with these popular summaries, will also be posted on the project website.

1.2. PCAP Phase 2 Objectives The wider principal objectives of the 2005 phase (Phase 2) of the Prestongrange Community Archaeological Project were: • to explore and investigate the pre-colliery industrial heritage traditions of

Prestongrange and its environs through a desk-based assessment; • to provide information which will contribute to the existing and future

interpretation of the site in addition to feeding into the long-term conservation and interpretation objectives of Prestongrange Industrial Museum as a whole;

• to offer an opportunity for interested individuals and local communities to become

actively involved in a long-term archaeological project with opportunities to work alongside qualified archaeologists, learn archaeological techniques and develop a more comprehensive understanding of a part of their local landscape and the objectives behind archaeology.

1.3. PCAP 2005 Fieldwork (Phase 2)

The specific aims of the Phase 2 fieldwork component included the following areas of research: • archaeological evaluation of the former glassworks and pottery site; • archaeological evaluation of a possible tollhouse site; • archaeological investigation for the remains of a fort; • geophysical investigation for the remains of a fort; • further historical research by co-ordinated task groups; • maintenance of the website;

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• production of a photographic and video record of the project; • site open day and exhibition. 1.4. Acknowledgements

The author expresses thanks to all volunteer members of the 2005 Prestongrange Community Archaeology Project, all of whom have shown continual commitment and great enthusiasm during the second season of fieldwork. Peter Ross is thanked for his expertise and help with making the 2005 video diary. Members of the Young Archaeologist Club (YAC) are thanked for their help with pot washing. Thanks are also extended to George Haggarty and Jill Turnbull for their specialist advice on local pottery manufacturing, ceramic finds processing and glass manufacture. All the staff at the Prestongrange Industrial Museum are once again warmly thanked for technical support and refreshments. Biddy Simpson, East Lothian Council, is thanked for advice and support throughout the project. PCAP is extremely grateful for the financial support provided by the Heritage Lottery Fund, without which the project would not have been possible. Final thanks go to Sue Anderson, CFA’s pottery expert and editor who has provided much advice whilst writing this data structure report.

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CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY Summary The methods employed during the PCAP project have been wide-ranging and varied and have allowed the members to gain valuable experience in the different archaeological techniques commonly employed in archaeological investigations. From the outset, PCAP members were encouraged to take an active role in all aspects of the archaeological fieldwork. Regular workshops and on-site ‘tool-box talks’ were provided during the course of the project. All members were encouraged to enter descriptive notes in the site daybook and to fill in context sheets to record the significant details of a given archaeological feature. They were given the opportunity to take their own photographs and to describe the image taken, and were also shown how to draw in both plan and section using standard drawing conventions.

Our pottery and glass experts provided lectures on the manufacturing process and the types of pottery and glass wares that were likely to have been made at the site. This provided valuable background information on the finds as they emerged, and on the form of the buildings as they were uncovered. As the pottery sherds began to amass, finds processing was carried out under the supervision of the pottery specialists. Advice was provided on what types of pottery should be washed or not, the latter including biscuit-fired fragments and unglazed fragments with transfers adhering.

A programme of geotechnical coring work was carried out using a Cobra percussion corer, with training given on taking deep sample cores. Work was confined to the interior of Morrison’s Haven. Geophysical prospecting was also undertaken during the middle and later stages of the season. Both resistivity and ground penetrating radar survey (GPR) was carried out to prospect for buried archaeological remains such as walls and floors. Both techniques are highly specialised but were explained to the volunteers, who were encouraged to take an active part in laying out survey grids and, in the case of the GPS survey, pushing the radar sender and receiver apparatus.

In 2005, PCAP developed a website to provide updates on the previous months’ work and any new and exciting archaeological finds. The site is still active and can be viewed at www.prestongrange.org/pcap Several PCAP volunteers conducted short interviews with members of the public or were filmed talking about their various tasks while employed at the Prestongrange Colliery. This provided valuable material for the PCAP Project video that has been constructed by the project video diarist, Peter Ross. As part of our outreach policy, in 2005, PCAP carried out its second site open-day in which members of the general public were invited to a series of seminars, including a display of our exhibition photographs and a preview of the video diary. In February 2006, a large public lecture was given in the Prestonpans Community Hall and this attracted over 200 members of the public, such was the interest in the papers that were presented. Visitors were also shown a large collection of archive photographs and the pottery that had been found in 2005.

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2.1. Archaeological Standards CFA follows the principles, standards and guidelines established by the Institute of Field Archaeologists. Excavation was carried out by hand according to established CFA practice and was recorded by photography, scale drawing and written records using standard record sheets. The location of the trenches and test-pits were surveyed using industry-standard surveying equipment.

2.2. Historical desk-based assessment

Prior to the commencement of the fieldwork, a desk-based assessment was conducted by Cressey and Oram (2004). This work has provided useful historical information for the project and helped to identify priorities for archaeological investigation during the 2005 season. The desk-based assessment can be found on the PCAP website and can be downloaded in pdf format. 2.3. Photographic and film recording During the 2005 fieldwork season, PCAP was filmed and photographed as part of the project archive. This aspect of the project was designed to provide an archive documenting the various stages of archaeological activity throughout the year and compliment what had been achieved in 2004. All members of PCAP were encouraged to present their findings and thoughts on the project at a given stage. This input was supplemented by a questionnaire at the end of the project in order to obtain the maximum amount of feedback on the relative success of the project to date. A video has been produced and this has been lodged with ELCAS. 2.4. Reminiscence/oral history

During the middle stages of the project, six elderly members of the local community who had either worked or had family members employed at the Prestongrange Colliery and Brickworks were invited to attend an informal interview hosted by the Reminiscence Task Group. The interviews were edited by Peter Ross and added to the video diary. This video was presented to the general public during the PCAP Open day in September 2005. 2.5. Site excavation strategy 2.5.1. Archaeological trenching and test-pitting All excavation work was carried out by hand and involved both test-pitting and opening up larger trenches where appropriate. Smaller sondage pits were also excavated. Where possible all test-pits and trenches were dug down to natural sand. The formal trench layout was established by mechanical excavator using a toothless ditching bucket. 2.5.2. Site recording Single context recording was carried out within areas subjected to archaeological trenching. Test-pits were recorded by context where appropriate. Drawings were produced at scales of 1:10 and 1:20 as appropriate. Scaled sketches and notes were taken and recorded in the Site Daybook. This was undertaken by all members of the PCAP under the direction of the site supervisor.

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2.5.3. Archaeological photography All areas archaeologically examined were photographed using 35mm and digital photography. Where possible the PCAP members carried out their own photographic recording in order to learn how to maintain the photographic record. 2.5.4. Finds processing

Finds processing was undertaken by all PCAP members under the guidance of nominated ‘finds persons.’ All ceramics were processed under the guidance of George Haggarty (PCAP Pottery Advisor). Junior members of the Young Archaeologists Club under the guidance of Samantha Badger were invited to take part in pottery washing. This provided a very useful input into the project especially during the later stages of the project when a much larger volume of pottery was collected. 2.6. Geo-technical coring During the course of the summer, two weekends were assigned to geo-technical coring within Morrison’s Haven (see Chapter 3). The techniques of sediment recovery and logging using a Cobra pneumatic piston corer were demonstrated to the PCAP volunteers. Investigations using this equipment focused on Morrison’s Haven. 2.7. Geophysical prospecting and ground penetration radar During July 2005, Dr Roger Scruton of Edinburgh University carried out a pilot study using resistivity recording equipment on the pottery site. Some survey work was also carried out on Area 2 (Fig 1) alongside the coastal road. Both areas were assessed to determine if any in situ archaeological remains could be identified and then targeted later by the PCAP.

In April 2006, PCAP under the guidance of Utsi Electronics Ltd carried out a ground penetrating radar survey at three sites within the study area (Fig 1 and Chapter 4). The aim of the survey was to identify the possible remains of a kiln and enclosure wall (Area 1), the remains of a fort and possible structures (Area 2) and a watermill (Area 3). The relative positions of these features are known from cartographic sources and results of the survey are discussed in Section 3.6.

2.8. PCAP Website In 2005, PCAP with the help of CFA and East Lothian Council created a website (www.prestongrange.org/pcap) to enable the previous results and news updates to be presented to the wider public. The website proved useful for providing a summary of the work and aspirations of PCAP. 2.9. Outreach As part of our outreach policy, in 2005, PCAP carried out its second site open-day in which members of the general public were invited to a series of seminars, including a display of our exhibition photographs and a preview of the video diary. In February 2006, a public lecture was given in the Prestonpans Community Hall and this attracted over 200 members of the public. Visitors were also shown a large collection of archive photographs and the pottery that had been found during the 2005 excavations.

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CHAPTER 3: ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK RESULTS Summary Based on the results of 2004, the majority of the 2005 research programme concentrated on the pottery site. Previous work carried out at the site included test-pitting and trial trenching which provided useful evidence for the presence of building remains, pottery and glass manufacture. A small team of PCAP members also worked in a nearby garden to assess the presence or absence of kiln remains that where known to exist in the vicinity of the garden.

Within the pottery site, archaeological investigation was confined to two areas (A and B). Area B was the first to be excavated and the results from this area provided clear evidence for the depth of industrial debris and the presence of a WW2 Anderson air-raid shelter. A large deposit of glass waste was found at the south side of the trench. Area A was the most productive archaeologically, with the principal features including long parallel walls of a glass flue structure with an upstanding arched roof that contained evidence of conversion to a WW2 air-raid shelter. The foundations of later rubble-built structures were also found. Most important were two large dumps of pottery that had been deposited within the glass flue walls. These dumps contained thousands of pottery sherds which have been dated to the second half of the 18th century and include a variety of previously unseen forms. Other finds included glass waste, clay pipes, ceramic tiles, burnt flint, copper alloy and iron objects.

Coring work within Morrison’s Haven using a coring machine established the true depth of the infilling deposits within its interior. This consisted primarily of waste material from Prestongrange Colliery.

Trial excavation was also carried out away from the pottery site to investigate the presence of a fort and tidal mill close to the modern coastal road and within Morrison’s Haven. The three large trial trenches confirmed that on both sides of the modern road the land was reclaimed using demolition material from the colliery, thus obscuring any archaeological remains within this area. Another method had to be employed to get a wider picture of whether any archaeological features were present within this area, so a detailed ground penetrating radar survey was carried out. The results of this work showed that Area 1, to the south-west of the pottery site, holds the greatest potential for the survival of archaeological remains that may include a boundary wall, floors and possible kiln remains. The other two areas studied provided less exciting results.

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3.1. Introduction The areas that have been examined archaeologically are shown in Fig 1. This map also shows the areas of ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey and positions of coring work described below. 3.2. Toll house investigations In 2004 an investigation of desk-based sources showed the likely position of a toll house situated at the end of what would have been a turnpike road leading northwards away from the coastal road (Cressey 2005). Archaeological investigations carried out that year by PCAP members failed to recover any structural remains within an area that was considered to contain evidence of building remains. The results, although negative, did allow PCAP members the opportunity to learn the process of archaeological recording and surveying techniques.

In the spring of 2005, an area of planted ground on the opposite side of the road was clear felled to allow access for trial investigations. In March, prior to the commencement of the PCAP season, two 2m2 trenches situated 5m apart were excavated to a depth of 3m. In both trenches only modern debris was found, comprising modern coarse rubble and hard core material, including tarmacadam and large blocks of broken curb-stones. Natural clean sand and gravel was found in both trenches at a depth of 3m. Owing to the very unconsolidated nature of the fill and the continual collapse of the trench edges during the removal of this material, all work was halted and no further investigation work carried out at this site. 3.4. Morrison’s Haven 3.4.1. Previous work A desk-based assessment was undertaken in 2004 to gain a better understanding on the developmental history of Morrison’s Haven and the wider project area (Cressey and Oram 2004). Cartography has been the most useful source of information in helping to understand how Morrison’s Haven evolved and how its commercial life ended. Another key desk-based element has been the study of a very good photographic record of the site. Most of the photographic images date to the late 19th and early 20th centuries and most show commercial use of the harbour. Photographs held in a private collection came to light as a result of a request to members of the public during the Project Open Day in September 2004. These photographs of the eastern breakwater provide us with reliable evidence on the scale of dereliction at one point in the early 20th century. They also show that the haven was much larger in extent than can be seen on the ground today. 3.4.2. Test-pitting by mechanical excavator in 2004 Two test-pits were dug at random locations within the interior of the haven using a mechanical excavator. The objective was to identify the nature of the infilling material that had been dumped into the interior of the haven during the late 1950s. The positions of the test pits (TP) are shown in the interim DSR (Cressey 2005, fig 1). The test pits confirm that the infilling material is mainly coal waste with a depth of greater than 2.5m. The fill was very loose and unconsolidated and clearly deeper than the limited reach of the mini-digger.

Section Profile West End

074

TP1TP2

Reproduced with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Contoller of Her Majesty's Stationary Office, © Crown copyright. CFA Archaeology Ltd, Old Engine House, Eskmills Park, Musselburgh EH21 7PQ AL100034785Locations of excavated trenches and test-pits

Percussion Core Sites

Ground Penetrating Radar Survey Area

0 100m5040302010

Modern

Cot

tages

CUSTOMS HOUSE

MHWS

Promenade

Pathway

ROAD

FIRTH OF FORTH

MORRISON'S HAVEN

BATH HOUSE

PRESTONGRANGE INDUSTRIALMUSEUM

POTTERY SITE

fence

Grass bank

Figure 1. Location map.

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TR2

TR3

TR1

AREA 1

AREA 2

AREA 3

no.4 Morrison's Haven

C3

C2

C1

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3.5. Geotechnical coring results 2005 The objective of the coring work was to obtain deeper stratigraphic profiles of the infilling sediment that was observed in section during test pitting in 2004. Three coring sites (Cores 1-3) were selected prior to the start of work and the positions of these are shown on Fig 1. Core 1 was situated on the west side of the former sluice gate, cores 2 and 3 were obtained within the interior of Morrison’s Haven. The individual units within each core are shown in Fig 2 and summarised in Table 1.

Core Depth Description of stratigraphic profiles Core 1 Unit 1 0.10m-1.90m Rubble containing coal and ash of variable size. Compact with gritty

inclusions. Fragments of 20th-century ceramic pipe visible. Unit 2 0.90m-3.40m Coal, ash and coal shale becoming denser with depth. Unit 3 3.40m-3-60m Marine shell fragments (periwinkle/mussel). Unit 4 3.60m-3.80m Estuarine silt, blue-grey in colour with occasional fragments of shell. Unit 5 3.80m-4.50m Compact shale (unfired state). Possibly natural? Core 2 Unit 1 0.10m-0.45m Rubble and coal ash of variable size. Unit 2 0.45m-0.80m Coal ash and shale becoming denser with depth. Unit 3 0.80m-1m Coarse angular fragments of colliery waste including fragments of coal. Core 3 Unit 1 0.10m-0.80m Colliery waste including rubble and ash. Unit 2 0.80m-1m Larger fragments of coal and shale. Unit 3 1m-4m Coal blasé and shale, becoming denser with depth.

Table 1 Summary results from percussion coring at Morrison’s Haven.

The results of the coring work confirm that the haven has been backfilled to at least a depth of 4m. The fill is waste material from the Prestongrange Colliery and not power station fly ash as was earlier stated earlier (Cressey 2005). The basal layers of the core are saturated showing that the local environment would be excellent for the preservation of organic remains, and in particular buried timber. This could have important implications for the survival of any timber remains associated with a tidal mill that was located close to the haven in 1753, according to cartographic sources.

The results provide clear evidence that the backfill is much deeper than the sections previously recorded during test-pitting in 2004. The coring work also provided a rare opportunity for the PCAP members to use highly specialised coring equipment. 3.6. The pottery site 3.6.1. Background (Fig 3) The pottery site lies within an area of woodland to the east of a row of cottages towards the eastern end of the Prestongrange Industrial Museum (Fig 1). It is bounded on its northern and eastern side by a pedestrian footpath. A railway line runs along the southern boundary and at the western end a garden wall and the upstanding remains of a derelict building known locally as the Customs House delimit this end of the site.

Rubble Colliary waste coal and ash of variable size

Coal, Blase and Shale. Denser with depth.

Marine Shell

Grey Natural Shale

Grey Silt [marine]

UNIT 3

UNIT 4

UNIT 5

UNIT 2

UNIT 1UNIT 1

CORE 1 CORE 2 CORE 3

UNIT 3

UNIT 2

UNIT 1

UNIT 3

UNIT 2

Legend

0 2m10.5

scale 1:40

Figure 2. Core profiles from Morrison's Haven. Sample positions as shown on Fig.1 (C1-3).

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Early map evidence strongly suggests that the eastern part of the site was occupied by a pottery in the 18th century. The pottery site is shown on a later plan dated to 1832 (Fig 3). The map was prepared for use in a court case between the then owner of the Prestongrange Estate, Sir George Grant Suttie, and potter George Gordon. The area labelled ‘Mr Gordons Property’ is referred to as having previously been the site of a glass works (Turnbull 2001). The plan shows an H-shaped building containing a circular pottery kiln. Two more kilns are depicted to the west of the H-shaped building. To the north of the two kilns there is a small square structure and a rectilinear building. Further to the west are the ‘remains of an old fort’.

In the early 20th century a row of miners cottages occupied the northern part of the pottery site. These buildings were still standing as late as the 1970s when they were demolished as part of site clearance operations. A photograph dating to the 1930s shows that the majority of the pottery site was used as a drying green (Fig 4). The gable end of the Customs House is shown as a roofed building at this time. In the mid-1980s the pottery site was ploughed and planted with birch and sycamore trees. The ground surface is undulating with the ridges from planting. Nineteenth- and 20th-century pottery, flint and glass is well spread across the site owing to plough action.

A WW2 air-raid shelter is situated on the eastern side of the Customs House. This feature has a set of stairs below an entrance with a pitched concrete roof. To the west of the stair, the concrete roof and an air-vent are partly visible. The shelter was built

Figure 3. The site of Gordon’s Pottery and part of Morrison’s Haven in 1832

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for the occupants of the aforementioned miners’ cottages. During the later part of the 2004 season, entry was gained into the interior of the air-raid shelter. Cursory examination of its interior showed that the air-raid shelter had a vaulted roof supported by thick rubble walls possibly from an earlier structure. At this stage it was not clear if the vaulted structure was a cellar for the Customs House or if it was connected with an earlier industrial structure.

During the 2004 season trial trenching and test-pitting work within the wooded area provided substantial evidence to suggest that near-surface layers had been heavily mixed as a result of ploughing and site clearance during the late 1970s (Cressey 2004). Within the areas investigated there was no conclusive evidence of in situ building remains associated with a glassworks or pottery. However sufficient residual information such as flint nodules, biscuit-fired pottery, wasters, fragments of saggers (ceramic containers) and glass cullet (waste glass) provide indirect evidence for the pottery and glassworks. Other evidence such as the single wall (001) found running north-south butting up against the Customs House wall showed that at least some structural archaeology had survived at the site (Fig 5). These results, although somewhat negative, did provide PCAP with sufficient grounding to carry out a much larger archaeological evaluation in 2005.

3.6.2. The excavation results for 2005 Two phases of work were carried out at the pottery site during the 2005 season. It was decided that the site would be evaluated in two stages in order to manage the large volume of overburden that was present at the site. Phase 1 was essentially an evaluation stage and Phase 2 was a site extension in order to investigate a series of archaeological features encountered during the first phase of work.

Figure 4. The pottery site in use as a drying green in the 1930s

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3.6.3. Phase 1 - Trial trenching in Areas A and B (preliminary investigations) In April 2005, following clear felling of the woodland, two machine-dug trenches were opened up. The first (Area A) was aligned north-south and placed alongside the entrance to the air-raid shelter. The second (Area B) was situated on the south side of the Customs House (Fig 6). The trenches intersected at a single point in order to allow access as the baulks were in excess of 1.5m high and had to be stepped and fenced off for safety reasons. Both trenches were positioned to investigate an H-shaped building shown on an 1832 plan of Gordon’s Pottery. This plan also depicted a circular feature interpreted as a pottery kiln close to the position of the air-raid shelter. 3.6.4. Area A (east end of the pottery site) The removal of topsoil (A001) and mixed demolition material below (A064) to a depth of 0.85m (Fig 7) was carried out by machine. PCAP members carried out hand cleaning of the trench floor. Lenses of demolition material including brick rubble, concrete and colliery waste dominated the bulk of the material exposed in the sections. The first feature to be uncovered was the remains of a series of foundations at the northern end of the trench.A structure built of yellow engineering bricks (A060) measured 5.8m in length and was aligned north-south, surviving to a height of 0.44m in three courses. The bricks were two courses wide and rested directly on natural sand. Three partition walls of the same type of brick were laid at right angles to wall (A060) forming partition walls, the longest of which measured 0.8m in length (A061). All three partition walls ran under the west-facing section. An area of concrete floor (A062) measuring 3m by 1m was situated towards the northern end of the foundations. All the foundations were laid directly on top of natural sand.

Examination of the cartographic sources and old photographs show that these remains are associated with outhouses, perhaps a toilet or a wash house that was built to the rear of the miners row. These buildings were demolished in the late 1960s early 1970s and as a result the demolition material from this site is spread over a wide area.

Figure 5. Recording the stone wall 001

Key:

West Section

AIR RAID SHELTER

085

075

083

074

079

Unexcavated Rubble Fill

068 099099099

089

East Section

Concrete Roof

062

060

Drain

061

Drain

Spoil Tip

Debris

Concrete

Entrance

069

Metal Plate

Washhouse Wall Foundations

065

067 068

Anderson Shelter Floor

066

071

0 10m5

Scale 1:350

Wall Fragment

Disturbed Area

Undistinguished Natural Sandy Clay

Former Custom's House

Emergency Exit

AREA B

Figure 6. Pottery site: Area A and B and related archaeological features

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B C A

D

Glassworks Flue

E

AREA A

Wall Foundations

Concrete Rod

Wire

A062 - Concrete FloorA060

A060 A060

Brick

A064

A063

West Facing Section - Area A See Figure 6 for location

North Facing Section - Area B See Figure 6 for location

0 2m1

scale 1:40

0 2m1

scale 1:40

Figure 7. Section drawings area A and B

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A001

B001

B002 B003

B008B007 B009 B010

B018 B027

B024

B026

B030 B032

Brick Floor of Anderson Shelter

B017

B006

B045

B005

B644Coal B010

B005

Pot

B012B011

B016

B014

B006

B019

B005

B021

B022 B020

B023B025

B029

Metal Strip

B067 - Metal Sheet

B065 - Metal Sheet

B040 Glass Slag

B039

B034

B038

B644

B037

B036B035

B038

B033

B043

B042

Metal SpikeMetal Spike

Metal

Wire Mesh

Mixed Demolition Layer

Topsoil

B050B049

B047

B048

Brick

NS

WE

E

D

Mixed Demolition Layer

Topsoil

Mixed Demolition Layer

Archaeology

Crushed Brick Layer

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In order to be certain that all evidence had been gleaned from this trench before its closure, a test pit was dug more or less on line with the internal walls of the air-raid shelter. The test pit was dug to a depth of about 1m and ceased when a substantial wall was found. The wall (A075) was exposed for a length of 1.5m and was 0.7m wide. The test-pit was extended on its northern side to reveal a second wall (A074) which shared the same dimensions as wall (A075). Both walls contained substantial blocks of sandstone and were bonded with lime mortar. The fill between the walls (A077) was a grey sand rich in demolition debris including bricks, stone, pottery sherds and oyster shells. Further removal of the infilling layer between the walls revealed a second layer (A078) which appeared to the line of crudely built wall of sub-rounded stones and occasional blocks of rough-dressed sandstone, with no visible bonding material such as cement or mortar. Substantial quantities of pottery sherds were recovered from between and around the blocking wall. After partial removal of wall (A078) a brick and flagstone floor was found (A079). The floor had been laid between walls (A075) and (A078). The flagstone and brick floor appeared to be very worn and appeared to have been subjected to heat in several places where red patches were seen. When the floor was cleaned, tiny fragments of molten glass were recovered from between the cracks of the flagstones. No further work was carried out in this area until the trench was extended during Phase 2 (see below). 3.6.5. Area B (west end of the pottery site) This trench measured 15m long and 8m wide. It was machine dug to a depth of 1.5m, exposing natural yellow sand and gravel. The north-facing trench section and part of the south-facing section were fully recorded. The section contained root-disturbed topsoil (B001) and numerous demolition layers that were present across the site (eg B002-B050, Fig 7). The only significant layer within the north-facing section was a deposit of ash (B040) associated with local glass manufacturing, the significance of which is discussed below.

Midway along the interior of Area B, brick rubble was found covering the base of the trench and associated with part of a WW2 Anderson shelter. The roof remains were uncovered by mechanical excavator and included corrugated iron sheeting, bricks and concrete. A large rectangular cut (B066) measured 3.2m long and 1.2m wide. The fill (B071) comprised grey sand with modern debris including brick, coal and glass. In the south-east corner, a large sheet of corrugated iron and a thick iron plate (B070) was found protruding from the section. The sheet measured 1.2m by 0.8m and was easily removed but the iron plate could not be and was left in situ. Excavation continued to a depth of 0.8m to reveal a brick floor (B067). The floor extended under the south-facing section and was laid directly on top of natural sand (B068). No significant finds were made from within the former interior of the shelter and no further work was carried out.

During hand cleaning of the vertical north facing section in Area B, a thick band (c 0.5m) of coal ash (B040) containing glass slag and cullet was revealed. This layer was c. 2m long. This layer is the same as that found in the Test Pit 7 dug in 2004. The test pit was situated 4m to the south of the section. The test pit revealed a layer of ash and coal at a depth of 1.3m. Although rich in glass waste, the test pit provided only a limited amount of material in terms of sample volume. To remedy this, it was decided that a larger volume of material would be sampled from a box section cut back into the north-facing section. The sampling strategy was successful and resulted in 1m2 of ash being retained, weighing a total of 144.5kg. This was hand-sieved at a later stage and provided 1189 individual fragments of molten glass waste.

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Following field recording of all the principal archaeological features within Area B, this area was backfilled by a mechanical excavator. 3.6.6. Phase 2 - The air-raid shelter, vaulted roof and walls A074 and A075 (detailed investigations) A larger area of woodland approximately 25m by 5m was felled and excavated by a mechanical excavator to reveal the full extent of walls (A074) and (A075) previously recorded in Area A (Fig 8). At the same time, the WW2 air-raid shelter was also exposed in order to determine the nature of its construction (Fig 9). During the course of this work, a wall (A005), found during the 2004 season and situated at the west end of the shelter, was removed by the mechanical excavator to explore the possibility of deeper archaeological remains beneath. A large sondage dug to a depth of 3m below the wall confirmed the presence of natural sand and gravel but no archaeological remains.

Walls (A074) and (A075) were exposed for their complete length and no attempt was made to remove all of the infilling rubble within their interior on the grounds of health and safety, although some of the large pottery dump (085) was removed. During the exposure of the walls it was found that they ended abruptly after a distance of 18m from the air-raid shelter. The walls appeared to have been cut by a large pit feature, the extent if which could not be determined at that stage. A trial pit dug later by the mechanical excavator confirmed that walls had been truncated during the 20th century as the pit contained demolition material including plastered brick, concrete, steel pipes and a wire waste-paper basket.

Figure 8. Looking eastwards as the glass flue walls (A074 and A075) are exposed

0 1000 mm

1:20

Air Raid Shelter - East End ProfileAir Raid Shelter - West End Profile

074

075

Natural Sand

079

Air Raid Shelter - Profile

Figure 9. Air-raid shelter wall profiles

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A

B C

A

AIR-RAID SHELTER PROFILES

B C

N

S

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The remains of part of another building were identified during the excavation. Wall (A083) (Fig 6) was found on the south side of wall A075 and was orientated east to west and was 7m long and 0.77m wide. The wall was constructed of randomly coursed angular and sub-angular rubble laid with a crude mortar bond. The wall height varied but survived at its highest at 0.5m.

3.7. 4 Morrisons Haven (Fig 10) 3.7.1. General In May 2005, the opportunity arose to investigate in the garden of 4 Morrison’s Haven, owned by local residents Mr and Mrs Flockhart. In 2004 they brought to the attention of PCAP a collection of pottery and glass sherds that they had collected from all over their garden. The author examined this material and it was concluded that the majority of the pottery and glass dated mainly from the 19th century but some fragments may indeed have been earlier.

The desk-based assessment carried out in 2004 identified a letter dating from 1834 (GD6/1294) with an engraved letterhead containing a line drawing of Morrison’s Haven (Fig 11). The letterhead depicts George Gordon, manufacturer of brown, white and coloured pottery. A coastal track is also depicted on the engraving and more importantly two bottle kilns and chimney. It was suspected that the kilns were in the relative position of the garden at 4 Morrison’s Haven providing more impetus for a limited archaeological investigation.

Two test pits were opened up within the raised ornamental patio area to the east of the house. Conveniently two small flower beds within the patio were selected as the test pit sites (Test Pits 1 and 2). 3.7.2. Test Pit 1 (Fig 12) Test pit 1, measuring 1m2, was dug to a depth of 1.2m beyond which it was not possible to dig for safety reasons. Black friable topsoil (001) with a depth of 0.5m overlay a light-brown mixed levelling layer (002). In both layers an assortment of pottery sherds, modern glass and bone were recovered. At the base of the test pit a broken brown-glazed waste pipe was found in situ (004). No other significant archaeological remains were found and no further work was undertaken. 3.7.3. Test Pit 2 (Fig 12) Test pit 2 was located 2m to the west of Test pit 1 and measured 1m2. It was dug to a depth of 1.5m. Three contexts were found. A mixed black topsoil with a depth of 0.5m overly a mixed rubble layer containing an assortment of demolition debris, brick and stones to a depth of 1.4m. This layer rested directly on top of concrete. The concrete sloped from west to east to a depth of 1.5m and continued beyond the base of the test-pit. Whether the concrete surface represents a floor or drain capping could not be resolved without its removal but this could not be done owing to the danger of working in such a tight space, therefore no further work was undertaken.

Figure 11. Morrison’s Haven: an engraved letterhead from 1834

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3.8. The fort, vaults and tidal mill trial excavations 3.8.1. General In October 2005 further work close to the eastern edge of Morrison’s Haven was carried out to investigate the presence of a tidal mill that is shown on the 1854 First Edition Ordnance Survey map. Further work was also carried out on a lawn situated between the modern coastal road and the northern boundary of the Prestongrange Museum Complex (Fig 1). The latter work was carried out to investigate whether any archaeological remains associated with harbour buildings known as the Vaults or a Cromwellian Fort survived within this general area. The fort site is depicted as a cross on the 1894 Second Edition Ordnance Survey map. A collection of rectangular buildings are shown on the 1854 map and it is assumed that these may have been associated with the haven in some way, perhaps as workshops and stores. For more information on these buildings the reader is referred the desk-based survey report (Cressey 2004).

Three trenches were excavated by a mechanical excavator and monitored by the PCAP team prior to back-filling and relaying the turf. The trenches were monitored and recorded. None could be entered into as it was unsafe to do so. Apart from the trench dimensions, the measurements relating to the buried remains encountered were estimated. A series of digital photographs and 35mm photographs was taken by PCAP members. The members also carried out a survey of the trench positions under the supervision of the author.

3.8.2. Trench 1 (Fig 1)

Trench 1 was located close to the edge of Morrison’s Haven and measured c. 7m by 2.5m. The topsoil was very shallow and gave way to ash and brick rubble. Large concrete blocks, lengths of bonded brick and fractured concrete. The trench was dug to a depth of 3m and could not be dug any deeper due to the compact nature of the rubble.

3.8.3. Trench 2 (Fig 1) Trench 2 measured 6m by 2.5m and was situated on the lawn area on the south side of

the coastal road. Approximately 0.5m of ash material was found directly below the turf. A layer of mixed compact clay underlay the ash to a depth of 2m. At this depth a concrete floor was found. This feature covered the entire base of the trench. The floor could not be broken and therefore all work ceased.

3.8.4. Trench 3 (Fig 1) Trench 3 measured 10m by 2.5m and was situated on the edge of the lawn close to the drive leading to Morrison’s Haven Cottages. After the removal of the turf a deposit of black shale with a depth of between 0.3-0.4m was seen. Below this layer, an assortment of ceramic waste, bricks and colliery waste was found to a depth of 3m. This material was very loose and the sections collapsed in several parts of the trench. Large blocks of dressed sandstone and concrete blocks and rubble associated demolition material protruded from the sections. Owing to the presence of this material and the lack of any significant in situ building remains, no further work was undertaken.

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3.9. The Finds (Sue Anderson) 3.9.1. Introduction

Table 2 summarises the finds quantities from the excavation. These are quantified by context number in Appendix 5.

Find type No. Wt (g) Pottery 38 boxes - Ceramic building material 179 16934 Mortar 35 707 Stone 29 1910 Glass 45 593 Glass waste 32 1144.5 Clay pipe 12 69 Other ceramic 2 12 Flint (natural) 344 9538 Burnt flint 8 975 Iron 14 1920 Copper alloy 4 84 Lead 1 29 Leather 3 84 Worked bone 1 1 Modern materials (plastic, asbestos) 5 54 Burnt material (slag/coal) - 803 Animal bone 14 103 Shell 12 240

Table 2. Finds quantities. 3.9.2. Pottery This material has been boxed by context and the total assemblage, including redwares, slipwares, whitewares, saggars, kiln props and kiln waste, fills 38 standard boxes. No detailed quantification has been attempted owing to the large size of the group and the lack of time available for assessment. A brief assessment was carried out by George Haggarty (see Chapter 5: Discussion, below). 3.9.3. Building materials Two boxes of ceramic building material have been collected. The majority of fragments consist of machine-made pantiles of probable non-local manufacture. There are also fragments of brown-glazed and unglazed drainpipes, glazed and unglazed floor tiles, and glazed wall tiles. A few pieces of compressed shale bricks are present. In general this assemblage is of 19th-century or later date, although some fragments may be earlier.

Other building materials include samples of lime mortar which were incorporated into the fills of near-complete pots from contexts A077 and A078 and collected from test pits, as well as a few pieces of painted wall plaster. Fragments of stone building material, including roofing slate and fragments of marble, were also recovered, and there are a few pieces of window glass of modern date. 3.9.4. Clay pipes and other ceramics The clay pipes consist almost entirely of stem fragments, including one from between walls 074 and 083 which is stamped W CHRISTIE / EDINBURGH, indicating a date between 1895 and 1901. One fragment of a yellow-glazed mouthpiece was found, and a fragment of stem with part of the bowl from 080 suggested a late 18th/19th century date. Two ceramic marbles were also found.

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3.9.5. Glass

Fragments of green, brown and uncoloured bottles of 19th/20th-century date formed the bulk of this small assemblage. A few oxidised fragments of bottle glass from 080 could be earlier. However it is unlikely that any of these items were products of the glassworks on the site. Fragments of waste glass (Fig 13), frit and slag were recovered from several contexts and will be the subject of specialist analysis.

3.9.6. Non-burnt and burnt flint A large quantity of natural flint was recovered from test pits and some stratified contexts. This material has been quantified and discarded (a small sample has been retained). The flint is assumed to have been imported from the south-east of England for use in the manufacture of ceramics (and glass?). This is also the likely source of one piece of chalk found in 080. A few fragments of burnt flint of ‘potboiler’ type were also found, but it is uncertain whether these were the result of heating the imported flint to aid in crushing, or whether they may be prehistoric burnt flints accidentally incorporated into the general gravel flint. 3.9.7. Metalwork The ironwork included nails, bolts, screw-fittings, sheet fragments and a small spoked ring or wheel. Copper alloy objects included a spoon, an early Victorian half penny, and some unidentified mounts/fittings. A rough sphere of lead was also found. 3.9.8. Miscellaneous finds Three fragments of leather, possibly part of a boot, were found in A078. A small domed button made from bone was collected from 4 Morrison’s Haven test pit 2. Several modern objects, including fragments of early plastics (bakelite-type), a plastic knife handle, a piece of asbestos and a small plastic toy soldier were also found in test pit excavations. Burnt materials included pieces of coal and slag of uncertain type, some of which may be glass-making waste.

3.9.9. Biological evidence A few fragments of animal bone, including cow and sheep phalanges and other pieces, were collected from A078, A080 and the Morrison’s Haven test pits. Well preserved oyster shells were also found in 078, and fragments of abraded oyster, mussel and other marine shells were found in Morrison’s Haven test pit 1.

Figure 13. A fragment of glass waste

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CHAPTER 4: GROUND PENETRATION SURVEY: AREAS 1-3 by Erica Utsi, Utsi Electronics Summary Ground penetrating radar survey (GPR) can readily identify buried archaeological remains such as walls, floors, ditches and other spreads of demolition material by detecting their electro-magnetic response in comparison with the background readings produced by the undisturbed natural geology. The identification of archaeological remains, as opposed to geological features, is dependent on the patterning that is formed when the radar specialist processes the recorded data. A way of depicting the results is through the use of horizontal time-slices which provide an image which resembles a profile through the survey area.

PCAP members helped lay out the survey grids over three areas and took part an active part in the survey itself. The apparatus used is shown in Fig 14. Area 1 was a narrow lawned area close to the pottery site. The target features investigated in Area 1 included the continuation of a boundary wall and a series of kilns recorded on Ordnance Survey maps. The results from this area are most encouraging with possible archaeological features present at a depth of c.0.24m. By 0.43m depth, some very large blocks of material become visible. A new and more substantial feature is visible at a depth of c.0.70m and the strong image suggests the presence of in situ building remains at the eastern end of the survey area. At around 1.22m depth all of these features begin to fade.

In Area 2 the target features were any potential remains of a fort and buildings associated with old Prestongrange village, the presence of which is recorded on historical maps. A number of intersecting features at just over 1m deep are interpreted as possible building remains, but it is not certain if these relate to the fort or the village. In Area 3, the target feature was a tidal mill. There are a few positive signals that may relate to structural evidence within the SW corner of the grid. To a large extent, the presence of ground water is suggested to have weakened the radar signal in both Areas 2 and 3. The fact that ground water is present bodes well for the survival of any features associated with a tidal mill. The organic preservation of timber posts from this type of building is likely to be excellent.

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4.1. Introduction The following is a reduced version of the full report, which is available in archive. The GPR survey was carried out on 8 April 2006 in Areas 1-3 shown in Fig 1.

GPR operates on the same principles as conventional radar except that it uses a wider frequency range; a shorter pulse; and a much shorter range of detection. The radar generates a short pulse which is transmitted into the ground via an antenna. The return signal is received by another antenna. The amplitude of the returning signal provides information about changing ground characteristics with depth. The use of the radar does not affect underlying deposits: it is non-destructive.

GPR identifies possible archaeological remains by detecting anomalous material relative to the surrounding environment, measured on the basis of the electromagnetic response of the materials involved. The identification of archaeological as opposed to geological material is dependent on pattern recognition. Since similar patterns may be generated by more than one type of buried feature, it is possible for the anomalies identified by the radar to be due to other structures. It is also possible for ground conditions, typically wet clay, to mask the existence of buried features through attenuation of the signal. 4.2. Equipment The principal equipment used for this survey was Utsi Electronics’ Groundvue 1 for which the central operating frequency is 400MHz and the effective maximum range 5m in dry conditions (Fig 14).

Figure 14. Erica Utsi and a PCAP volunteer with ground penetrating radar apparatus in Area 2.

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4.3. GPR survey results 4.3.1. Area 1: 2-dimensional data Figure 15 (Area 1 transects 14 & 15) shows typical 2-dimensional output from the area. There is a great deal of anomalous material which in some cases has the typical appearance of building remains in situ.

4.3.2. Area 1: summary of findings (3-d) Based on analysis of the 3-dimensional data, the first sign of anomalous material occurs at c.24cm depth but the patterning appears to be random. Within the next 5cm of deposit, a possible linear feature becomes visible in the SE corner of the survey area. The line is incomplete, indicating that it has probably been damaged or that parts of the feature are being masked by surrounding material. The feature is not substantial as it does not extend very far in the vertical plane. By 43cm depth, some very large blocks of material become visible. A different linear feature, running approximately N-S is also visible towards the eastern end of the survey area. This too disappears rapidly in the vertical plane and is therefore not a substantial feature. Most of the larger blocks of material have disappeared by 59cm depth. The exception to this is the quasi-linear feature towards the NW corner. It is likely therefore that this dark line running approximately SW/NE represents building materials in situ, possibly with some spreading of the material in view of the width of the line. Material associated with this feature can be observed, reduced in extent, in the time slices at 69cm and 77cm but not thereafter. A new linear feature is also visible at this depth, running approximately N-S along the x = 9m line. This feature only extends across half of the survey area and, like the others described previously is not particularly substantial, since it disappears rapidly in the vertical direction. A new and more substantial group of features makes a first appearance at the eastern end of the survey area at a depth of 69cm. The likelihood of these being building remains in situ is confirmed by their continuity at depths of 77cm and 93cm (Fig 16). The footprints indicated on the time slices should be compared with what is known of the pottery kiln and the position of

Figure 15. Typical 2-D output from Area 1 (Transects 14 and 15)

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the target wall although, at first sight, it appears that this may be a more extensive set of buildings than that originally sought.

The pattern changes dramatically at a depth of just over 1m when a series of very much larger, broader linear features becomes visible, apparently forming part of a rectangular feature in the western half of the survey area. These do not obviously relate to the construction visible in the ground above. It is not possible to tell on the basis of the radar evidence alone whether these represent archaeological or geological features but the linearity suggests a man-made origin. Some remains of the possible buildings in the layers above remain visible, notably in the NE corner of the survey area. By a depth of 1.22m, all of these features are beginning to fade and the radar output does not indicate any further anomalies below this depth. This may be because no such anomalies exist but it is also possible for this to be the result of adverse soil conditions. The 2-dimensional radar data does not indicate adverse soil conditions since no echo effects from the surface are visible in Fig 15, as would be expected were the signal being attenuated (lost). 4.3.3. Area 2: 2-dimensional data Area 2 covers a 20m by 30m area surrounding a previous test excavation. The trial excavation recorded a concrete floor at 2.5m depth with an overburden of demolition material. There is a material difference in the quality of the 2-dimensional data from this area in comparison with Area 1. The implication is that the soil in Area 2 is very lossy (i.e. prone to dissipate signal rather than return it), particularly below a depth of 1.5m. Below c.2m, there do not appear to be any real signal returns. The common causes of this are the combination of water with either clay or salt, both of which are possible in Area 2. 4.3.4. Area 2: summary of findings (3-d) The previous survey trench is visible from the surface of the survey. The first features appear at c.29cm depth and are composed of a number of linear features and major anomaly groups. In view of the test pit findings it is unlikely that these represent

Figure 16. Area 1 timeslices at c.69cm, 77cm and 93cm showing possible building remains

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building remains in situ, they are more likely to be the result of demolition and backfill of the site. Many of these same features are also visible at 45cm depth, indicating the large size of some of this material. The spread of such material across the site has increased considerably and by 74cm the whole extent of the site is packed with what appears to be construction material although the test pit, in contrast, provides one of the few areas of low signal return. There are a number of potential features in situ, notably a rectangular feature in the SW sector. There is also a large linear feature and there may be a further large rectangular feature in the SE corner. The same features are still visible at c.90cm. The spread of material along the eastern third of the survey area, particularly in the SE sector, suggests two very large rectangular floors. If so, the breaks in the signal indicate that these have been largely destroyed although the size of the remains in situ is still very substantial.

There is a significant change in patterning at c.1.09m depth. A number of intersecting linear features are visible in the western half of the survey area. Along the extreme western edge there are two concentric rings from which at least two of the linear features radiate. The strong signal returns in the SE of the survey area define two adjacent rectangles, whose long axes are set at right angles to each other. These may be broken floors. Their extent is considerably less than those visible above but the outlines are more securely defined, suggesting the existence of in situ remains.

These same two possible building footprints continue to be visible at 1.2m depth (Fig 17). Potentially of greater interest, the linear features in the western half of the survey area can now be seen to abut a curved boundary with a number of associated features. These appear to be a series of rectangular features associated with the curvilinear line. It seems extremely likely that these are the remains of man-made structures although it is not obvious whether they are related either to the fort or the village. At about 10m along the southern boundary, an apparently unrelated area of very strong signal suggests the presence of a small area of more substantial remains. The faintness of the signals is related to signal attenuation rather than a lack of density of remains.

Figure 17. Area 2 timeslice at c.1.2m

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By 1.52m, most of these features are no longer visible. The outline of the curvilinear boundary is still clearly visible: in the absence of signal returns from the adjacent material it is effectively much better defined. Some building footings also appear to remain in the eastern half of the survey area. There is no sign of the major anomaly on the southern edge. By 1.9m, there is very little differentiation in the radar data and it seems likely, bearing in mind the results of the trial excavation, that attenuation of the electromagnetic pulses is a major problem. Where the soil conditions do not suit GPR, typically where either clay or salt are found in combination with water, it is not physically possible to compensate for the lost signal. It was decided to re-survey Area 2 using a 250MHz Groundvue 3, but the results were not improved and the conclusion is that the soil conditions below 2m are not suited to GPR survey in Area 2. It is possible that this depth represents the level of the water table. 4.3.5. Area 3: 2-Dimensional data Area 3 is located near to the seashore and has been sited in order to cover another area previously investigated by test excavation. This test excavation had to be abandoned due to the volume of rubble, brick and large pieces of masonry extending to a depth of at least 2m to 3m. The area was surveyed in two stages. The first survey covered an area of 30m by 30m, and the second stage extended this survey into a smaller area directly to the south. It is apparent that this area is also extremely lossy, which is not surprising given that this area is closer to the sea front than Area 2. It is likely that similar backfill has been used, including the use of clay; the amount of salt deposited, for example during the winter months, is likely to be higher; and a high water table will have a similar effect on the data. Good depth penetration by the radar does not extend beyond 1m although there are fainter traces of some remains visible down to c. 1.7m.

All four sample transects show signal returns from building debris, some of which is very large in size. This is consistent with the findings of the test excavation. None of the signal returns is as strong as those in Areas 1 and 2 which suggests that, although the degree of attenuation has not been so great that GPR could not be carried out in Area 3, the upper soils are also lossy. 4.3.6. Area 3: summary of findings (3-d) At c.27cm, a large linear feature appears in the main survey area, forming a boundary along the western edge. A large rectangular anomaly, or more properly group of anomalies, almost meets this at the southern edge of the survey area. Neither feature continues into the area of the extension. A number of other anomalies are visible but the patterning does not indicate that these are significant features. There is an increase in the number of blocks of dense material by 47cm depth. In most, if not all cases, this is presumably building debris. One set of features, possibly in situ, is the rectangular shapes outlined in the SE sector of the main survey area since part of this is also visible in the next time slice. There is no obvious form to the signal patterning in the Area 3 extension at this depth. The small square outline visible in the NW corner of the Area 3 extension does not extend into the next time slice but, due to the attenuation problem, this may be more substantial than it appears. At c.69cm, the signal patterning in the main survey area undergoes a major change. The area is divided into two by a strong line of signal running almost perfectly NW to SE across the plot. The majority of the building debris remains lie to the SW of this line. Although, at this depth, there is still some anomalous material to the NE, there is much less of it. This appears to have been a physical boundary at some point in the

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past. The extension area is unaffected by this feature. A single rectangular outline is visible in the SW corner. It is not clear whether this is likely to represent remains in situ or not. Some of the same material is visible in the next time slice but, although there are traces of a rectangular feature in the subsequent horizons, the position of this is not exactly the same. On balance, it seems unlikely.

The division of the main survey area becomes even clearer by 90cm depth. The dividing line is still strongly marked, suggesting that this does represent previous construction along and around a defined boundary. There is a block of very strong signal return immediately behind this line. The strength of signal indicates that this material is very different from its surrounding environment. In the SW corner, there is an irregularly shaped area of strong signal return. This could represent the broken floor of a building if some of the demolition debris has been spread around the original base. There are comparatively few strong returns in the Area 3 extension at this depth. The base of the rectangular feature previously noted at 69cm is still partially visible.

There are three features visible at c.1.21m depth in the main survey area: the dividing line previously observed; the irregularly shaped feature in the SW corner; and a single large object at approximately (x=9, y=20) (Fig 18). Comparison with the 2-dimensional data does not assist in interpreting the last of these three features. The solidity of the first 2 again suggests that these may be the remains of in-situ construction. In the extension area a second rectangular feature is faintly visible in the SW corner. This overlaps with the previously observed rectangular outline but does not lie in exactly the same position. The remaining faint mottling suggests the presence of other large deposits of building materials similar to those found in the trial excavation. The faintness of the returns is due to the lossiness of the soil, probably in combination with a high water table.

The time slice from the main survey area at a depth of 1.5m shows persistently strong signals from the two main features noted higher up in the deposits i.e. the dividing line across the survey area and the irregular feature in the SW corner. The increasing faintness of both may be due to these features coming to an end but are equally likely to be the result of increased signal attenuation. There are a number of faint signals suggesting buried materials at greater depth (e.g. 1.7m) but the attenuation is increasingly difficult to compensate for. Below this depth, loss of signal is too great to produce any meaningful patterning. The same phenomenon is visible in the time slice from the extension at a depth of 1.5m. The rectangular feature referred

Figure 18. Area 3 timeslice at c.1.21m, showing diagonal anomaly across the area, large feature in the SW corner, and smaller feature

between the two.

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to in the previous time slice is faintly visible. The two strongest signals on the edge of this feature correspond to the large, deeper signals indicated in the 2-dimensional data. It seems likely that this represents former construction in situ also. Although the survey was carried out to a maximum depth of c.5m, it is not possible to extract any further depth information from the time slices due to the signal attenuation.

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CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION Summary The results of the 2005 excavation have brought to light the first 18th-century remains of a glassworks ever to be found in Scotland. Substanial stone or brick-lined flues were a crucial design feature of glass manufactories and the one at Prestongrange, together with recovered crucible sherds, slag and glass fragments, provides valuable information about this early period of Scottish glass production.

The pottery assemblage has provided a wide range of material that has not been found in this quantity before. The range of redware forms also appear to be new. The number and range of 18th-century lead glazed, slipware vessels is also immense and when this material has been analysed it will certainly provide exciting and new information on the types of pottery which were being manufactured at Prestongrange. Other finds include iron and copper objects, clay pipes, bottle glass and flint, and appear to be well distributed across the site, particularly in the upper layers where mixing has occurred as the site has been levelled over the years. This was also apparent in the two test pits dug in the garden of 4 Morrison’s Haven, where modern glass was found among Victorian sherds, showing that the soil was very mixed.

A robbed building found on the south side of the glassworks remains is also of archaeological interest. Although the full extent was not recorded it is clear that the structure is not shown on historical maps. Its relationship to the glassworks shows it is later and it is possible that other similar remains are present extending southwards into Area 1 where the GPR survey was conducted.

The GPR survey has provided some useful results with the most positive evidence of possible structures and related floors present within Area 1. Areas 2 and 3 also provided evidence of some form of structures although these are not as clearly defined, possibly owing to the presence of ground water which may have affected the radar signal.

The survey grids (Areas 1-3) included the sites of Trenches 1-3 that were placed to try and identify structural evidence of a fort and tidal mill. Unfortunately owing to the depth of the demolition material from the colliery, and the presence of ground water in Areas 2 and 3 the results were not as exciting as in Area 1. Here the archaeological remains should be well preserved. The high water table in Areas 2 and 3 would promote the survival of organic archaeological remains such as wood, leather, bone and plant remains.

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5.1. Introduction The following text will assess the results of some of the various strands of information gathered from the 2005 archaeological season. Summaries of contributions from three experts on glass and pottery are also presented. 5.2. Glassworks evidence at the pottery site (Dr Jill Turner) The glassworks remains consist of the vaulted structure and its projecting walls A074 and A075 (Fig 19). These remains are very significant because of their early date and the fact that, although there is historical evidence for the manufacture of Venetian-style soda glass in the early 17th century and bottle, window and mirror glass in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, no other physical material from these industries is extant. Substanial stone or brick-lined flues were a crucial design feature of glasshouses and the one at Prestongrange, together with recovered crucible sherds, slag and glass fragments should provide valuable information about this early period of Scottish glass production.

The typical glasshouse of the 18th and early 19th centuries was a tall brick cone with a chimney opening at the top, and a partially enclosed furnace in the centre. Air was drawn into the furnace through large underground tunnels. The fire was in a firebox below the floor, and flames passed into the furnace through the eye in the centre of the floor (Fig 20). The pots that contained the glass were arranged in a circle around the furnace floor. The flames from the fire were deflected down onto the pots, and then passed via small flues into the outer dome and the chimney. All the upstanding elements that would have been present above the flue have sadly been lost, this is not surprising given the protracted history of industrial use at the site. The glass kiln’s cone has been demolished and the site re-used by the later industries, namely pottery manufacture and coal mining. Conversely, we do not know how much damage the installation of the air-raid shelter stairs and its concrete roof impacted on the vault.

Figure 19. Interior shot of the glass furnace flue with supporting steel joists inserted in 1939 by the

Prestongrange Colliery when the flue was converted into an air-raid shelter

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Could the insertion of the roof have led to the removal of evidence of the lowest portions of the glass-cone? 5.3. The glassworking waste from the pottery site (Dr Hugh Willmott) Thirty-four bags of glassmaking waste were examined. The majority came from the coal ash layer B040, whilst three bags came from Test pit 7 context 7. All the material is remarkably homogeneous, and whilst it serves as a general indication that glassmaking was taking place, there are few if any more diagnostic fragments.

The waste can be broadly broken down into two categories. The first is gall or slag, and this constitutes the majority of the assemblage. Slags form in most industrial processes, and glassmaking is no exception. The raw materials used, and the sand sources in particular, contained natural impurities that were removed by the glassmaker in the early stages of manufacture. Specifically gall, a light bubbly material, full of gaseous pores, would form in the top of the glassmaking crucible and this was simply periodically scrapped off and discarded, often in the same place as the used fuel ash from the furnace. The consequence of this is that excavations on all glassmaking sites reveal a significant quantity of fused gall, fuel ash and other slags, and this is precisely what has been recovered at Prestongrange.

The second type of glass waste, which only forms a very small fraction of the assemblage is pot metal. Pot metal is a fully formed glass, created after the first fusing of the raw materials. Although a fused glass, it still contained many impurities, and it was normally allowed to cool, broken up and then remelted in order to purify it further. During this process it was not uncommon for some of this material to become accidentally lost, and this would account for the small quantity in this assemblage. The Prestongrange pot metal has a dark green hue and seems to be a high lime low alkali glass, typical for the post-medieval period. Although further refining would have perhaps reduced the intensity of its green colour, it is most likely that it was intended for final manufacture into wine bottles, the most common product of most British glasshouses.

Unfortunately the lack of any more diagnostic working waste, such as moils, knock-offs and trimming (waste from glass blowing), leave little scope for further typological analysis. Likewise it is not recommended that any ICPS chemical analysis be undertaken on this material. However, if further excavation does take place it might be anticipated that more glass should be encountered and this might be prove more informative about the nature of glass manufacture at Prestongrange.

Figure 20. A glass-kiln with subterranean flue and a section through a furnace above (Source: Oxford

Archaeology North)

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5.4. The Pottery Assemblage: preliminary examination (George Haggarty) The vast majority of the material is Scottish redware, recovered from two contemporary sealed contexts and which appears to date to the tenure of Anthony Hilcot, 1764-9. Since the study of Scottish medieval and later ceramics began, in the 1950s with the work of Stewart Cruden, only two other large closely dated pottery assemblages have been excavated in Scotland: a pit group of 1150 from Kelso Abbey (Haggarty 1984, 395-8) and an 1815 cellar assemblage from Burgess Street, Leith (Haggarty et al forthcoming).

Prior to the excavations at Prestongrange, almost nothing was known about the production of 18th-century Scottish slipware, with only a few shards, dating to 1750, from excavations at West Pans, having been published (Haggarty 2006, ceramic resource disk). Highly significant from the pottery site is the range of redware forms, most of these have never previously been recorded, not only in Scotland but anywhere else in Britain. Some of the forms were almost certainly produced for use in the 18th-century Prestonpans vitriol factory. The number and range of 18th-century lead glazed, slipware vessels (e.g. Fig 21) recovered from Prestongrange is nothing short of astonishing as many of the vessels can be reassembled. Subsequently publication will without doubt change Scotland’s place within the wider development of this industry. Among the decorative and construction techniques used were throwing, moulding, pie crust edging, joggling, sgraffito and the use of a single or double chambered pouring pot. Future post-excavation analyses of the pottery assemblage will advance our understanding of the importance of this collection. 5.5. GPR Survey in Areas 1-3 The radar data indicates that excavation of parts of Areas 1 and 2 are highly likely to give interesting insights into the previous use of the Prestongrange site. Both Area 2 and Area 3 were difficult to investigate beyond 1.5m to 2m in depth due to attenuation (loss) of signal. The common causes for this level of signal loss is the combination of either clay and water or salt and water and it seems likely that the high water table, combined with clay and probably also salt is responsible for the loss of signal in these two areas.

In Area 1, Figures 6 to 8 inclusive show suitably substantial linear features in the right general area. Below these building remains, there is a series of very large linear anomalies whose nature remains to be identified. This should be established by trial excavation of the areas indicated. It might be possible to extend the GPR survey to define their full extent, if this is practical given the potential obstacles on the current ground surface.

Figure 21. Sgraffito ware pottery sherds recovered from the

dump at the east end of the glass flue

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The depth penetration achieved in Area 2 is not as great as was attempted (5m). Soil conditions below c.1.5m have heavily attenuated the signals and, below c. 2m, there appears to be total signal attenuation. Fig 17 suggests the possible presence of some extremely interesting remains. Although the radar data indicates that these are far less substantial than the materials making up the overburden and the remains of industrial buildings in the layers above, it is likely that this is an indication of the signal attenuation problem. If so, these will be considerably more substantial than the time slices suggest.

The data suggests that there are two, perhaps three features within Area 3 which might also be of interest in understanding the history of the Prestongrange site. 5.6. Building remains 083 on the pottery site Building 083 situated on the south side of the glass flue has provided sufficient archaeological evidence to suggest that the building’s foundations were robbed. A beaten earth floor was recorded close to feature 089 which was a stone with socket within its centre. It is unclear if this feature was associated with a support for a timber post. If wall fragment 085 and the L-shaped section of wall 083 are associated then this would provide evidence for the presence of a fairly substantial building. There is no dating evidence for the structure other than that it appears to post-date the glassworks remains. 5.7. The finds from PCAP Phase 1 Thirty-eight boxes of finds have been amassed as a result of two seasons of archaeological fieldwork. The range of finds across the site is varied with a high proportion of pottery sherds and glass waste. The presence of flint within the finds assemblage is due to its use in pottery manufacture. Other less numerous finds include building material and metalwork. Most if not all of the metalwork is unstratified and is a result of demolition material being redeposited in the upper layers of the site. 5.8. 4 Morrison’s Haven, potential kiln site Investigations at 4 Morrison’s Haven were carried out to identify any evidence for the survival of pottery kilns that are known to have stood on the site in the 19th century.

Within the main confines of the garden area examined by test-pitting, both pits provided no structural evidence for the presence of a kiln. The work did show that the topsoil overlies a deep redeposited soil that was in all probability dumped as a levelling layer when the cottage garden was created in 1904 (Mr Flockhart pers comm). The very mixed nature of the pottery recovered from the underlying rubble layers in both test pits highlights the artificial nature of the soil. A much larger and deeper excavation would have been more desirable but this was not possible. The work did however provide PCAP members with additional archaeological training away from the main pottery site. 5.9. Trenches 1-3 (fort and tidal mill areas) Trenches 1-3 were investigated in the area of the fort and tidal mill. It is apparent that the demolition waste from the former Prestongrange Colliery is well distributed in all three trenches. The overburden was most varied in Trench 2 which contained layers of mixed clay. Groundwater was evident and the trench soon became flooded. Groundwater appears to have been a problem with poor GPR attenuation.

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CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS Summary This data structure report brings together the results of the 2005 season’s work in a way that can be made available to the PCAP members and wider audience. The fieldwork carried out to date has provided a wealth of exciting archaeological information that confirms Prestongrange to be one of the most important early industrial sites in Scotland. Not only has it produced important evidence for 18th-century Scottish glass manufacture but its remains are unique and of national importance. The large pottery assemblage is also unique in providing a completely new set of evidence for a range of previously unrecorded types. This has caused great excitement among researchers in Scottish post-medieval pottery. However more work still needs to be done to establish the location and type of kilns that made the pottery. It is very likely that further work over a wider area (especially in Area 1) would locate the 19th-century kilns that are known to have existed in this location. We still need to find more evidence of the types of glassware that was being produced – although we have the slag and glass waste, we still have no glass artefacts such as drinking glasses or other objects.

As with any type of archaeological investigation a lot of questions still remain to be answered. These include whether further archaeological investigation might resolve the nature of the exciting GPR survey results. The answer to this is yes, but it will require a systematic and detailed research agenda, as industrial sites offer up their own problems (depth of working, re-use of features, robbing and site clearance. As PCAP has shown, these issues can be overcome with great success.

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6.1. Introduction The following presents a series of recommendations based on the results of the 2005 PCAP season. So far, the work has brought to light much evidence for the local manufacture of glass including structural evidence in the form of the glass flue and glass making residues. As noted above, there are no parallels for the large pottery assemblage and much detailed work is still required to assess the importance of the many types of vessels that are represented at the site. 6.2. Glass slag No further work is required of the glass slag. Further archaeological investigations to locate any other archaeological remains including waste dumps and other features associated should be undertaken. 6.3. Pottery and other finds As part of the Phase 1 investigations the pottery assemblage has been catalogued and a preliminary assessment has been made by pottery expert George Haggarty. He has confirmed that prior to the excavations at Prestongrange, almost nothing was known about the production of 18th-century Scottish slipware, with only a few shards, dating to 1750, from excavations at nearby West Pans, East Lothian. Highly significant from the pottery site is the range of redware forms, most of these have never previously been recorded, not only in Scotland but anywhere else in Britain. The sheer volume of pottery has meant that it could only be assessed in brief during this phase, but it is recommended that a full and detailed analysis and publication of this important assemblage be undertaken. PCAP members should also be encouraged to take an active part in the process and likely tasks might include marking pottery and assemblage under the guidance of the pottery specialist.

All the other stratified finds from the pottery site should be analysed and a report prepared which is suitable for archiving. 6.4. Dissemination of the results So far PCAP has produced interim popular accounts, press releases, site open days and public lectures. A series of new popular accounts should be produced to bring the results of the PCAP excavation to the widest possible audience. The popular account should be supported with appropriate photographic images that best portray the involvement of members of the local community. A paper should be presented to the conference Archaeology for All, 3-4 November 2006, organised by the University of Manchester and the City of Manchester. This will allow the results to be disseminated to a national audience and provide a good opportunity to present the PCAP video diary.

As part of Phase 2 a new series of popular accounts will be of value to the wider community, future work should also include site open days to encourage local community interest. 6.5. PCAP Website So far the PCAP website has been a very useful conduit for disseminating the results obtained from the Phase 1 project. As part of Phase 2, the PCAP website would benefit from a major overhaul which should include presentations from the PCAP video and the results of the 2005 excavations. A photographic gallery showing the important finds should also be provided.

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We have a large collection of historical information, especially old photographs and entries the harbour master ledgers from Morrison’s Haven. The site should include an interactive map showing the various ports that were receiving goods from Prestongrange during the late 19th early 20th centuries. 6.6. Further fieldwork PCAP has achieved phenomenal success over the past two years. The identification of the remains of Scotland’s earliest glassworks along with the largest assemblage of late 18th century pottery is a great achievement.

Further excavation at the site is recommended to determine the nature of the remains located in Area 1 by the GPR survey. This area contains possible substantial building remains that are likely to provide new evidence for the presence of pottery kilns that have so far alluded us. Excavation of this area is therefore recommended. We also recommend test excavation targeted on the remains identified in Area 2 to identify the type of building remains and their apparent relationship. It is likely that the remains of a fort would be substantial and with more work we could assess just how much, if any, of these remains survive. Area 3 should also be examined to assess what exactly are causing the results of the anomalies recorded from GPR survey. It would be prudent to assess if any structural remains from the tidal mill exist, and where these to survive it is very likely that their preservation would be excellent owing to the high levels of waterlogging within this area.

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CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES Cressey, M and Oram, R, 2004, Prestongrange Community Archaeology Project: Desk-based Assessment, CFA Report No. 937 (Year 1). Commissioned by East Lothian Council. Cressey, M 2005 Prestongrange Community Project: Interim Data Structure Report CFA Report No 950 (Year 1). Commissioned by East Lothian Council. Haggarty, G, 1984, ‘Observations on the ceramic material from phase 1 pits BY and AQ’, in Tabraham, C J T, ‘Excavation at Kelso Abbey’, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, 114 (1984), 395-8. Haggarty, G, 2006, West Pans Potteries Resource Disc. Unpublished CD Rom. Haggarty, G, Lawson, J & Will, R, forthcoming, ‘A tightly dated ceramic group from Leith’. Turnbull, J, 2001, The Scottish Glass Industry 1610-1750, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland Monograph Series 18.

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APPENDIX 1: Context Register Area Context Description B 001 Topsoil, loose and mixed with roots and modern debris. B 002 Layer. Mixed sand/soil with brick/tile inclusions. Possible ground levelling material. B 003 Layer. Burnt deposits containing ash/ charcoal. Could be remains of a burning event. B 004 Sloping cut between burnt deposit and natural sand 005. B 005 Natural sand with high percentage of gravel, raised beach deposit. B 006 Layer. Light brown sand layer with pebbles. B 007 Small cupped shaped deposited in sand (see B008). B 008 Curved deposit of brick and pebbles. B 009 Burnt brick. Loose deposit of burnt brick, pebbles and sand. B 010 White/Grey lens flecked with charcoal pieces surrounded by 006. B 011 Cut for stepped feature. B 012 Fill. Fill of mud, grey sand/ crushed brick pebbles. B 013 Unused context B 014 Fill. Mixed rubble/ sandstone/ mortar/stones/ pebbles. B 015 Unused context. B 016 Burnt brick. Loose deposit of burnt brick, pebbles and sand. B 017 Cut B 018 Layer. Dark grey sandy layer B 019 Layer. Light brown sand mixed withflint B 020 Layer. Very light white/grey sand with charcoal / articles B 021 Layer. Coarse sand mixed with flint and charcoal B 022 Lens. Rough sandy – flint and broken shells B 023 Layer. White/ yellow sand with flints and gravel B 024 Cut B 025 Fill. Loose rubble / sand/ soil fill B 026 Layer. Mix of dark sand and soil with bits of flint B 027 Cut. Shallow sloping concave sides B 028 Loose stone misinterpreted as concrete. B 029 Cut for stone on B028 B 030 Layer, Mixed grey/ brown layer. B 031 Cut (sloping from left to right). B 032 Layer, Mixed sand. B 033 Cut re-cut at right angle. B 034 Layer, dark-brown mixed top soil containing broken pottery. B 035 Layer of black cinder containing dark stones. B 036 Layer of grey/ brown clay. B 037 Layer of red mix of clay and sand. B 038 Layer of re-deposited natural. B 039 Layer of loose dark grey soil with cinder. B 040 Layer of grey/ black cinder containing glass slag. B 041 Layer of natural sand containing pebbles. B 042 Horizontal cut slightly sloping right to left. 043 Unused B 044 Cut B 045 Layer of demolition material B 046 Layer of demolition material B 047 Layer. Light sand B 048 Top soil. B 049 Soil and light sand mixed. B 050 Light coloured sand and soil mixed with brick and rubble. B 051 Cut. TP1 052 Topsoil in TP 1 Mr Flockharts garden. TP1 053 Mixed soil layer below topsoil in Mr Flockharts garden. TP1 054 Broken ceramic waste pipe at base of Test-pit 1. TP2 055 Topsoil in Test pit 2 same as 052.

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Area Context Description TP2 056 Mixed re-deposited layer same as 053. TP2 057 Concrete, thickness and function unkown, at base of Test-pit 2. 058 Unused. 059 Unused. A 060 Yellow brick foundation. Series of yellow engineering brick foundations (see

sketch), roughly 3 caines high and 2 bricks in breadth. Abbulted to the main length of yellow brick (N-S) is a small segment of red brick dividing wall (E-W), sitting as natural are caine high, 2 bricks width.

A 061 Red brick found. Red brick foundation/ dividing wall touched on to main part of yellow brick foundation wall (B060)

A 062 Concrete floor contained within it red brick (A060) at North end of building A 063 Crushed red ware, demoliton layer. Crushed red pot layer which seemed to a

levelling event after demolition A 064 Demolition layer. Thick demolition layers which contains large sandstone blocks,

red brick crushed red pot etc. Up to a metre thick. Represents the majority of the rubble from the demolition of the buildings that are represented by the foundations.

B 065 Cut. Cut for eastern edge of Anderson shelter foundations. B 066 Cut. Cut to western edge of Anderson shelter foundations. B 067 Brick floor of Anderson shelter. A-B 068 Natural sand. Natural sand base below 067. B 069 Natural sand with gravel spreads (general across the base of Area B). B 070 Corrugated iron sheets. Iron sheets from demolished Anderson shelter . B 071 Fill within cut 066, re-deposited natural sand with modern intrusive material.

072 Sandstone Corbelled vault. Walls aligned E-W, Cut by 073, (Concrete and brick air-raid shelter).

073 Concrete and brick air-raid shelter entrance. 074 Possible back-wall of Corbelled vault. Sandstone and mortared wall. Probably

continuation of structure 072. 075 Sandstone wall. Wall running parallel with 074, possibly continuation of Corbelled

vault. 076 Wall. Sandstone wall one course uncovered from N-S. 077 General fill deposit within structure, Backfill and demolition rich material 078 Blocking layer. Aligned N-S, contains abundant pot and pottery waste between

Walls 074 and 075. 079 Flagstone floor. Flagstones and brick within the bottom of excavation, between walls

of 074 and 075. 080 Layer of demolition material between walls 074 and 075 with massive boulders. 081 Layer. Layer below shallow layer 080. Loose rubble- Brick, wood and modern iron . 082 Natural sand. Natural sand below 081. 083 Wall. E-W trending wall. 084 Fill. Filling the vault between 074 and 075, Rich in pottery and brick . 085 Stone wall. N-S Trending, cut by air-raid shelter (073). 086 Wall alined N-S, 1.9m long and 0.53m high. Earth bonded, 0.45m wide. 087 Floor Layer, compact earth with charcoal flecks, high clay content. 088 Dressed oval-shaped stone with carved hole in its middle, 0.68m by 0.46m. 089 Demolition layer that overlying 086. 090 Layer overlies 091. 091 Brick and flagstone floor between walls 074 and 075 at east end. 092 Demolition materials. Massive blocks of masonry and rubble between walls 074 and

075. 093 Wooden post off-centre cutting into 092 Rubble layer dumped in between walls 074

and 075. Within 095 cut (modern, possibly clothes post). 094 Post hole Fill. Possible post hole cut into 092, containing post 093. 095 Cut. Cut for 094 containing 093wooden post. 096 Sand Below Floor. Sand Below Brick Floor 075. 097 Cut for air-raid selected east wall. Cut for air-raid wall construction containing 098

fill.

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Area Context Description 098 Fill within cut 097 agent AR Shelter. 099 Step feature/stones. Stones forming a step-like feature, overlying crude brick floor.

Within east end of the flue. 100 Brick floor. Crude brick floor with occasional vitrified kiln debris. APPENDIX 2: PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTER Film 1 Shot No Description Conditions From 1 Presentation shot Sunny 2 Whole garden—looking East Sunny/Shady W 3 Whole garden—looking West Sunny E 4 Whole garden—looking North Sunny S 5 Far identical pits Shady W 6 Single area –North East corner Sunny SE 7 Singlr area –North East corner Shady NE 8 Single area –South East corner Shady N 9 Single area –South East corner Shady E 10 Single area –South East corner Shady E 11 Single area –South West corner Shady/Sunny SE 12 Single area –North West corner Sunny S 13 Trench A –looking North Shady S 14 Trench B –looking West Cloudy E 15 Trench A –looking North Cloudy S 16 Trench A – looking North Cloudy S 17-18 Trench B – N facing section, E end Sunny N 19-20 Trench B – N facing section, W end Sunny N 21-22 Trench B – S facing section, W end Sunny S 23-24 Trench B – S facing section, E end Sunny S 27-28 Presentation shot Sunny S 29-30 Presentation shot Sunny S 31-36 Presentation shot Sunny N Film 2 Shot No Description Conditions From 1+2 General shot (glass plug layer) Detail shot of sample area Sunny N 3+4 Closer Detail Sunny N 5 TP1 general shot Sunny E 6 Test Pit 1 Sunny E 7 Test Pit 1 taken from north Sunny N 8 Test Pit 1 taken from north Sunny N 9+10 General shot, base of Test Pit 2 Bright NW 11+12 General shot, base of Test Pit 2 Bright SE 13+14 Showing brickwork in base of sondage 2. Area B Bright W 15+16 Showing feature in N facing sector Area B Bright N 17+18 Spoilt shots E 19+20 Spoilt shots W 21 Di’s pit with wall sand flag floor looking N Dull S 22 Di’s pit with walls and flag floor looking E Sunny W 23 Di’s pit with walls and flag floor looking S Sunny N 24 Di’s pit with walls and flag floor looking W Sunny E

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Film 3 Shot No Description Conditions From 1-6 Shots of W facing section between Walls 074 and 075 Sunny W 7 Registration shot (formal) Sunny 8+9 Re-take shots of cut cutting walls Sunny E 10 –11 Features 074 + 075 and Fills 080 + 081 Sunny E 12+13 Features 075, 077 + 078, general shot Sunny E 14-15 Features 075, 077 + 078, general shot Sunny NE 16-18 Wall 085, general shot Sunny N 19-21 Wall 086 + 088 Sunny N 22-24 Wall 086 + 088 Sunny W 25-27 088 carved stone detail Sunny N 28 Look North by Air Raid Shelter, subsided wall structure Sunny 29 Look west, subsided wall structure Sunny E 30 Look north, subside wall structure/ Air Raid Shelter Sunny S 31 Look east, subsided wall structure/ Air Raid Shelter Sunny W 32 Second shot to include Air Raid Shelter section Sunny W 33 Portrait View of shelter Sunny W 34 Looking South and down in test pit Sunny N 35 Looking north and down in test pit Sunny N 36 079 looking east Sunny W 37 079 looking east Sunny W 38 079 looking SW Sunny NE 39 079 looking SE Sunny NW Film 4 Shot No Description Conditions From 1-2 Post-hole 093/094 and Rubble 092 Dull S 3-4 Post-hole 093/094 and Rubble 092 Dull N 5-6 Rubble 092-080 in section Dull E 7-8 092 sondage – dug by PR+CM Dull S 9-10 093 half section – dug by PR+EC Dull S 11-12 079 floor looking north Dull S 13-14 079 floor looking west Dull E 15-16 079 floor looking south Dull N 17-18 079 floor looking east Dull W 19-20 082 Pottery Waste 092 rubble Dull S 21-22 Junction end of 074 on air-raid shelter showing small

construction trench in section Bright E

23-24 Floor at base of Flue (074/075) Sunny N 25-26 Floor at base of Flue (074/075) Sunny E 27-28 Floor at base of Flue (074/075) Sunny S 29-30 Floor at base of Flue (074/075) Sunny W 31-32 078 pot in situation Sunny E 33 078 pot in situation Sunny E 34 078 pot in situation Sunny E 35 078 pot in situation Sunny E 36 078 and wall corner Sunny

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Film 5 Shot No Description Conditions From 1-2 Registration shot Sunny 3-4 Pot cluster 078 in situ Fair SW 5 West facing trial pit Fair E 6-7 Close up on pot cluster in 078 Fair W 8-9 079 vertical shot of brick floor from top of the air shelter Overcast 10 079 looking west on the brick floor Overcast E 11 079 looking south on the brick floor Overcast N 12 078 looking south on the brick floor Overcast N 13 079 looking east on the flagstone floor Overcast W 14 079 looking north on the flagstone and brick floor Overcast S 15 079 looking north on the flagstone and brick floor Fair S 16 General shot of the wall abutting wall 075 Fair W 17 075 West end of wall return Fair W 18 075 East end of wall return Fair N 19 075 Full length of wall, general shot Fair W Film 6 Shot No Description Conditions From 0 Registration shot 1-2 General shot of trench extension of wall 083 Bright S 3-4 General shot of trench extension of wall 083 Bright N 5-6 General shot of trench extension of wall 083 Bright S 7-8 General shot of trench extension of wall 083 Bright E APPENDIX 3: Drawings Register No Initials Scale Section/Plan Contexts Date 1 DL & BW 1:10 Section N facing section, Area B 17/4/05 2 JC GMcA 1:10 Section N facing section, Area B 17/4/05 3 CH, BS 1:10 Section N facing section, Area B 17/4/05 4 DL, JC 1:10 Section N facing section, Area B 17/4/05 5 MC 1:10 Section N facing section, Area A 15/5/05 6 MC 1:20 Plan Building foundations, Area A 16/5/06 7 SM 1:20 Plan Wall 085 20/5/05 8 AH 1:20 Plan Sheets 1 and 2 (085) 20/5/05 9 JL, JM 1:20 Plan Wall 086 20/5/05 10 AH 1:20 Plan Wall 075 21/8/05 11 AH 1:20 Plan Wall 075 21/8/05 12 JL/GM 1:20 Plan & Section Context 086/087 21/8/05 13 DL 1:20 Plan Floor 079 4/9/05 14 NB 1:20 Plan Wall 074 18/9/05 15 DL 1:10 Section Feature 078/079 18/9/05 16 PR/FC 1:20 Plan Floor layer 100 2/10/05 17 NB 1:20 Plan O74 and ext. to air-raid shelter 5/10/05 18 NB 1:20 Plan Air-raid shelter 5/10.05 19 NB 1:20 Profile Air-raid shelter 16/10/05 20 GR 1:10 Profile Walls 074, 075 and floor 079 16/10/05

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APPENDIX 4: Bulk Sample Register Item Sample weight Sack 1 14kg Sack 2 15kg Bag, Test Pit 7 context 7 0.5kg Bag, Test Pit 7 context 7 (1/2) 1kg Bag, Test pit 7 Context 7 (2/2) 2kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 3kg Bag, B040 2.5kg Bag, B040 3kg Bag, B040 5.5kg Bag, B040 5.5kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 2.5kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 3kg Bag, B040 3kg Bag, B040 3.5 Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 3.5kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 3kg Bag, B040 5.5kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 5kg Bag, B040 4kg Bag, B040 3kg Bag, B040 4.5kg Bag, B040 5kg Bag, B040 4.5kg Bag, B040 3kg Bag, B040 3.5

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APPENDIX 5: Finds quantification register Context Pottery CBM Mortar Glass Glass waste Clay pipe Iron Stone Flint Shell Bone Misc

No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt No Wt U/S 2004 2 boxes 7 230 1 37 1 43 22 1075 313 7967 S1 1 7 TP2 15 337 TP3 4 166 1 46 1 4 1 62 2 46 1 plastic (7g), BM (644g) TP7 1 51 3 166 2 44 3 172 1 BF (7g), 1 asbestos (14g) TP7B 1 79 2 10 2 63 1 28 U/S 2005 2 39 075 1 5 077 1 box 19 658 15 121 1 68 BM (43g) 078 VRL 2 boxes 9 1225 9 111 3 12 2 41 3 543 2 32 4 126 078 16 boxes 46 6824 13 362 11 199 11 242 2 5 3 110 3 96 1 6 3 leather (84g), 2 Ae (57g), BM

(84g) 079 0.5 box 11 672 080 15.5 box 33 2992 5 35 1 4 4 262 1 209 5 939 7 73 1 ceramic marble (4g), 6 BF

(962g), BM (32g) 092 1 bag 31 2964 1 7 1 1 096 2 3 Area A S1 2 bags 5 307 MH TP1 1 bag 10 722 1 2 14 134 2 18 2 21 18 354 5 18 1 12 1 Ae (25g), 1 plastic/steel (26g), 1

BF (6g), 1 plastic (1g) MH TP2 1 bag 2 44 2 10 3 1489 5 12 1 ceramic marble (8g), 1 Pb (29g),

1 Ae (2g), 1 plastic (6g), 1 worked bone (1g)

Total 38 boxes 179 16934 35 707 45 593 32 748 12 69 14 1920 29 1910 344 9538 12 240 14 103 Key: Contexts: VRL = vault roof layer; S = sondage; TP = test pit; U/S = unstratified; MH = 4 Morrison’s Haven Find type: Ae = copper alloy; BF = burnt flint; BM = burnt material (slag, coal etc.); Pb = lead