Mehwish NoreenMsc 4th

“cervical cancer is the cancer of cervix”

INTRODUCTION

(from the Latin cervix uteri, meaning "neck of the womb")

the lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina.

Ectocervix External Os Endocervical Canal Internal Os

ANATOMY OF CERVIX:

Histology: The ectocervix (more

distal, by the vagina) is composed of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

The endocervix (more proximal, within the uterus) is composed of simple columnar epithelium

The area adjacent to the border of the endocervix and ectocervix is known as the transformation zone

Cervical mucusCervical position Function

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the

cells of the cervix . Various strains of the human

papillomavirus (HPV), a sexually transmitted

infectionOr

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumors deriving from cells of the cervix &

Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly,

means it develops in stages.

WHAT IS THE CERVICAL CANCER??

There are two main types of cervical cancer

Squamous cell cancer “SSC”(80-85%)

Adenocarcinoma “ACC”(15-20%)

There are also other, less common types of cancer of the cervix, known as adenosquamous carcinomas, clear-cell carcinomas and small-cell carcinomas.

Types Of Cervical Cancer:

STAGES OF CERVICAL CANCER:

Carcinoma in Situ (Stage 0)

abnormal cells are found in the innermost lining of

the cervix. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby

normal tissue.

Stage I

Stage IA1 and IA2 cervical cancer

Stage IB1 and IB2 cervical cancer

Stage II

Stage III

Stage IIIA: Stage IIIB:

Stage IV

Stage IVA: Stage IVB:

WHAT IS HPV? Human papillomavirus type 16

and 18 How is HPV related to cervical

cancer?Duration of HPV infections in young womenCan men get HPV?Origin of HPV is still unknownIs HPV preventable?

ROLE OF HPV:(Human Papilloma Virus)

Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after sex (vaginal intercourse), bleeding after menopause,

bleeding and spotting between periods, and having longer or heavier (menstrual) periods than usual. Bleeding after douching, or after a pelvic exam is a common symptom of cervical cancer but not pre-cancer.

Vaginal discharge that does not stop, and may be pale, watery, pink, brown, bloody, or foul-smelling

An unusual discharge from the vagina − the discharge may contain some blood and may occur between your periods or after menopause.

Pain during sex (vaginal intercourse).

Symptoms:

Cervical cancer may spread to the bladder, intestines, lungs, and liver.

Often there are no problems until the cancer is

advanced and has spread.

Back pain Bone pain or fractures Fatigue Leaking of urine or feces from the vagina Leg pain Loss of appetite Pelvic pain Single swollen leg Weight loss

Symptoms Of Advanced Cervical Cancer

These factors may increase your risk of cervical cancer:

Many sexual partners. Early sexual activity. A weak immune system. Cigarette smoking. Family HistoryUse of Oral ContraceptivesDiethylstilbestrol (DES)Having Many Children

Risk factors:

Dr Ghazala Mehmood, a gynecologist at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences; addressing at a seminar titled "Cervical Cancer is Preventable" organized by Health Awareness. She said,

“ In every 2 minutes, one woman loses her life due to cervical cancer worldwide as 500,000 cases and over 270,000 deaths

have been reported annually. cervical cancer is the second most prevalent and the third leading cause of cancer deaths among women, adding that Pakistan was rated 3rd with 11688 cases

registered in 2008 where as Bangladesh stood 1st and India 2nd worldwide.”

Professor of Pediatrics at Child Hospital PIMS, Dr Tabish Hazir while addressing the seminar. He said,“Pakistan has moved from low risk to moderate-risk country for

cervical cancer with gradually increasing cases with 19.5 per 100,000 in 2008 as compared to 9 per 100,000 in previous

years.”

Ratio Of Cervical Cancer:

Cervical cancer screeningIt is a way to detect abnormal cervical cells, including precancerous cervical lesions, as well as early cervical

cancers.

Pap test or Pap smear;Can detect epithelial cell abnormalities Atypical squamous cells Squamous intraepithelial lesions Squamous cell carcinoma (likely to be invasive)

Limitations of the Pap test

No screening test is 100% accurate, however the Pap test has been shown to be an effective tool for preventing cervical cancer.

Diagnosis:

Additional diagnostic testingColposcopy

Cervical Biopsies

Cone biopsy

Endocervical curettage

Surgery of Preinvasive cervical cancer

• Cryosurgery• Laser surgery• Cervical conization

Treatments

Invasive cervical cancer surgery

*Simple hysterectomy

*Radiation

Radical hysterectomy

Chemotherapy

Get a regular Pap smear Limit the amount of sexual partners Quit smoking or avoid secondhand

smoke If you have married life, use condoms Get the HPV vaccine Avoid long term OCP Use physical barrier for safe sex

Preventions: