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CERN’s Ultra High Vacuum Flat Plate Solar Collector (UHVFPC)(UHVFPC)
Markets and Applications
Bjørnulf Lande, João Santos, João NunesExternal TT Network, 4th November 2008
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
2External TT Network Meeting 4th November
2
Solar Thermal Technologies
CurrentFPC – Flat Plate Collectors (Glazed or Unglazed);
(max temp 100ºC; uses diffuse light; can have mirrors)
EFPC – Evacuated Flat Plate Collectors (with or without low conductivity gases); (max temp 180ºC uses diffuse light; can have mirrors)gases); (max temp 180 C, uses diffuse light; can have mirrors)
ETC – Evacuated Tube Collectors;
(max temp 300ºC; does not use diffuse light; can have mirrors)(max temp 300 C; does not use diffuse light; can have mirrors)
PTC – Parabolic Trough Collectors;
(max temp 550ºC; does not use diffuse light; must have mirrors)(max temp 550 C; does not use diffuse light; must have mirrors)
InnovationInnovationUltra High Vacuum Flat Plate Collector
(max temp 350ºC; use diffuse light; can have mirrors)
Technology Transfer
(max temp 350 C; use diffuse light; can have mirrors)
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Ultra High Vacuum Flat Plate Collectors – Key Characteristics
Reaches Higher Temperatures than normal panels;(U 4 0ºC i h f i i )(Up to 450ºC with focusing mirrors)
Use of diffuse light;(Higher efficiency and broader area of possible use)
Combines the benefits of vacuum with flat plate panels;p p ;(Flat panels are better suited for roof applications – easier to install)
Production costs are comparable to standard flat panels in terms of energy output;Production costs are comparable to standard flat panels in terms of energy output;(Evacuated Tube Collectors have much higher production costs in terms of energy output)
Lifetime;Lifetime; (20 years, possibly more)
Technology Transfer
44External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
55External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Energy Market – World Trend
World Energy use is growing dramatically
FromFrom 20002000 toto 20602060 worldwideworldwide energyenergy consumptionconsumptionwillwill riserise byby moremore thanthan 140140%% Source: SHELL
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willwill riserise byby moremore thanthan 140140%%.. Source: SHELL
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Population Projections: United Nations “Long-Range WorldPopulation Projections: Based on the 1998 Revision”Energy Projections: “Global Energy Perspectives” ITASA / WEC
Energy Market - Breakdown of EU Consumption
European Energy Consumption
Electricity represents only a small shareof the total European Energy Consumption; 20%
p
p gy p ;
Heating & Cooling accounts for about halfof the total EU Energy Consumption;
Electricity
49% H ti & C li
From the 49% of Heating, about 80% usestemperatures below 250ºC that can be
31% Transport
Heating & Cooling(Water & Space)
provided by solar thermal systems;Transport
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Source: ESTTP (European Solar Thermal Technology Platform)
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Energy Market – Residential Building Consumption
Energy Consumption in European Residential Buildings
200 million buildings inEU 25 account for
7%13 %
Other uses
ElectricityEU-25 account forabout 40% of totalenergy consumption.
60% 20% WaterHeatinggSpaceHeating
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Source: “Heating energy consumption and resulting environmental impacts ofEuropean apartment buildings” by Constantinos A. Balaras et al.
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
99External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market – Current Status
EU27 + CH market statistics in 2007
Total in Operation15.4 GWth 22 x 106 m2
Newly Installed Capacity1 9 GW 2 7 106 21.9 GWth 2.7 x 106 m2
The European solar thermal market is showing a fast growth in newly installedcapacity.
From 1998 to 2007, total newly installed capacity in EU27+CH has tripled.
Despite the decrease of 9% in the total market in 2007, the market is expected tocontinue to grow.
Note: ESTIF considers that in average 1 m2 of panels produce 0 7 kW
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Note: ESTIF considers that, in average, 1 m2 of panels produce 0,7 kWth
Source: ESTIF (European Solar Thermal Industry Federation)External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market – EU Newly Installed Capacity
In 2007 from the total ofIn 2007, from the total of 1.9 GWth of the newly
installed capacity in EUinstalled capacity in EU
Germany was the market leaderaccounting for 35%;accounting for 35%;
Greece, Austria, Spain, France andItaly each have approximately 10%;Italy each have approximately 10%;
These 6 countries hold 83% of total newly installed capacity;
Technology Transfer
11Source: ESTIF (European Solar Thermal Industry Federation)External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market - Differences between North and South in EU
Contrary to what would be expected, both the total number of solar panels in operation and the newly installed capacity are bigger for northern countriesp y p y gg
Newly Installed Capacity10%
In Operation10%
43%34%34%
90%90%57% 66%
Countries with less than the average European solar irradiance are considered to be Northern;Northern countries;
Southern countries;Notes:
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irradiance are considered to be Northern;
Source: ESTIF (European Solar Thermal Industry Federation)External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market - Market Share of Different Solar Technologies
Flat plate collectors currentlydominate the European marketrepresenting 90% of the newly installed
From the vacuum collectors installed (whichrepresent 10% of total glazed panels installed),the northern EU countries account for ¾ ofrepresenting 90% of the newly installed
capacity in EU27 + CH;the northern EU countries account for ¾ ofthe total vacuum collectors newly installedcapacity;
Glazed Panels Market Division10%Market Distribution of Newly
Installed Vacuum Collectors%10%
28%
72%90%
Study incident on 97% of the t t l k t EU27 CHFlat Plate Collectors
Vacuum Tube CollectorsNorthern CountriesSouthern Countries
Notes:
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total market EU27 + CHFlat Plate Collectors Northern CountriesNotes:
Source: ESTIF (European Solar Thermal Industry Federation)External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market - Actors in EU
Examples of industrial actors already activeG S i UK It l A t i D k P t lGermany
(≈ 150 actors)Spain UK Italy Austria Denmark Portugal
(≈ 30 actors)
Bosch T t h i k
Solco Europe CPV Ltd. Ati di Mariani & Conergy Velux A/S Ao Sol –E iTermotechnink
Vaillant GmbH
Paradigma Energie
Zytec Solar
Isofotón
Fieldway Ltd
Filsol Ltd.
c.s.n.c
Hermann S.r.l.
Solar Systems
Ing. Aigner
Conness Energieberatungs
Energias Renovaveis, LDA.
DigalParadigma Energie-
Wagner & Co.
WESTFA GmbH
Abasol
Aiguasol
Thermomax Ltd.
Sudwel Solar
Solar Systems S.p.a
Energieberatungs
Feistrizwerke Steweag GmbH
Digal
Caupel
Alsolar
KBB Kollektorbau
Solarhaart
Ltd.Hiperclima
Solar thermal is still a young marketTechnology Transfer
141414External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market - Key Drivers
Global Market Drivers for IndustryEnergy
Serial commoditizationForces Shifting Toward Cleantech Serial commoditizationGeopolitics of fossil fuel resource use:
petroleum, natural gas,coal,etc.Energy costs and feedstock price volatility
Forces Shifting Toward Cleantech
Unsustainable land and resource utilizationThreats to biodiversity gy p y
Regulations for product use and disclosureRegulatory control of toxic emissions (air,
water, soil)Demands of Socially and Environmentally
yClimate change risk managementMarket forces going “greener”Regulatory requirements support Clean TechGlobal treaties mo ing be ond K oto Demands of Socially and Environmentally
ResponsibleInvestment (SRI) communityMarket, Risk and Regulatory factors for
Global treaties moving beyond KyotoFiscal policiesEmissions trading markets expandingThe “Hydrogen Economy”: strategy in , g y
changeGlobalization – Cost and Supply. The
China Syndrome + India
y g y gytransition
As the market is becoming mature, the focus is expected to shift from political factors, towards industrial and product related aspects.
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AMA research, European Solar Thermal Industry Forum,Conergy GmbH and Asociación Solar de la Industria TérmicaSource:
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market - Cost Reduction ForecastMass Production;Technological Advances;2 main factors are considered to bring the price down:
Factors that might justify this gap in the growth:this gap in the growth:
The increase of raw materials prices;
Behaviour of oil prices;
M k t i tiIn 2008, 15.4 GWthMarket inertia; 15.4 GWth
According to the chart, the total market should have an installed capacity of 20GWth. However, in 2008, it is only 15.4 GWth
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Source: ESTTP (European Solar Thermal Technology Platform)
008, t s o y 5 G th
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Market – EU Market Forecasts
According to ESTTP, in 2006,
Domestic Water Heating was 8% supplied by solar,Space Heating and Cooling was even a smaller percentage.
According to ESTTP, by 2030,
Solar thermal energy systems could, at least, provide up to 50% of the low temperature heating and cooling demand.
This Implies a vast Market Potential for Solar ThermalThis Implies a vast Market Potential for Solar Thermal
ESTTP:ESTTP: ““The house energy supply sector will shiftThe house energy supply sector will shift to mainly solar thermalto mainly solar thermal by 2030 ”by 2030 ”ESTTP:ESTTP: The house energy supply sector will shift The house energy supply sector will shift to mainly solar thermal to mainly solar thermal by 2030.by 2030.
ESTIF:ESTIF: ““Solar thermal heating for domestic hot water is Solar thermal heating for domestic hot water is already the already the fastest growing renewable technologyfastest growing renewable technology across Europe.across Europe.””
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Source: ESTTP (European Solar Thermal Technology Platform)ESTIF (European Solar Thermal Industry Federation)
yy g g gyg g gy pp
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
1818External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Overview of Possible Applications of Solar Thermal TechnologyLow Temperature Systems: (up to 50ºC)
Swimming pools;Agricultural purposes;
Medium Temperature Systems: (up to 120ºC)
Domestic Hot Water - The Most Common Solar Application;
Space Heating - The Biggest Potential Solar Thermal
High Temperature Systems: (above 120 ºC)
Space Heating The Biggest Potential Solar Thermal Market (combined with Space Cooling);
Industrial Processes (Ex: Drying processes);High Temperature Systems: (above 120 ºC)
Industrial Processes (Ex: Distilling and chemicalprocesses);p );Space Cooling;Electricity Production;Desalination;
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Source: http://www.solarexpert.com/heatpanel.html
19External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Technology – Overview Characteristics and Applications
Characteristics ApplicationsMax. Temp
(ºC)Diffused
lightAdaptable Integration
PoolHeating
DomesticWater
Space building Heating & Industrial
ProcessesElectricity Production(ºC) light Integration Heating Heating
gCooling Processes Production
FPC 100 Flat Plate Yes Yes Unfeasible Yes(up to 100ºC) Unfeasible
EFPC 180 Flat Plate Yes Yes Yes Yes(up to 180ºC) Unfeasible
ETC 300 (Flat Plate -possible)
Notcustomary Yes Yes Yes
(up to 300ºC) Unfeasible
PTC N N t N t Y YPTC(w/mirrors) 550 No
(Complex)Not
customaryNot
customary Yes Yes(up to 550ºC)
Yes (Ausra & Abengoa)
UHVFPC(wo/mirror) 350 Flat Plate Feasible Feasible Feasible Feasible Feasible(wo/mirror)
Legend:FPC – Flat Plate Collector
EFPC E ac ated Flat Plate Collector
Legend:Yes – There are currently applications using this technology
Not c stomar Not fo nd d ring the market assessment
Technology Transfer
EFPC – Evacuated Flat Plate Collector
ETC – Evacuated Tube Collector
PTC – Parabolic Trough Collector
UHVFPC – CERN’s Collector
Not customary – Not found during the market assessment
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
2121External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Domestic Water Heating
Solar energy is collected by a panel which is connected by pipes to a hot waterstorage device such as a hot water cylinder.
A typical solar thermal system can supply all the hot water needed in the summerand 30% in the winter so about 70% year round for central European countriesand 30% in the winter, so about 70% year round, for central European countries.
Costs of production of panels can range between 100 and 400 Euros for this typep p g ypof application.
C t f f ll i t ith i t ll ti t d i id blCost of full equipment with installation to end users varies considerablydepending on the country and on the type of equipment. (between 1000 euros and3000 Euros).
Technology Transfer
22External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Domestic Water Heating
The choices of the end consumers are completely dependent on theavailability of brands by the installers;M f t
3 Decision Makers Considerations
availability of brands by the installers;Normally, installer are only associated with one brand supplied by a single
manufacturer;
Manufacturer
Installers avoid changing brand due to switching costs however a big pricedifference can force the installers to change;Installer
The end consumer holds the purchasing power through the choice ofinstaller;
End Consumer
Most influential decision maker is considered to be the Installer;Manufacturer & End consumer are less important in the decision making process
R&D
3%Production
52%
Distribution19%
Installation
26%
End user
€500-3000 /m2
Function in value chain:
Fraction of cost:
Technology Transfer
2323
Fraction of cost:
External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
2424External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Space Heating & Cooling
There are proven Solar Thermal Systems that can provide hot water and space heatingfor a house more cost effectively than the systems based on fossil fuels for southerncountries;s;
According to ESTTP, Solar Thermal can cover 100% of the heating energy in newbuildings and 50% in existing buildings;g g g
The average cost for a solar combi thermal system is about €1100/kW for pumpedsystems in Central and North Europe and €600/kW for thermosiphon systems for SouthEurope. Experts claim that the price will decrease to €400/kW for the Northerncountries by 2030;
Th l d l th l di t i t h ti t (E D kThere are already proven solar thermal district heating systems (E.g.: Denmark,Ballenrup)
Solar Thermal cooling for applications of 100 kW are about 40 50% more expensiveSolar Thermal cooling for applications of 100 kW are about 40-50% more expensivethan systems fed by electric systems.
Small scale cooling systems are still undergoing developedTechnology Transfer
Small scale cooling systems are still undergoing developed.
25External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Space Heating & Cooling
Constraints
Small scale Solar Cooling is still in an early stage of development, more R&D isg y g p ,necessary to create an alternative to the existing coolers;
Although there are already proven solar thermal district heating systemsdevelopments in long term thermal energy storage systems would be of greatimportance for this market segment;
L k f kill d f i t ll ti f tLack of skilled manpower for installation of systems.
Lack of awareness by consumers
Technology Transfer
26External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
2727External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Swimming Pool Heating
P l h ti i ll li h d ith Fl t Pl t P l ( i t tPool heating is normally accomplished with Flat Plate Panels (using temperatures bellow 100 °C);
The payback times between: 1,7 and 2,5 years;
System costs around $3500System costs around $3500.
Technology Transfer
28External TT Network Meeting 4th November
OutlineSolar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
O i f A li tiOverview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & CoolingSpace Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial ProcessesIndustrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity ProductionElectricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
2929External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Industrial Processes
Solar Thermal energy use in industrial applications is, at the moment, veryreduced Up to 2006 there were only 85 installations working in Europe (27 MW-reduced. Up to 2006, there were only 85 installations working in Europe (27 MW38.500 m²);
There is a big potential for growth. The industrial sector represents 30% of theThere is a big potential for growth. The industrial sector represents 30% of theenergy consumption in the OECD countries (of which 67% to produce Heat and 33%for electricity);
Flat plate collectors are the most common technology in this market segment(70%), only 8 installations use evacuated tube collectors;
The major share of energy needed for industrial processes is below 250 °C.
Energy savings of 33% (in heating) were made at experimental installations in theS th E It i di t d th t i C t l d N th E iSouth Europe. It is predicted that in Central and Northern Europe savings rangebetween 20-45%.
Technology Transfer
30External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Source: IEA (International Energy Agency)Task 33 - Solar task for industrial Processes
Solar Thermal Applications - Industrial Processes
Constraints
Energy is not the main cost driver for industry
For industrial cooling, not only upfront investments are higher than for conventionalcooling machines (2-2,5 times more) but also life cycle cost is 20% higher than thestandard price (over the lifetime of the systems);
Many industrial processes require higher temperatures than the typical solar thermalsystems for domestic hot water and space heating applications;
Lack of awareness from decision makers;
Storage is considered the most important bottleneck for the future expansion of thisStorage is considered the most important bottleneck for the future expansion of thismarket. The ideal storage capacity of 1 week to 1 month is still to be achieved in acost efficient way;
Technology Transfer
31External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Source: ESTIF (European Solar Thermal Industry Federation)
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
3232External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Water Desalination
I. Could the existing desalination industry make use of solar panels providing a higher temperature?solar panels providing a higher temperature?
Half of the industrial water desalination systems today arepowered using heat as energy source.
The commercial actors active today are providing water at acost 9 times more expensive that systems powered by fossilcost 9 times more expensive that systems powered by fossilfuels.
Technology Transfer
33External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications - Water Desalination
II. Is the price of the CERN technology competitive against other solar collectors used for desalination?against other solar collectors used for desalination?
The cost picture for solar thermal water desalination is unclear, so it is hardto specify the savings in terms of energy to perform a comparison to fossil fuels.p y g gy p p
The desalination market is still in a The desalination market is still in a very early stagevery early stage andandit is yet not able to use CERN technology for its processes.it is yet not able to use CERN technology for its processes.it is yet not able to use CERN technology for its processes.it is yet not able to use CERN technology for its processes.
Technology Transfer
34External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
3535External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Solar Thermal Applications – Electricity Production
Electricity Production is still in a very early stage
There are still very few solar thermal power plantsrunning. These plants have small capacity.running. These plants have small capacity.
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Key Market Factor is the price per kW/h
Solar Thermal Applications – Electricity Production - Examples
Parabolic Trough Collector (550ºC)(Ausra, California; Abengoa, Almeria);( g )
Tower Concentrator (900ºC)(Abengoa, Sevilha)
Dish designs (≈400ºC)(California) Ultra High
Vacuum Collector
Fresnel Reflectores (500ºC)(Australia)
Vacuum Collector (450ºC)
(SRB, Valencia)(Australia)
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Solar Thermal Applications – Electricity Production
Limitations
Both Parabolic Trough Collector and Tower Concentrator:g
Require very precise mirrors (Higher Investement & Operationcosts ).
No use of difuse light (Limited Geographical Use)
CERN’s Solar Panels does not present these limitations
Technology Transfer
38External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Outline
Solar Thermal Technologies
Market
Energy Market
Solar Thermal Market
Overview of Applications
Domestic Water Heating
Space Heating & Cooling
Swimming Pool Heating
Industrial Processes
Desalination
Electricity Production
Conclusions
Technology Transfer
3939External TT Network Meeting 4th November
Conclusions – Unique Selling Propositions (USP´s)
I. The high temperature that CERN’spanel can reach – 300ºC or up to450°C with reflective mirrors – make
III. Due to its Ultra High Vacuumthat reduce significantly thermallosses not only through convectionit ideal for the following applications:
Space heating & cooling;Electricity production;
losses not only through convectionbut also through conduction, CERN’spanel can achieve higherefficiencies than the available
High temperature industrial applications;
panels in the regions of Centraland Northern Europe
II. CERN´s panel uses both directand diffuse light to generate heat
IV. CERN’s panel is also wellsuited for roof mountedapplication once it is flat plate
(unlike evacuable tubes). This factgrants an important advantage thatmay lead to a successfulimplementation of solar thermal panels
pp ppanel.
implementation of solar thermal panelsin the Northern countries, wherediffuse light can reach 50% of thetotal light;
THANK YOU FOR YOUR THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!!ATTENTION!!!
Technology Transfer
4040External TT Network Meeting 4th November