Cerebral PalsyCerebral Palsy Cause unknown but may be due to birth Cause unknown but may be due to birth

injury or abnormal brain developmentinjury or abnormal brain development It is present at birthIt is present at birth Symptoms include: Symptoms include: Spastic quadriplegiaSpastic quadriplegia Head RollingHead Rolling GrimacingGrimacing Difficulty with speech and Difficulty with speech and swallowingswallowingNORMAL INTELLIGENCE!NORMAL INTELLIGENCE!

Cerebral Palsy TreatmentsCerebral Palsy Treatments

Physical TherapyPhysical Therapy

Occupational TherapyOccupational Therapy

Speech TherapySpeech Therapy

No Cure! No Cure!

Treat Symptoms!!Treat Symptoms!!

Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease

Caused by a decrease Caused by a decrease of the neurotransmitter of the neurotransmitter dopamine.dopamine.

Etiology is unknown Etiology is unknown though recent research though recent research has focused on has focused on looking for a specific looking for a specific genegene

Parkinson’s DiseaseParkinson’s Disease

Symptoms:Symptoms: TremorsTremors Shuffling GaitShuffling Gait Pill-RollingPill-Rolling Muscular RigidityMuscular Rigidity

Treatment:Treatment: L-dopa and other L-dopa and other

drugs to treat drugs to treat symptomssymptoms

EncephalitisEncephalitis Inflammation of the brainInflammation of the brain Cause – virus or chemicalCause – virus or chemical Most common cause is Most common cause is

herpes simplex virus that herpes simplex virus that leads to hemorrhage of the leads to hemorrhage of the temporal lobes or viruses temporal lobes or viruses from mosquitoes or animalsfrom mosquitoes or animals

SymptomsSymptoms FeverFever

LethargyLethargy Extreme WeaknessExtreme Weakness Visual disturbancesVisual disturbances

EpilepsyEpilepsy

Seizure disorder of the Seizure disorder of the brain, characterized by brain, characterized by recurring and excessive recurring and excessive discharge from neuronsdischarge from neurons

Seizures believed to be a Seizures believed to be a result of spontaneous result of spontaneous uncontrolled electrical uncontrolled electrical activity of neuronsactivity of neurons

Cause – UncertainCause – Uncertain Diagnosed with EEG Diagnosed with EEG

(electroencephalogram)(electroencephalogram)

EpilepsyEpilepsy Victims may have Victims may have

hallucinations and seizureshallucinations and seizures Two types of seizuresTwo types of seizures 1. Grand Mal – severe, 1. Grand Mal – severe,

convulsive seizure.convulsive seizure. 2. Petit Mal – milder 2. Petit Mal – milder

(sometimes like someone (sometimes like someone is just staring)is just staring)

Treatment is Treatment is anticonvulsant medicationsanticonvulsant medications

DementiaDementia

Loss of 2 areas of complex Loss of 2 areas of complex behavior, such as language, behavior, such as language, memory, visual and spatial memory, visual and spatial abilities, or judgementabilities, or judgement

Interferes with person’s Interferes with person’s daily life.daily life.

Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease

Progressive disease that Progressive disease that begins with problems begins with problems rememberingremembering

Nerve endings in cortex of Nerve endings in cortex of brain degenerate and block brain degenerate and block signals that pass between signals that pass between nerve cellsnerve cells

Abnormal fibers build up Abnormal fibers build up creating tanglescreating tangles

Cause is unknownCause is unknown

Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease

First Stage (2-4 years) First Stage (2-4 years) ConfusionConfusion Short Term Memory LossShort Term Memory Loss AnxietyAnxiety Poor JudgementPoor Judgement

    

Alzheimer’s DiseaseAlzheimer’s Disease

22ndnd Stage (2-10 years) Stage (2-10 years) Increase in memory Increase in memory

lossloss Difficulty recognizing Difficulty recognizing

peoplepeople Motor problemsMotor problems Logic problemsLogic problems Loss of social skillsLoss of social skills

33rdrd Stage (1-3 years) Stage (1-3 years) Inability to recognize Inability to recognize

oneselfoneself Weight lossWeight loss SeizuresSeizures Mood swingsMood swings Aphasia ***Aphasia ***

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Chronic inflammatory Chronic inflammatory disease of the CNSdisease of the CNS

Immune cells attack myelin Immune cells attack myelin sheath of axon – myelin sheath of axon – myelin sheath destroyed, leaving sheath destroyed, leaving scar tissue on the nerve scar tissue on the nerve cells.cells.

Transmission of impulses Transmission of impulses blockedblocked

Cause unknownCause unknown

Multiple Multiple SclerosisSclerosis

Symptoms:Symptoms: Weakness of extremitiesWeakness of extremities NumbnessNumbness Double VisionDouble Vision NystagmusNystagmus Speech problemsSpeech problems Loss of coordinationLoss of coordination Possible paralysisPossible paralysis

Usually strikes young adults Usually strikes young adults age 20-40, mostly womenage 20-40, mostly women

Rx – Avonex – slows Rx – Avonex – slows progressionprogression

Bell’s PalsyBell’s Palsy 77thth Cranial nerve involved Cranial nerve involved Victim seems to have a stroke on Victim seems to have a stroke on

one side of the face one side of the face Eye does not close properlyEye does not close properly The mouth droopsThe mouth droops Numbness on the effected sideNumbness on the effected side Cause – unknownCause – unknown Symptoms disappear within a few Symptoms disappear within a few

weeksweeks

Trigeminal NeuralgiaTrigeminal Neuralgia

Involves 5Involves 5thth cranial cranial nervenerve

Cause – unknownCause – unknown Onset – rapidOnset – rapid Symptoms - Severe Symptoms - Severe

pain brought on by pain brought on by mild stimuli that lasts mild stimuli that lasts 2-5 seconds2-5 seconds

Rx – analgesics or Rx – analgesics or removal of nerveremoval of nerve

SciaticaSciatica

Form of neuritis that affects the Form of neuritis that affects the sciatic nervesciatic nerve

May be rupture of lumbar disc or May be rupture of lumbar disc or arthritic changesarthritic changes

Symptoms – pain which radiates Symptoms – pain which radiates through buttock, behind knee and through buttock, behind knee and down to footdown to foot

Rx – traction, physical therapy, Rx – traction, physical therapy, possible surgerypossible surgery

Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)

Stroke or CVAStroke or CVA Interruption of blood Interruption of blood

and oxygen to the and oxygen to the brainbrain

Tissue death occursTissue death occurs Third leading cause of Third leading cause of

death in the USAdeath in the USA

Cerebral Vascular Accident Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)(CVA)

Risk Factors:Risk Factors: SmokingSmoking HypertensionHypertension Heart DiseaseHeart Disease Family HistoryFamily History

Causes of CVA’sCauses of CVA’s

90% caused by blood 90% caused by blood clots in the brain or clots in the brain or the carotid arteriesthe carotid arteries

Clots lodge in carotid Clots lodge in carotid arteries, blocking the arteries, blocking the flow of blood to the flow of blood to the brainbrain

10% caused by 10% caused by ruptured blood vessels ruptured blood vessels in brain( aneurysm)in brain( aneurysm)

Symptoms of CVASymptoms of CVAHemiplegia on opposite side Hemiplegia on opposite side

of the bodyof the body Sudden severe headacheSudden severe headache DizzinessDizziness Sudden loss of vision in Sudden loss of vision in

one eyeone eye AphasiaAphasia DysphasiaDysphasia ComaComa Possible DeathPossible Death

Treatment of CVATreatment of CVA

1. Get to the hospital 1. Get to the hospital immediately!immediately!

2. CAT scan done to 2. CAT scan done to determine etiologydetermine etiology

3. If a clot, treatment 3. If a clot, treatment aimed at dissolving the aimed at dissolving the clot – usually use TPAclot – usually use TPA

The “golden hour”.The “golden hour”.

Prevention of CVAsPrevention of CVAs

If TIAs – one aspirin a If TIAs – one aspirin a dayday

Stop smokingStop smoking Exercise and lose Exercise and lose

weightweight Control hypertensionControl hypertension

Types of ParalysisTypes of Paralysis

Paralysis – Loss of power of motion or sensationParalysis – Loss of power of motion or sensation Hemiplegic – paralysis on one side of body – Hemiplegic – paralysis on one side of body –

usually seen with strokes ( hemi- one half)usually seen with strokes ( hemi- one half) Quadriplegia – paralysis of all four extremitiesQuadriplegia – paralysis of all four extremities Paraplegia – paralysis of a “pair” of extremities Paraplegia – paralysis of a “pair” of extremities

only. “pair of legs” or “pair of arms”only. “pair of legs” or “pair of arms”

Diagnostic Tests for the BrainDiagnostic Tests for the Brain

MRI – Magnetic MRI – Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Resonance Imaging – uses a magnetic field uses a magnetic field along with a radio along with a radio frequency to produce frequency to produce cross-section images of cross-section images of the body. the body.

Patient inserted into Patient inserted into chamber build within a chamber build within a huge magnethuge magnet

Diagnostic Tests of the BrainDiagnostic Tests of the Brain

CAT Scan – CAT Scan – (Computerized Axial (Computerized Axial Tomography)Tomography)

Combines X-ray Combines X-ray emission with nuclear emission with nuclear medicine – produces medicine – produces cross-sectional imagescross-sectional images

Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic Tests

ElectroencephalogrElectroencephalogram (EEG) –am (EEG) –recording of the recording of the electrical activity of electrical activity of the brainthe brain