centrally sponsored scheme on conservation and management...
TRANSCRIPT
Centrally Sponsored Scheme on
Conservation and Management of
Mangroves and Coral Reefs
Dr. Amita Prasad
Addl. Secretary
Dr. J R Bhatt
Advisor
Scientist B
What are Mangroves? • Survive salinity, tidal regime, strong wind velocity, high
temperature and muddy anaerobic soil
• Also known as ‘Tidal Forests’, ‘Coastal Woodlands’,
‘Walking Forest in the Sea’, ‘Root of the Sea’ and
‘Oceanic Rain Forests’.
• As ecosystems, they are symbiotic links between land
and sea.
Why bother about Mangroves?
• Support coastal biodiversity, fishery resources and fisher livelihoods
• Support globally endangered species ranging from plankton to
invertebrates; amphibians and reptiles to birds and mammals
• Removing pollutants such as carbon and heavy metals
• Providing forest products such as fuel-wood, fodder, and honey
• Source of valuable genes
• Annual economic value is US$ 9990/- per hectare
Why bother about Mangroves?
• Tsunami and cyclone mitigating effect of mangroves &
other coastal vegetation scientifically proven (Saudamini Das (2007. Mangroves- A natural defence against cyclones: An
investigation from Orissa, India. Sandee Policy Brief 24-07: 1-4.).
• Human death and property loss were less behind
mangroves & sand dune vegetation (Kathiresan & Rajendran, 2005 Estua. Coastal & Shelf Sci.65: 601-606)
• Mangroves also enhance fisheries and forestry
production. These combined benefits are not expected
with concrete coastal protection structure
(Danielsen et al., 2005 Science, 310: 643)
Why bother about Mangroves?
• Research Findings in the last thirty years
• herbal tea from mangroves,
• anticancer compounds
• antioxidants
• in vitro antiviral activity against human and animal
pathogenic viruses like HIV, New castle disease
virus, and hepatitis B virus
• antidiabetic activity, comparable to commercial
drugs
• Hypolipidemic anti-cholesterol activity
• mosquito repellent and larvicidal effects
• stimulation of hair growth
What are Coral Reefs?
• Corals reefs are the skeletons of stony coral polyps cemented together.
• Symbiotic relationship between Zooxanthellae, a photosynthetic alga and polyps.
• Coral reefs form the most dynamic ecosystem, providing shelter and nourishment to marine flora and fauna.
Why bother about Coral Reefs?
• Protect shorelines from big waves
by absorbing wave energy
• Provide a safe place for fish to
spawn (release eggs into the
water)
• Provide habitats for a large variety
of organisms
• Provide food (fish) and livelihoods
• Many anti-cancer drugs and
painkillers.
• Help in the carbon cycle.
Total reef area in India – 3062. sq.km (S.A.C.,2010)
Reef Areas in India
There are 4 major reef areas in India
• Gulf of Mannar
• Gulf of Kachchh
• A & N Islands
• Lakshadweep
Islands
CSS on Mangroves and Coral
Reefs
• CS Scheme on Conservation and Management
of Mangroves & Coral Reefs initiated in 1987
• 100% Central Assistance to the Coastal
States/UTs in 80:20 ratio for Core and Ancillary
activities for implementation of the their
approved Management Action Plans.
• 38 Mangroves & 4 Coral Reef areas identified as
priority conservation areas so far.
Impact assessment &
evaluation
Community
participation
Staff training and skills
Shelter belt development
Protection & Monitoring
Restoration & regeneration
Biodiversity
conservation
Sustainable resource
development
Alternate &
supplementary
livelihood
Desilting
Environment Education & awareness
Weed & pollution control
Plantation
Components of Management
Action Plan
Physical performance
S.
No.
State/UT
Assessment Year (Area in sq. km.)
1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2009 2011 2013 2015
1 Andhra
Pradesh
495 405 399 378 383 383 397 333 329 354 353 352 352 367
2 Goa 0 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 16 16 17 22 22 26
3 Gujarat 427 412 397 419 689 901 1031 911 916 991 1,046 1058 1103 1107
4 Karnataka 0 0 0 0 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 Kerala 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 5 5 6 6 9
6 Maharashtra 140 114 113 155 155 124 108 118 158 186 186 186 186 222
7 Orissa 199 192 195 195 195 211 215 219 203 217 221 222 213 231
8 Tamil Nadu 23 47 47 21 21 21 21 23 35 36 39 39 39 47
9 West Bengal 2076 2109 2119 2119 2119 2123 2125 2081 2120 2136 2152 2155 2097 2106
10 A&N Islands 686 973 971 966 966 966 966 789 658 635 615 617 604 617
11 Daman& Diu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1.56 1.63 3
12 Puducherry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
Total 4046 4255 4244 4256 4533 4737 4871 4482 4448 4581 4639 4663 4628 4740
Mangrove forests: disappearing by 0.7% in world
but increasing by 1.2% in India!
India had a mangrove cover of about 6,000 sq. km during 1960s, and reduced to 4,046 sq.km in 1987
Mangrove cover started recovering from then on and now stands at 4740 sq.km.
+
Budgetary details of the Scheme:
An amount of Rs. 50.00 crore @Rs.10.00 crore per annum during XII
Plan period.
Approx. an amount of Rs. 26.50 crore has been released during four
years of the XII Plan period.
Items BE RE Expenditure
X Plan Period 35.50 35.50 35.50
XI Plan Period 35.50 35.50 36.25
XII Plan Period 50.00 26.50 From 2012 -13 to 2015-16
26.50
Rs. 18.00 crore has been allocated for the Scheme during 2016-17.
Knowledge Products
Our rich resource base
Issues/Challenges
• Life saving role and need for
active afforestration
• Low budgetary allocation
• Poor Awareness among Coastal
States/UTs
• Need for Quality planting
materials and
• Need for targeted site specific
research
• Mainstreaming coastal and
marine biodiversity in the syllabus
of IFS and State Forest
Department Services.
Issues/Challenges
• Different data sets – SAC, FSI, NRSA,
IIRS, Universities, Research Institutes,
Forest Departments
• Mangrove genetic Paradise in world –
Bhitarkanika - Kalibhanjdia
• Climate Change and Mangroves –
Salinity tolerance genes for rice,
tomatoes etc.; Carbon sequestration 50
time more
• Private sector involvement – Shell,
Hajira, Tata Chemicals, Godrej etc.
• New models of JMM
Way Forward
• Participatory approach deserves much more attention with
peoples’ participation especially youth, among the three
approaches (promotion, regulatory and participatory), .
• Increasing the number of mangrove areas brought under
Management Action Plan in all States/UTs
• Restoration of mangrove ecosystem services in vulnerable
areas
• Encouraging basic & applied research on mangroves