centrally planned economies: industrial organisation and structural inefficiencies
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Centrally Planned Economies: Industrial Organisation and Structural Inefficiencies. Planning theory and planning practice Setting the production quotas Rationing the supply of resources Planning procedure, material balances Why central planning creates disproportion - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Centrally Planned Economies: Industrial Organisation and Structural InefficienciesPlanning theory and planning practice Setting the production quotasRationing the supply of resourcesPlanning procedure, material balancesWhy central planning creates disproportion Concentration and specialization of enterprises Material inputs and inventories Capital productivitylow capacity utilization rateslow retirement of fixed capital stocklong construction periods Static efficiency Technical progress
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Planning theory
The simplified basic equation of the input-output model describes the distribution of output of each particular product:
,
where xi, yi, Ei, Ii, si - volumes of production, final consumption, export, import and change in stocks of i-product respectively,
while aij - input-output coefficients, i.e. inputs of i-product per unit of j-product output.
The utility function is:
F = ay1 + by2 + ... + wyn => max,
where a, b, ... w - parameters, fixing the structure of final consumption.
_1166619390.unknown
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Planning practice: material balancesPrinciple #1: Production quotas (plan of product nomenclature)Gosplan provided plans for 2,000 product groupsGossnab divided them into 15,000 positionsMinistries divided them into 50,000 positionsFinally, each product position was sub-divided into into 10-15 specific products at a stage of linking suppliers and usersSo about 0.5-0.75 million items were planned, whereas 25 million items of goods were producedPrinciple # 2: Centralized allocation of resourcesMaterials and equipment supply plan for every enterpriseEnterprises obtain from higher authorities a supply plan with precise assignment of producers and volume of deliveries
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Limitations of central planningAll direct and indirect resource inputs must be calculatedIn practice, it is impossible to gather all the necessary information: To many productsCosts of information gatheringUnobservable variables, e.g. technological coefficients for new products and technologies, parameters of demand functionCentral planning creates disproportionsNo physical capacity to draw up an optimal planFor than reason, mistakes are inevitableCorrections of the plan were a universal practiceThe majority of goods was either in short supply or in surplus
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Fulfillment of PlansProduction plans were not fulfilled, since enterprises were not provided with resources - shortages and overproduction was a rule rather than the exceptionActual production growth rates for individual enterprises had nothing in common with plan targetsSimple extrapolation of the trend of the five years are better predictors of actual output than planned guidelinesPlans were constantly correctedBargains between Gosplan, branch-industry ministries, and enterprises over exactly what can be produced Iteration process - multi-phased negotiations
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Structural Inefficiencies: Industrial Organization Concentration, horizontal and vertical integration, diversificationSpecialization: How and why the planners overburdened the enterprises with non-profile activitiesSpecialization: How and why enterprises and ministries tended to be self-sufficientEnterprisesMinistriesCo-ordination between ministries
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Planning and Management OrganizationManagement organized by industrial sectors and territoriesBy territory: Some businesses under authority of the Union Republics and local administrative bodies (agriculture, services, light industry)By sector: About thirty all-union ministries responsible for manufacturing and mining; Glavki (main directorates) within ministries responsible for sub-industries (four-digit level) - heavy industry, transportation, communications, financeDrawbacks of this structure of management:Weak inter-sectoral or inter-regional cooperationAttempts to reform the structure of management: late 1950s (sovnarkhozy), 1970s (science-production associations), 1980s (RAPO - regional agro-industrial associations)
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Management hierarchy of the Soviet economy
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Share of all-union and republican enterprises in total industrial output and capital stock, 1989
PRIVATE Republics
Enterprises subordinated to all-union ministries
Enterprises subordinated to union-republican and republican ministries
Share in
Share in
Output,%
Capital stock,%
Output,%
Capital stock,%
USSR
61.4
81.1
38.6
18.9
RSFSR (Russia)
69.0
86.8
31.0
13.2
Ukraune
58.0
72.8
42.0
27.2
Byelorussia
53.5
74.4
46.5
25.6
Lithuania
39.2
66.1
60.8
33.9
Latvia
38.7
62.2
61.3
37.8
Estonia
28.5
59.0
71.5
41.0
Moldova
28.4
48.2
71.6
51.8
Armenia
50.8
71.9
49.2
28.1
Georgia
31.4
65.9
68.6
34.1
Azerbaidjan
46.7
81.4
53.3
18.6
Kazakhstan
49.5
67.0
50.5
33.0
Uzbekistan
34.8
66.1
65.2
33.9
Turkmenistan
37.0
83.0
63.0
17.0
Kirghizia
33.0
69.0
67.0
31.0
Tadjikistan
28.9
72.4
71.1
27.6
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR v 1989 godu (National Economy of the USSR in 1989). Moscow, 1990, p. 331.
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Agricultural production in individual land plots, 1989-90
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years; Ekonomika i Zhiz'n, 1991, N6; 1990, N21, 22.
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ConcentrationIn 1986, there were about 514,000 business entities in the country:46,000 industrial enterprises50,000 collective and state farms32,000 construction associationsSoviet enterprises were the largest in the worldAverage industrial enterprise had about 1,000 workersAverage collective or state farm had 500 workers
-
Share of enterprises with over 1000 employees in total industrial output(Izvestiya Financial Times, April 1992)
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Concentration in the industrial sector of the USSR and some OECD countries, late 1980s
PRIVATE Enterprises with number of employees:
Share of enterprises of indicated size in total number of enterprises with over 10 employees
USSR
Six OECD countriesa
10-100
2.2
35.0
101-500
15.3
33.0
501-1000
12.5
13.0
Over 1000
70.0
19.0
Average number of employees
834
86
a Austria, Belgium, France, Italy, Japan, Sweden.
Source: Business in the USSR, January 1991 (N1), p. 65.
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Average size of enterprises in selected industries, EC and the USSR, 1987
PRIVATE Industry
Number of employees per enterprise
Ratio, USSR/ECa
EC
USSR
Iron and steel
517
3833
7.4
Non-ferrous metals
160
2699
16.9
Machine-building and metal working
-Electrotechnical industry
-Non-electrical machine-building
-Motor vechicles
196
299
102
705
2699
1645
1468
4828
13.8
5.5
14.4
6.8
Chemicals
221
1871
8.5
Construction materials
126
437
3.5
Light industry
102
650
6.4
Agricultural processing
183
289
1.6
TOTAL
163
846
5.2
a West Germany, Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom.
Source: Stabilization, Liberalization and Devolution: Assessment of the Economic Situation and the Reform Process in the Soviet Union. Commission of the European Communities, December, 1990, p. 36.
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ConcentrationPrimarily horizontal integration of production in USSR - activities of enterprises concentrated primarily in one field (due to industry-branch principle of management)One and only one ministry was responsible for the output of each major type of productWithout the formal permission of the Ministry of Auto industry, it was forbidden to produce car trailersSoviet enterprises were large, but only horizontally integrated. No vertically integrated enterprises and diversified enterprises, like IBM or General Motors
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Concentration in agricultureNumber of farmsIn 1929: about 20 millions at the start of collectivizationIn 1940: 237,000 collective farms, 4,000 state farms, less than 1 million individual peasant farmsIn 1950: 130,000 collective and state farmsIn 1960: about 50,000 collective and state farms, individual farms disappeared (poorest collective farms were transformed into state farms later on)In 1989: 28,000 collective farms, 23,000 state farmsAverage collective or state farm in 1980s:500 employees20,000 hectares of land; 10,000 hectares of agricultural landExtremely large size, too big to be efficient
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Specialization: enterprises were forced by the planners to produce goods and services that had nothing to do with their mainstream production. Why? To overcome shortages that inevitably resulted from central planningExamples:Periodic campaigns to develop auxiliary agricultural operations to contribute to the fulfillment of food program More than 20,000 auxiliary agricultural units attached to factories, construction sites and even military unitsOne quarter to one third of all enterprises had agricultural unitsTargets for consumer goods production for all enterprises, including defense Obligatory participation in seasonal agricultural worksassistance to farms during sowing and harvesting campaignsObligatory participation in road constructionEvery enterprise in the region was required to provide trucks, tractors, excavators, etc. (with drivers) for six working days a year for the construction of local roadsHectare-based principle of planningFor the planners such a universal campaign method was the only possible way to overcome shortages, even though at a cost of efficiency
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Auxiliary agricultural units of non-agricultural enterprises, 1988
PRIVATE Indicator
Absolute volume
Share of total,%
Number of auxiliary units, thousands
22.2
-
Agricultural land, million hectares
7.7
1.3
Arable land, million hectares
2.1
0.9
Cattle population, million heads
1.1
0.9
Pig population, million heads
2.8
3.6
Meat production, million tons
0.4
2.0
Milk production, million tons
0.8
0.7
Potatoes production, million tons
0.4
0.6
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR v 1989 godu (National Economy of the USSR in 1989). Moscow, 1990.
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Specialization: Do it yourselfDirectors of enterprises strived to have everything at hand not depend on suppliersIt was easier to produce needed nuts and bolts than to arrange the supply processSo whole constellation of repair, instrument, construction, and packing and other auxiliary shops and subdivisions surrounded the basic production facilityThe production costs at such subdivisions were 2-3 times higher than at specialized enterprisesIn the mainstream production labor productivity was 75% of the level in Western countriesIn the industry overall - 60% of the level in Western countriesMany companies carried out their own construction (12% of all construction works)More workers (8 million) repaired equipment than produced itCost of servicing equipment and repair was 8-10 times higher than initial costs of the machines
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Self-sufficiency at the industry-branch (ministry) levelRequesting something from the other ministry was troublesome and there was no guarantee that the promises would be honoredMinistries tended not to procure goods from outsiders, even if they were conveniently located, but preferred to get supplies from their own plants (subordinated to the same ministry)This caused irrational cargo shippingMany ministries had their transportation units, recreation facilities, forest territories (to procure lumber and timber)
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Specialization: Costs of departmental barriersGreatest problems with interaction of enterprises emerged at the borders of sectors or regions Scientific and technical progress, introduction of new equipment and technology suffered the most (most innovations are of inter-industry type)Inventions demanding interdepartmental coordination were introduced very slowThis is why USSR lagged behind in the production of computers, biotechnology, composite materials Successful examples of technical progress include nuclear energy and missiles production (partly due to military priorities, partly - to timely establishment of new management bodies - Ministry of general machine building and Ministry of average (medium) machine buildingLack of small-scale specialized factoriesMinistries were accountable only first and foremost for the key productsMajor shortages of products of secondary importance (trifles, melochevka)
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Major structural inefficiencies in Soviet economy resulting from its industrial organizationConsciously and unconsciously the planners tried to have large enterprises (to reduce the number of planned targets)Large enterprises were not bad, but there was a lack of vertically integrated and diversified enterprisesNo small specialized enterprises===================================================The planners overburdened the enterprises with a whole range of activities unrelated to their mainstream production Not being able to elaborate the appropriate production ties between specialized enterprises, the planners often launched campaigns urging every enterprise to contribute to the production of the particular items - if everyone will produce a little bit, the shortage may disappear To protect themselves from regular disruptions of deliveries of supplies enterprises, ministries and regional authorities strived for self-sufficiency and autarchy, via creation of numerous small and inefficient repair, construction, mechanical, instrumental, transportation and other auxiliary units - not efficient, but badly needed to overcome interruptions of supplies
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Structural Inefficiencies: Material inputs and inventories, capital productivity and technical progressMaterial inputs and inventoriesFixed capital stock - decreasing productivityData on capital productivitySlow retirement - wearing out of capital stock Capacity utilization rateGrowing unfinished constructionTechnical Progress and capital allocationR and D and innovationsTechnical progress and the choice of investment alternatives
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High material and energy intensity of Soviet EconomyUSSR used 1.5 times more materials and 2.1 more energy per unit of national income than the USThe share of material and supplies in the value of gross industrial output was 65-70% as compared to 55-60% in the USProduced and consumed 1.5 to 2 times more steel and cement per unit of output than the USDomestic machines and machine tools were 15% to 25% heavier than foreign modelsAgricultural production was 15% less than in the US, but used 3.5 times more energyMaterial and energy intensity was increasing
-
Energy intensity of GDPSource: Dobozi I. Soviet Energy Policy and Consumption in 1990s:The Need for new Thinking and Price Reform.1991.
Chart6
720800370570
737.3826.8423.6572
813.2682.9339.5482.8
822.9564.6274.8408.6
USSR
USA
Japan
OECD
Tons of oil equivalent per mill. $ GDP
1
Agricultural goodsAll goodsIndustrial goods
108%123%141%108123141
1923177%96%120%7796120
288%115%158%88115158
3102%145%207%102145207
489%156%276%89156276
19241124%169%229%124169229
2156%181%209%156181209
3141%169%202%141169202
4130%164%199%130164199
19251152%172%194%152172194
2198%195%191%198195191
3186%188%190%186188190
4156%174%195%156174195
19261169%182%198%169182198
2191%196%202%191196202
3164%183%204%164183204
4157%179%204%157179204
19271154%177%203%154177203
2160%177%196%160177196
3157%173%191%157173191
4154%170%188%154170188
19281156%171%188%156171188
2156%171%188%156171188
3157%172%187%157172187
4166%179%187%166179187
167%177%188%167177188
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
"Scissors crisis"
Agricultural goods
All goods
Industrial goods
3-1
ExportState PurchasesProduction
19139.186
192611.676.8
19271172.3
19280.110.873.3
19290.316.171.7
19304.822.183.5
19315.222.869.5
19321.818.569.9
3-1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Production
State Purchases
Export
5-1-a
191386.0
1924
69.3
69.3
69.3
192869.3
73.6
73.6
73.6
73.6
193373.6
72.9
72.9
72.9
193772.9
77.9
77.9
194077.9
1945
64.8
64.8
64.8
64.8
195064.8
88.5
88.5
88.5
88.5
195588.5
121.5
121.5
121.5
121.5
1960121.5
130.3
130.3
130.3
130.3
1965130.3
167.6
167.6
167.6
167.6
1970167.6
181.6
181.6
181.6
181.6
1975181.6
205.0
205.0
205.0
205.0
1980205.0
180.3
180.3
180.3
180.3
1985180.3
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
1990212.1
5-1-a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Average annual grain harvest (million tons)
5-1-b
19135
3
19284.9
19322.8
19373
19404.7
19452.6
19504.9
19556.3
19608.7
196510
197012.3
197515
198015.1
198517.1
199019.9
5-1-b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Meat production (Million tons)
5-1-c
191658.4
191850.8
192240.9
192958.2
193333.5
193850.9
194154.5
194647.6
195157.1
195455.8
196074.2
196587.2
197199.2
1976111
1981115.1
1986120.9
1991116.2
5-1-c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cattle (Million Head)
5-1-d
1913100%
191786%
192170%
1926128%
1928129%
1933102%
1938114%
1940116%
194579%
1950125%
1955139%
1960169%
1965176%
1970206%
1975202%
1980209%
1985221%
1990228%
5-1-d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Per capita agricultural output (1913=100%)
4-3-a
Alternative EstimateOfficial Statistics
192122.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
192922.525.5
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
19389.017.1
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
19505.07.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
19866.58.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
19902.5
4-3-a
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Official Statistics
Alternative Estimate
percent
4-3-b
Alternative EstimateOfficial Statistics
192113.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
192913.617.5
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
19388.016.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
19504.36.2
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
19864.76.9
1.4
1.4
1.4
19901.4
4-3-b
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Official Statistics
Alternative Estimate
percent
4-3-c
Alternative EstimateOfficial Statistics
19216.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
19296.76.8
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
19381.20.1
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
19500.11.4
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
19862.83.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
19901.0
4-3-c
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Official Statistics
Alternative Estimate
percent
8
Figure 8.2.Energy intensity of GDP
Source:Dobozi I.Soviet Energy Policy and Consumption in 1990s:The Need for new Thinking and Price Reform.1991.
Tons of oil equivalent per mill.$ GDP
USSRUSAJapanOECD
11960720800370570
111970737827424572
211980813683340483
301990823565275409
Figure 8.3.Inventories as a % of national income
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR);Economic Report of the President for various years.
USSRUSA
1196050%36%135.5424.931.89
6196557%33%169.1585.228.896
11197057%34%240.3832.628.861
16197565%40%428.81281.933.45
21198071%40%739.32203.533.551
26198582%31%863.5323426.701
81.60%
80%
77.20%
79.80%
3119901063.74417.524.079
Figure 8.4.Capital productivity, 1960=100%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
IndustryMaterial ProductionAgricultureConstruction
11960100%100%100%100%
6196590%86%79%78%
11197089%85%72%64%
16197586%75%47%54%
21198073%64%36%36%
26198563%56%30%28%
28198762%54%29%28%
Figure 8.5.Growth rates of capital stock and output in industry,1960-85,%
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR);EKO,1986,No.2, p.29.
1Capital Stock in comparable prices769%
2Pover Capacity524%
3Electrical Capacity495%
4Energy Consumption431%
6Gross Output in Comparable Prices485%
7Gross Physical Output291%
Figure 8.6.Growth rates of capital stock and output in agriculture,1960-85,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR).
1574%
2498%
3482%
4448%
5407%
6212%
7203%
8167%
9159%
10133%
11105%
12
1381%
1486%
15133%
16139%
17143%
18153%
19160%
20169%
21169%
22192%
23197%
24282%
8
0000
0000
0000
0000
USSR
USA
Japan
OECD
Tons of oil equivalent per mill. $ GDP
9
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
USSR
USA
10
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
Industry
Material Production
Agriculture
Construction
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
Figure 9.1.Collective farm market and cooperative trade and prices
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
1194062.7230100
21945
3195063.924.10
41955
5196066.728.80.9101
61965
7197068.628.80.9100
81975
9198069.827.50.7101
10198570.327.11.4102
11198971.6262.5105
1194017414.3
21945
3195010612
41955
519601524.5
61965
719701632.6
81975
919802292.7
1019852462.6
1119892512.4
13
Figure 10.3.Credit outstanding to enterprises and households and nominal national income,trend growth rates,1960-85,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years
1
2
319603.96.36.5
44.410.85.49.7
510.68.17.79.7
616.19.42.69.7
713.413.47.519.9
8196512.96.96.60.7
913.815.37.234.5
1010.514.98.728.5
1122.511.58.220.4
126.867.320.4
13197013.38.710.720.4
147.38.55.219.8
154.89.82.837.2
1619.812.27.715.3
177.911.74.715.3
1819753.98.12.79.7
197.211.76.216
206.511.45.219.5
217.98.24.214.2
229.49.24.39.5
2319806.2144.17.6
2414.520.85.36.3
253.67.77.55.1
264.25.44.71.9
272.25.83.91.8
2819854.91.61
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Figure 10.2.Household savings rate, as a % of personal disposable income
Source:Stabilization,Liberalization and Devolution...(EC Repot on Soviet economy),1990,p.163
1197055
255
35.25.2
45.15.1
56.46.4
619756.86.8
76.66.6
86.66.6
96.56.5
105.85.8
1119804.64.6
123.33.3
134.14.1
145.35.3
155.75.7
1619856.66.6
177.3
188
199.6
2012.5
21199012.7
22
23
24
Figure 10.1 Money supply and national income in current prices, trend growth rates,1960-85,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR)for various years
119607.96.59.25.4
219619.35.43.23.9
319628.57.77.74.4
4196310.22.6510.6
5196412.17.55.116.1
6196519.16.68.112.2
7196622.47.27.712.9
8196717.58.79.313.8
9196820.48.28.210.5
10196918.57.37.622.5
11197021.410.77.36.83
12197114.25.26.513.3
13197214.12.86.77.3
141973137.75.14.88
15197414.84.75.819.8
16197515.32.77.17.9
17197613.26.24.83.9
18197713.35.24.67.2
19197812.34.24.86.5
20197911.54.35.27.9
21198074.16.69.4
2219815.95.35.96.2
2319825.27.53.314.5
2419837.24.73.23.6
2519848.13.93.44.2
2619859.31.62.52.2
27
14
Figure 11.4.Soviet debt and asset position vis-a-vis BIS-area banks in hard currency,billion of dollars at year-end
Source:PlanEcon,1991,March 27.
Y1 axis title: Billion dollars
119804.88.613.4
219817.44.511.9
319824.21014.2
419835.310.916.2
519845.311.316.6
619859.713.122.8
7198614.214.829
8198719.214.133.3
9198821.515.336.8
10198930.214.744.9
11199038745
12
Figure 11.3.Ratio of world market prices to domestic prices for selected goods, 1990,%
Source:Ekonomika i zhiz'n,1990,No.36; Economist,1990,October 20;A Study of the Soviet Economy.IMF,1991.Vol.3,p.171,316.
1264264
2264240
3240223
4223217
5212212
6202202
7196196
8161186
9155161
10144155
11143144
12141143
13135141
14127135
15134
16127
17109
1840
1938
2034
2134
2232
2329
2427
2526
2623
2720
281
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Figure 11.2.Exports and foreign trade turnover as a % of national income in constant prices
Source:Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodniye Otnosheniya,1987,No.11,p.147; Stuart R.The Soviet Economic
119182020
22020
32020
42020
52020
62020
719242020
82020
92020
102020
1119282020
12303.13.130
13303.53.530
14303330
15302.62.630
16193362.32.36
1761.81.86
1861.31.36
1960.80.86
2060.50.56
2119382.62.6
222.62.6
232.62.6
2419412.62.6
253.33.3
263.33.3
273.33.3
283.33.3
2919469.59.5
309.59.5
319.59.5
329.59.5
339.59.5
34195110.810.8
3510.810.8
3610.810.8
3710.810.8
3810.83310.8
39195612.63312.6
4012.63.63.612.6
4112.63.13.112.6
4212.63.93.912.6
4312.63.73.712.6
44196114.83.93.914.8
4514.84.34.314.8
4614.84.44.414.8
4714.84.44.414.8
4814.84.54.514.8
49196614.74.64.614.7
5014.75514.7
5114.75.95.914.7
5214.76614.7
5314.76.36.314.7
541971206.46.420
55205.75.720
56206620
57206.56.520
58206.36.320
59197622.16.56.522.1
6022.122.1
6122.122.1
6222.122.1
6322.111.111.122.1
64198123.623.6
6523.623.6
6623.623.6
6723.623.6
6823.610.510.523.6
69198622.822.8
7022.822.8
7122.822.8
7222.822.8
73199022.88.78.722.8
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
Figure 11.1.Soviet foreign trade turnover, as a % of retail trade turnover and national income in current prices
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR)for various years.
119249.8
2
3
4
5192811.4
63.1
73.5
83
919323.22.6
102.3
111.8
121.3
130.8
1419372.40.5
15
16
1719401.6
18
19
20
21
22194510.1
23
24
25
26
2719508.1
28
29
30
31
32195511.63
333
343.6
353.1
363.9
37196012.86.93.7
383.9
394.3
404.4
414.4
42196513.97.64.5
434.6
445
455.9
466
47197014.27.66.3
486.4
495.7
506
516.5
52197524.1146.3
536.5
54
55
56
57198034.820.4
58
59
60
61
62198543.824.6
63
64
65
66
67199028.219.1
68
69
70
71
72
16
Figure 12.3.Money supply and wages, annual growth rates,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR) for various years
16.4
219605.417.84.1
33.96.33.3
44.410.81.7
510.68.12.9
616.19.46.3
7196513.413.44.2
812.96.94.5
913.815.37.6
1010.514.93.7
1122.511.54.4
1219706.863.2
1313.38.73.4
147.38.53.6
154.89.84.6
1619.812.23.3
1719757.911.73.8
183.98.12.5
197.211.73
206.511.42.1
217.98.23.4
2219809.49.22.1
236.2142.8
2414.520.81.8
253.67.72.4
264.25.42.9
2719852.25.82.9
284.93.7
29-13.2
30-4.5
31
321990
Figure 12.2.Personal bank deposits and retail sales in current prices, annual growth rates,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR)for various years
119607.97.33.23.9
219619.35.87.74.4
319628.57.8510.6
4196310.210.35.116.1
5196412.110.38.112.2
6196519.85.97.712.9
7196622.47.79.313.8
8196717.58.48.210.5
9196820.48.17.622.5
10196918.57.17.36.8
11197021.411.26.513.3
12197114.25.16.77.3
13197214.13.55.14.8
141973137.75.819.8
15197414.84.17.17.9
16197515.34.24.83.9
17197613.25.54.67.2
18197713.34.34.86.5
19197812.35.35.27.9
20197911.52.96.69.4
21198074.95.96.2
2219815.95.23.314.5
2319825.27.33.23.6
2419837.24.53.44.2
2519848.14.22.52.2
2619859.31.72.3
271986101.32.8
2819879.91.77.1
29198811.25.710.3
30198913.85.3
311990
Figure 12.1.Enterprises deposits and national income in current prices, annual growth rates,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years
119607.95.49.25.4
219619.37.73.23.9
319628.52.67.74.4
4196310.27.5510.6
5196412.16.65.116.1
6196519.87.28.112.2
7196622.48.77.712.9
8196717.58.29.313.8
9196820.47.38.210.5
10196918.510.77.622.5
11197021.45.27.36.8
12197114.22.86.513.3
13197214.17.76.77.3
141973134.75.14.8
15197414.82.75.819.8
16197515.36.27.17.9
17197613.25.24.83.9
18197713.34.24.67.2
19197812.34.34.86.5
20197911.54.15.27.9
21198075.36.69.4
2219815.97.55.96.2
2319825.24.73.314.5
2419837.23.93.23.6
2519848.11.63.44.2
2619859.31.52.52.2
271986102.12.3
2819879.95.22.8
2919884.1
301989
311990
Figure 12.1.Money supply and GNP/national income,annual growth rates,%
119600.53.6
219613.27.6
319621.95.6
419633.77.1
519644.68.5
619654.79.5
719662.55.8
819676.59.3
919687.78
1019693.35.4
1119705.18.6
1219716.510
1319729.212.1
1419735.58.3
1519744.48.5
1619754.811.5
1719766.511.7
1819778.113
1919788.211.5
2019796.88.9
2119806.811.7
2219816.73.7
2319828.77.6
2419839.810.8
2519845.96.4
26198512.35.4
2716.96.7
283.57.9
294.96.7
300.95
3119903.9
32
33
34
35
36
CH12-1-A.CHTBAR/LINEEnterprisep&nationncome,USSR
119607.95.49.25.4
219619.37.73.23.9
319628.52.67.74.4
4196310.27.5510.6
5196412.16.65.116.1
6196519.87.28.112.2
7196622.48.77.712.9
8196717.58.29.313.8
9196820.47.38.210.5
10196918.510.77.622.5
11197021.45.27.36.8
12197114.22.86.513.3
13197214.17.76.77.3
141973134.75.14.8
15197414.82.75.819.8
16197515.36.27.17.9
17197613.25.24.83.9
18197713.34.24.67.2
19197812.34.34.86.5
20197911.54.15.27.9
21198075.36.69.4
2219815.97.55.96.2
2319825.24.73.314.5
2419837.23.93.23.6
2519848.11.63.44.2
2619859.31.52.52.2
271986102.12.3
2819879.95.22.8
2919884.1
301989
311990
32
17
6. CH-13-D.C
7. CH-13-C.C
8. CH-13-B.C
9. CH-13-A.C
International investment positions in convertible currencies,year-ends,bill.$
1198528.912.9
2198631.414.727.7
3198739.214.126.5
419884315.323.1
519895414.724.2
6199057733
7199160
8
9
10
11
12
Money Supply Growth Rates(%) and Government Debt as a % of GNP
119806.813.7
219816.814.4
319826.815.7
419836.816.3
519846.816.8
619856.818.2
719867.620.3
8198715.722.3
9198815.435.6
10198914.343.1
11199018.658.4
121991
Inflation in the consumer market,%
119801
219811
319824
419830
51984-1
619851
719862
8198714
919880.35
10198927.5
1119905.319
121991
Real GNP Growth Rates,%
119804.50.8
219813.81
319823.92.7
419834.53.3
5198441.5
619852.30.8
719863.34.1
819872.91.3
919885.52.2
10198931.4
111990-2-4
121991-8
18
Figure 14.4.Enterprises and households money growth rates,%
Source:PlanEcon,1991,March 27
1198110.35.86
2198210.35.86
3198310.35.86
4198410.35.86
5198510.35.86
619866.97.86.1
7198736.18.57.8
819882511.113.6
9198911.115.919.5
10199013.421.126.8
Figure 14.3.Monetary aggregates and GNP growth rates,%
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR)for various years;PlanEcon,March 27,1991,p.21.
119813.74.66.87.51.8
219823.74.66.87.51.8
319833.74.66.87.51.8
419843.74.66.87.51.8
519853.74.66.87.51.8
619863.32.87.68.54.1
719872.93.315.714.71.3
819885.56.115.414.12.2
9198935.614.314.81.4
101990-218.620-4
111991
Figure 14.2.Credit outstanding,billion rubles,year ends
Source:PlanEcon,1991,March 27
11980342.578.20.7
21985519.41182
31986450.2140.62.4
41987427.8200.73.1
51988398.82985.8
61989383.7390.17.4
71990367.4524.910.6
Figure 14.1. Government budget revenues, expenditure,and deficit,billion rubles
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR) for various years
Y1 axis title: Billion rubles
Y2 axis title: Billion rubles
119802822949190
2198129831010092
31982334343101102
41983339354103107
51984362371103116
61985373386569812056
7198637241746.49113046.4
8198737843144.79412744.7
9198837946036.610112036.6
10198940248239.811111539.8
111990
121991
19
Figure 16.2.Number of employees in the public administration, thousand persons
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
119804.50E-362231700
2-8.30E+20
31985-1523242376753
419866.40E-102366762
519878.73E-101981765
61988-8.73E-101831751
719893.20E-301577706
81990
Figure 16.1.The share of profit left at state enterprises and non centralized investment,% of total
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
119851538
2198631739
31987181739
41988403341
51989514043
6199058
71991
c1
Figure 17.1.Number of persons engaged in individual labor activity and working in coops(including part-time),million
Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years; newspaper reports.
119860.1
219870.150.310.7
319881.40.718.1
419894.90.325.4
519906.10.224.9
61991
sh
Figure 18.3.Retail sales per capita by republic as a % of national average,1940,1958,1970,1989,in current prices */
*/Data for 1940 are in 1958 prices.
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR),various years.
Y1 axis title: %
1Russia117111110110110
2Ukraine8484919294
3Belorussia607091101111
4Lithuania6380110118128
5Latvia109135148144146
6Estonia127138150150154
7Moldova4663768790
8Armenia8677798390
9Georgia9682778487
10Azerbaidjan9671626058
11Kazakhstan7494878583
12Uzbekistan8778656359
13Turkmenistan10889736968
14Kirghizia7074737168
15Tadjikistan7171625752
Figure 18.2.Fixed production capital stock per capita in republics,1980 and 1989, USSR = 100%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
Y1 axis title: %
1Russia115120
2Ukraine9085
3Belorussia8896
4Lithuania107111
5Latvia117114
6Estonia133126
7Moldova7570
8Armenia6870
9Georgia7473
10Azerbaidjan6562
11Kazakhstan105102
12Uzbekistan5647
13Turkmenistan8376
14Kirghizia5749
15Tadjikistan4738
Figure 18.3.Retail sales per capita by republic,as a % of national average,in current prices */
*/Data for 1940 are in 1958 prices. Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR),various years.
11940100117846060877496
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
191958100111847078948271
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3119701001109191658777
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4119801001109210163858460
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
501001109411159838758
511990
Figure 18.2.Fixed production capital stock per capita in republics,1980 and 1989, USSR = 100%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
1Russia115120
2Ukraine9085
3Belorussia8896
4Lithuania107111
5Latvia117114
6Estonia133126
7Moldova7570
8Armenia6870
9Georgia7473
10Azerbaidjan6562
11Kazakhstan105102
12Uzbekistan5647
13Turkmenistan8376
14Kirghizia5749
15Tadjikistan4738
16
17
4. F-18-1-B.
5. F-18-1-A.
Sour:Narodnoye KhozyaisSSSR
1Russia4.33.8
2Ukraine33.8
3Belorussia4.73.8
4Lithuania5.33.8
5Latvia3.73.8
6Estonia3.83.8
7Moldova2.93.8
8Armenia5.23.8
9Georgia33.8
10Azerbaidjan2.43.8
11Kazakhstan43.8
12Uzbekistan1.33.8
13Turkmenistan1.93.8
14Kirghizia1.83.8
15Tadjikistan2.23.8
16
Figure 18.1.Average annual growth rates of fixed production capital stock per capita in republics,%
1Russia76.6
2Ukraine6.16.6
3Belorussia7.96.6
4Lithuania6.46.6
5Latvia66.6
6Estonia5.66.6
7Moldova7.36.6
8Armenia6.16.6
9Georgia5.96.6
10Azerbaidjan5.26.6
11Kazakhstan66.6
12Uzbekistan6.16.6
13Turkmenistan6.66.6
14Kirghizia5.56.6
15Tadjikistan4.86.6
16
Figure 19.7.The number of people moving across Soviet borders
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR),various years; Ekonomika i Zhiz'n,1990,No.32.ious years; Ekonomika i Zhiz'n,1990,No.32.
119752.43.7
219852.84.3
319860.002
419870.04
519880.114.26
619890.2387.8
719900.4
81991
Figure 19.6.Dollar exchange rate at foreign exchange auctions,Gosbank currency exchange and black market
Source: Newspapes reports.
Y1 axis title: Rubles per $1
Y2 axis title: Million rubles,official rate-0.6R per $1
1Oct-898.49.5
2Nov-89
3Dec-8913.221
4Jan-908.210.514.716.6
5Feb-90912.816.216.6
6Mar-9016.223.4
7Apr-909.61417.215.5
8May-909.816.217.921.2
9Jun-906.82125.7
10Jul-90924.218.220
11Aug-9011.723.219.227
12Sep-9020.230.9
13Oct-9013.423.118.730
14Nov-9019.320.9
15Dec-9014.421.6
16Jan-9126.223.429.526
17Feb-9122.332
18Mar-913.935.427.538
19Apr-9131.730.2
20May-9127.6
21Jun-9142
22Jul-9160
23Aug-9150
Figure 19.5.Distribution of joint-ventures initial capital by country of foreign partner,end-March,1990,%
Source: A Study of Soviet Economy.IMF, World Bank,OECD,EBRD.1991.Vol.2,p.104.
1West Germany12.5es 1
2Italy11.6es 2
3France8.4es 3
4Finland8.4es 4
5USA8.2es 5
6Austria6.2es 6
7Bulgaria4.6es 7
8Sweden4.4es 8
9UK4.4es 9
10Australia3.4es 10
11Poland2.8es 11
12Other25.1es 6
Figure 19.4.Number of joint-ventures in the USSR, their total initial capital,and average capital per venture,year-ends
Source:A Study of the Soviet Economy.IMF World Bank,OECD,EBRD.1991.Vol.2,p.102; Ekonomika i Zhiz'n,1991,No.5.
11987502006.9
219882008004.3
31989130035002.8
41990300060002
Figure 19.3.Soviet exports and imports by region, billion rubles
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR)for various years;PlanEcon Report,1991,March 27.
1198572.769.440.237.918.619.39.67.6
2198668.362.642.237.813.115.99.64.9
3198768.160.740.738.914.213.99.84.7
4198867.1653939.814.716.39.65.3
5198968.772.13840.616.420.510.17
6199060.970.726.231.422.828.18.56.7
Figure 19.1.Soviet oil production,net exports,and apparent consumption (million metric tons)
Source:PlanEcon Report,1991,March 6.
Y1 axis title: Million tons
11980116487603
21981113496609
31982113500613
4198312049661616.6
5198412149261316.6
6198510549059523.4
7198611550061515.5
8198712350162421.2
9198812450062425.7
10198911449360720
11199011145957027
12199150830.9
Figure 19. .Dollar exchange rate at foreign exchange auctions,Gosbank currency exchange and black market
Source:Newspapes reports.
Y1 axis title: Rubles per $1
Y2 axis title: Million rubles,official rate-0.6R per $1
1Oct-898.49.5
2Nov-89
3Dec-89
4Jan-908.210.514.716.6
5Feb-90912.816.216.6
6Mar-9016.223.4
7Apr-909.61417.215.5
8May-909.816.217.921.2
9Jun-906.82125.7
10Jul-90924.218.220
11Aug-9011.723.219.227
12Sep-9020.230.9
13Oct-9013.423.118.730
14Nov-9019.320.9
15Dec-9014.421.6
16Jan-9126.223.429.526
17Feb-9122.332
18Mar-913.935.427.538
19Apr-9131.730.2
20May-9127.6
21Jun-9142
1. F-19-2-C.CHT
1197062.784.875.6
265.794.480.3
364.692.188.2
468.993.891.6
573.598.695.6
6197567.2100100
771.394.595.5
87492.694.6
976.196.197.5
1082.797.7106.3
11198087.197.6104.4
1288.3
1395.9
1498.1
1599.6
161985100
1790.6
1890
1983
2082.9
21199084.5
22
23
24
2. F-19-2-B.CHT
1198064.184.875.6
2198175.894.480.3
3198281.392.188.2
4198385.993.891.6
5198494.298.695.6
61985100100100
7198690.294.595.5
8198787.592.694.6
9198893.796.197.5
101989103.997.7106.3
111990101.997.6104.4
121991
3. F-19-2-A.CHT
1198068.273.992.3
2198178.583.494.2
3198286.988.398.4
4198393.491.9101.6
51984102.398.2104.2
61985100100100
7198693.985.6109.7
8198793.883.3112.6
9198892.479.7115.9
10198994.681.1116.7
11199083.882.5101.6
121991
Figure C.1.Soviet GNP growth rates,%, different scenariosios
Source: Table 13.1;Figure 13.1;Newspaper reports
119852.30.8
219863.34.1
319872.91.3
419885.52.2
5198931.4
61990-2-4-2-2
71991-12.5-7
81992127
91993138
101994149
1119951510
11985
21986
31987
41988
51989
61990-2-2-2
71991-11.6-20-30
81992
91993
101994
111995
-
Why was material and capital intensity high and increasing?It could be hypothesized that high material intensity was the result of relatively low prices for resources and the lack of stimuli to reduce costsHowever, there were stimuli to increase profits and reduce costs (at least after 1965 reform). Besides, in EE countries, where energy and material prices were close to world levels, energy and material intensity was also highBut the main criteria of the performance of enterprises in the administrative system was meeting the production quotas, reducing costs was a secondary targetIf there is a conflict between meeting the production quota and cutting costs, managers have always chosen the production quota even at the expense of higher costs
-
Growth of inventories - natural reaction of enterprises to protect themselves from disruption of suppliesHuge inventories caused by the inefficient system of rationed supply - centralized allocation of resourcesInventory to sales ratios - considerably higher in the USSR than in the WestIn manufacturing - 1.4-1.9 in the US, 2.4 in the USSRInventories in the state enterprises in material production in 1957 comprised 57% of the national income, in 1985 460 billion rubles, or 80% of national incomeInventories in the US ~30% of national incomeRapid growth of inventories to income ratio in the 1970-80s, as opposed to the stability of this ratio in Western countriesKanban system (just-in-time deliveries) introduced in 1972 by Toyota, later widely spread to other industries and countries
-
Inventories as a % of national income (prior to 1985 for the USSR inventories of collective farms are excluded; after 1985 statistical definition of inventories was changed)Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR); Economic Report of the President for various years.
Chart7
0.50.36
0.570.33
0.570.34
0.650.4
0.710.4
0.820.31
0.816
0.8
0.772
0.798
19901990
USSR
USA
1
Agricultural goodsAll goodsIndustrial goods
108%123%141%108123141
1923177%96%120%7796120
288%115%158%88115158
3102%145%207%102145207
489%156%276%89156276
19241124%169%229%124169229
2156%181%209%156181209
3141%169%202%141169202
4130%164%199%130164199
19251152%172%194%152172194
2198%195%191%198195191
3186%188%190%186188190
4156%174%195%156174195
19261169%182%198%169182198
2191%196%202%191196202
3164%183%204%164183204
4157%179%204%157179204
19271154%177%203%154177203
2160%177%196%160177196
3157%173%191%157173191
4154%170%188%154170188
19281156%171%188%156171188
2156%171%188%156171188
3157%172%187%157172187
4166%179%187%166179187
167%177%188%167177188
1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
"Scissors crisis"
Agricultural goods
All goods
Industrial goods
3-1
ExportState PurchasesProduction
19139.186
192611.676.8
19271172.3
19280.110.873.3
19290.316.171.7
19304.822.183.5
19315.222.869.5
19321.818.569.9
3-1
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
000
Production
State Purchases
Export
5-1-a
191386.0
1924
69.3
69.3
69.3
192869.3
73.6
73.6
73.6
73.6
193373.6
72.9
72.9
72.9
193772.9
77.9
77.9
194077.9
1945
64.8
64.8
64.8
64.8
195064.8
88.5
88.5
88.5
88.5
195588.5
121.5
121.5
121.5
121.5
1960121.5
130.3
130.3
130.3
130.3
1965130.3
167.6
167.6
167.6
167.6
1970167.6
181.6
181.6
181.6
181.6
1975181.6
205.0
205.0
205.0
205.0
1980205.0
180.3
180.3
180.3
180.3
1985180.3
212.1
212.1
212.1
212.1
1990212.1
5-1-a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Average annual grain harvest (million tons)
5-1-b
19135
3
19284.9
19322.8
19373
19404.7
19452.6
19504.9
19556.3
19608.7
196510
197012.3
197515
198015.1
198517.1
199019.9
5-1-b
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Meat production (Million tons)
5-1-c
191658.4
191850.8
192240.9
192958.2
193333.5
193850.9
194154.5
194647.6
195157.1
195455.8
196074.2
196587.2
197199.2
1976111
1981115.1
1986120.9
1991116.2
5-1-c
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Cattle (Million Head)
5-1-d
1913100%
191786%
192170%
1926128%
1928129%
1933102%
1938114%
1940116%
194579%
1950125%
1955139%
1960169%
1965176%
1970206%
1975202%
1980209%
1985221%
1990228%
5-1-d
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Per capita agricultural output (1913=100%)
4-3-a
Alternative EstimateOfficial Statistics
192122.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
22.525.5
192922.525.5
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
9.017.1
19389.017.1
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
5.07.0
19505.07.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
6.58.0
19866.58.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
19902.5
4-3-a
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Official Statistics
Alternative Estimate
percent
4-3-b
Alternative EstimateOfficial Statistics
192113.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
13.617.5
192913.617.5
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
8.016.2
19388.016.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
4.36.2
19504.36.2
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
4.76.9
19864.76.9
1.4
1.4
1.4
19901.4
4-3-b
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Official Statistics
Alternative Estimate
percent
4-3-c
Alternative EstimateOfficial Statistics
19216.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
6.76.8
19296.76.8
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
1.20.1
19381.20.1
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
0.11.4
19500.11.4
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
2.83.1
19862.83.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
19901.0
4-3-c
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Official Statistics
Alternative Estimate
percent
8
Figure 8.2.Energy intensity of GDP
Source:Dobozi I.Soviet Energy Policy and Consumption in 1990s:The Need for new Thinking and Price Reform.1991.
Tons of oil equivalent per mill.$ GDP
USSRUSAJapanOECD
11960720800370570
111970737827424572
211980813683340483
301990823565275409
Figure 8.3.Inventories as a % of national income
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR);Economic Report of the President for various years.
USSRUSA
1196050%36%135.5424.931.89
6196557%33%169.1585.228.896
11197057%34%240.3832.628.861
16197565%40%428.81281.933.45
21198071%40%739.32203.533.551
26198582%31%863.5323426.701
81.60%
80%
77.20%
79.80%
3119901063.74417.524.079
Figure 8.4.Capital productivity, 1960=100%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
IndustryMaterial ProductionAgricultureConstruction
11960100%100%100%100%
6196590%86%79%78%
11197089%85%72%64%
16197586%75%47%54%
21198073%64%36%36%
26198563%56%30%28%
28198762%54%29%28%
Figure 8.5.Growth rates of capital stock and output in industry,1960-85,%
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR);EKO,1986,No.2, p.29.
1Capital Stock in comparable prices769%
2Pover Capacity524%
3Electrical Capacity495%
4Energy Consumption431%
6Gross Output in Comparable Prices485%
7Gross Physical Output291%
Figure 8.6.Growth rates of capital stock and output in agriculture,1960-85,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR).
1574%
2498%
3482%
4448%
5407%
6212%
7203%
8167%
9159%
10133%
11105%
12
1381%
1486%
15133%
16139%
17143%
18153%
19160%
20169%
21169%
22192%
23197%
24282%
8
0000
0000
0000
0000
USSR
USA
Japan
OECD
Tons of oil equivalent per mill. $ GDP
9
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
USSR
USA
10
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
0000
Industry
Material Production
Agriculture
Construction
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
Figure 9.1.Collective farm market and cooperative trade and prices
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
1194062.7230100
21945
3195063.924.10
41955
5196066.728.80.9101
61965
7197068.628.80.9100
81975
9198069.827.50.7101
10198570.327.11.4102
11198971.6262.5105
1194017414.3
21945
3195010612
41955
519601524.5
61965
719701632.6
81975
919802292.7
1019852462.6
1119892512.4
13
Figure 10.3.Credit outstanding to enterprises and households and nominal national income,trend growth rates,1960-85,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years
1
2
319603.96.36.5
44.410.85.49.7
510.68.17.79.7
616.19.42.69.7
713.413.47.519.9
8196512.96.96.60.7
913.815.37.234.5
1010.514.98.728.5
1122.511.58.220.4
126.867.320.4
13197013.38.710.720.4
147.38.55.219.8
154.89.82.837.2
1619.812.27.715.3
177.911.74.715.3
1819753.98.12.79.7
197.211.76.216
206.511.45.219.5
217.98.24.214.2
229.49.24.39.5
2319806.2144.17.6
2414.520.85.36.3
253.67.77.55.1
264.25.44.71.9
272.25.83.91.8
2819854.91.61
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Figure 10.2.Household savings rate, as a % of personal disposable income
Source:Stabilization,Liberalization and Devolution...(EC Repot on Soviet economy),1990,p.163
1197055
255
35.25.2
45.15.1
56.46.4
619756.86.8
76.66.6
86.66.6
96.56.5
105.85.8
1119804.64.6
123.33.3
134.14.1
145.35.3
155.75.7
1619856.66.6
177.3
188
199.6
2012.5
21199012.7
22
23
24
Figure 10.1 Money supply and national income in current prices, trend growth rates,1960-85,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR)for various years
119607.96.59.25.4
219619.35.43.23.9
319628.57.77.74.4
4196310.22.6510.6
5196412.17.55.116.1
6196519.16.68.112.2
7196622.47.27.712.9
8196717.58.79.313.8
9196820.48.28.210.5
10196918.57.37.622.5
11197021.410.77.36.83
12197114.25.26.513.3
13197214.12.86.77.3
141973137.75.14.88
15197414.84.75.819.8
16197515.32.77.17.9
17197613.26.24.83.9
18197713.35.24.67.2
19197812.34.24.86.5
20197911.54.35.27.9
21198074.16.69.4
2219815.95.35.96.2
2319825.27.53.314.5
2419837.24.73.23.6
2519848.13.93.44.2
2619859.31.62.52.2
27
14
Figure 11.4.Soviet debt and asset position vis-a-vis BIS-area banks in hard currency,billion of dollars at year-end
Source:PlanEcon,1991,March 27.
Y1 axis title: Billion dollars
119804.88.613.4
219817.44.511.9
319824.21014.2
419835.310.916.2
519845.311.316.6
619859.713.122.8
7198614.214.829
8198719.214.133.3
9198821.515.336.8
10198930.214.744.9
11199038745
12
Figure 11.3.Ratio of world market prices to domestic prices for selected goods, 1990,%
Source:Ekonomika i zhiz'n,1990,No.36; Economist,1990,October 20;A Study of the Soviet Economy.IMF,1991.Vol.3,p.171,316.
1264264
2264240
3240223
4223217
5212212
6202202
7196196
8161186
9155161
10144155
11143144
12141143
13135141
14127135
15134
16127
17109
1840
1938
2034
2134
2232
2329
2427
2526
2623
2720
281
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Figure 11.2.Exports and foreign trade turnover as a % of national income in constant prices
Source:Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodniye Otnosheniya,1987,No.11,p.147; Stuart R.The Soviet Economic
119182020
22020
32020
42020
52020
62020
719242020
82020
92020
102020
1119282020
12303.13.130
13303.53.530
14303330
15302.62.630
16193362.32.36
1761.81.86
1861.31.36
1960.80.86
2060.50.56
2119382.62.6
222.62.6
232.62.6
2419412.62.6
253.33.3
263.33.3
273.33.3
283.33.3
2919469.59.5
309.59.5
319.59.5
329.59.5
339.59.5
34195110.810.8
3510.810.8
3610.810.8
3710.810.8
3810.83310.8
39195612.63312.6
4012.63.63.612.6
4112.63.13.112.6
4212.63.93.912.6
4312.63.73.712.6
44196114.83.93.914.8
4514.84.34.314.8
4614.84.44.414.8
4714.84.44.414.8
4814.84.54.514.8
49196614.74.64.614.7
5014.75514.7
5114.75.95.914.7
5214.76614.7
5314.76.36.314.7
541971206.46.420
55205.75.720
56206620
57206.56.520
58206.36.320
59197622.16.56.522.1
6022.122.1
6122.122.1
6222.122.1
6322.111.111.122.1
64198123.623.6
6523.623.6
6623.623.6
6723.623.6
6823.610.510.523.6
69198622.822.8
7022.822.8
7122.822.8
7222.822.8
73199022.88.78.722.8
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
Figure 11.1.Soviet foreign trade turnover, as a % of retail trade turnover and national income in current prices
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR)for various years.
119249.8
2
3
4
5192811.4
63.1
73.5
83
919323.22.6
102.3
111.8
121.3
130.8
1419372.40.5
15
16
1719401.6
18
19
20
21
22194510.1
23
24
25
26
2719508.1
28
29
30
31
32195511.63
333
343.6
353.1
363.9
37196012.86.93.7
383.9
394.3
404.4
414.4
42196513.97.64.5
434.6
445
455.9
466
47197014.27.66.3
486.4
495.7
506
516.5
52197524.1146.3
536.5
54
55
56
57198034.820.4
58
59
60
61
62198543.824.6
63
64
65
66
67199028.219.1
68
69
70
71
72
16
Figure 12.3.Money supply and wages, annual growth rates,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR) for various years
16.4
219605.417.84.1
33.96.33.3
44.410.81.7
510.68.12.9
616.19.46.3
7196513.413.44.2
812.96.94.5
913.815.37.6
1010.514.93.7
1122.511.54.4
1219706.863.2
1313.38.73.4
147.38.53.6
154.89.84.6
1619.812.23.3
1719757.911.73.8
183.98.12.5
197.211.73
206.511.42.1
217.98.23.4
2219809.49.22.1
236.2142.8
2414.520.81.8
253.67.72.4
264.25.42.9
2719852.25.82.9
284.93.7
29-13.2
30-4.5
31
321990
Figure 12.2.Personal bank deposits and retail sales in current prices, annual growth rates,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR)for various years
119607.97.33.23.9
219619.35.87.74.4
319628.57.8510.6
4196310.210.35.116.1
5196412.110.38.112.2
6196519.85.97.712.9
7196622.47.79.313.8
8196717.58.48.210.5
9196820.48.17.622.5
10196918.57.17.36.8
11197021.411.26.513.3
12197114.25.16.77.3
13197214.13.55.14.8
141973137.75.819.8
15197414.84.17.17.9
16197515.34.24.83.9
17197613.25.54.67.2
18197713.34.34.86.5
19197812.35.35.27.9
20197911.52.96.69.4
21198074.95.96.2
2219815.95.23.314.5
2319825.27.33.23.6
2419837.24.53.44.2
2519848.14.22.52.2
2619859.31.72.3
271986101.32.8
2819879.91.77.1
29198811.25.710.3
30198913.85.3
311990
Figure 12.1.Enterprises deposits and national income in current prices, annual growth rates,%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years
119607.95.49.25.4
219619.37.73.23.9
319628.52.67.74.4
4196310.27.5510.6
5196412.16.65.116.1
6196519.87.28.112.2
7196622.48.77.712.9
8196717.58.29.313.8
9196820.47.38.210.5
10196918.510.77.622.5
11197021.45.27.36.8
12197114.22.86.513.3
13197214.17.76.77.3
141973134.75.14.8
15197414.82.75.819.8
16197515.36.27.17.9
17197613.25.24.83.9
18197713.34.24.67.2
19197812.34.34.86.5
20197911.54.15.27.9
21198075.36.69.4
2219815.97.55.96.2
2319825.24.73.314.5
2419837.23.93.23.6
2519848.11.63.44.2
2619859.31.52.52.2
271986102.12.3
2819879.95.22.8
2919884.1
301989
311990
Figure 12.1.Money supply and GNP/national income,annual growth rates,%
119600.53.6
219613.27.6
319621.95.6
419633.77.1
519644.68.5
619654.79.5
719662.55.8
819676.59.3
919687.78
1019693.35.4
1119705.18.6
1219716.510
1319729.212.1
1419735.58.3
1519744.48.5
1619754.811.5
1719766.511.7
1819778.113
1919788.211.5
2019796.88.9
2119806.811.7
2219816.73.7
2319828.77.6
2419839.810.8
2519845.96.4
26198512.35.4
2716.96.7
283.57.9
294.96.7
300.95
3119903.9
32
33
34
35
36
CH12-1-A.CHTBAR/LINEEnterprisep&nationncome,USSR
119607.95.49.25.4
219619.37.73.23.9
319628.52.67.74.4
4196310.27.5510.6
5196412.16.65.116.1
6196519.87.28.112.2
7196622.48.77.712.9
8196717.58.29.313.8
9196820.47.38.210.5
10196918.510.77.622.5
11197021.45.27.36.8
12197114.22.86.513.3
13197214.17.76.77.3
141973134.75.14.8
15197414.82.75.819.8
16197515.36.27.17.9
17197613.25.24.83.9
18197713.34.24.67.2
19197812.34.34.86.5
20197911.54.15.27.9
21198075.36.69.4
2219815.97.55.96.2
2319825.24.73.314.5
2419837.23.93.23.6
2519848.11.63.44.2
2619859.31.52.52.2
271986102.12.3
2819879.95.22.8
2919884.1
301989
311990
32
17
6. CH-13-D.C
7. CH-13-C.C
8. CH-13-B.C
9. CH-13-A.C
International investment positions in convertible currencies,year-ends,bill.$
1198528.912.9
2198631.414.727.7
3198739.214.126.5
419884315.323.1
519895414.724.2
6199057733
7199160
8
9
10
11
12
Money Supply Growth Rates(%) and Government Debt as a % of GNP
119806.813.7
219816.814.4
319826.815.7
419836.816.3
519846.816.8
619856.818.2
719867.620.3
8198715.722.3
9198815.435.6
10198914.343.1
11199018.658.4
121991
Inflation in the consumer market,%
119801
219811
319824
419830
51984-1
619851
719862
8198714
919880.35
10198927.5
1119905.319
121991
Real GNP Growth Rates,%
119804.50.8
219813.81
319823.92.7
419834.53.3
5198441.5
619852.30.8
719863.34.1
819872.91.3
919885.52.2
10198931.4
111990-2-4
121991-8
18
Figure 14.4.Enterprises and households money growth rates,%
Source:PlanEcon,1991,March 27
1198110.35.86
2198210.35.86
3198310.35.86
4198410.35.86
5198510.35.86
619866.97.86.1
7198736.18.57.8
819882511.113.6
9198911.115.919.5
10199013.421.126.8
Figure 14.3.Monetary aggregates and GNP growth rates,%
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR)for various years;PlanEcon,March 27,1991,p.21.
119813.74.66.87.51.8
219823.74.66.87.51.8
319833.74.66.87.51.8
419843.74.66.87.51.8
519853.74.66.87.51.8
619863.32.87.68.54.1
719872.93.315.714.71.3
819885.56.115.414.12.2
9198935.614.314.81.4
101990-218.620-4
111991
Figure 14.2.Credit outstanding,billion rubles,year ends
Source:PlanEcon,1991,March 27
11980342.578.20.7
21985519.41182
31986450.2140.62.4
41987427.8200.73.1
51988398.82985.8
61989383.7390.17.4
71990367.4524.910.6
Figure 14.1. Government budget revenues, expenditure,and deficit,billion rubles
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR) for various years
Y1 axis title: Billion rubles
Y2 axis title: Billion rubles
119802822949190
2198129831010092
31982334343101102
41983339354103107
51984362371103116
61985373386569812056
7198637241746.49113046.4
8198737843144.79412744.7
9198837946036.610112036.6
10198940248239.811111539.8
111990
121991
19
Figure 16.2.Number of employees in the public administration, thousand persons
Source: Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
119804.50E-362231700
2-8.30E+20
31985-1523242376753
419866.40E-102366762
519878.73E-101981765
61988-8.73E-101831751
719893.20E-301577706
81990
Figure 16.1.The share of profit left at state enterprises and non centralized investment,% of total
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
119851538
2198631739
31987181739
41988403341
51989514043
6199058
71991
c1
Figure 17.1.Number of persons engaged in individual labor activity and working in coops(including part-time),million
Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years; newspaper reports.
119860.1
219870.150.310.7
319881.40.718.1
419894.90.325.4
519906.10.224.9
61991
sh
Figure 18.3.Retail sales per capita by republic as a % of national average,1940,1958,1970,1989,in current prices */
*/Data for 1940 are in 1958 prices.
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR),various years.
Y1 axis title: %
1Russia117111110110110
2Ukraine8484919294
3Belorussia607091101111
4Lithuania6380110118128
5Latvia109135148144146
6Estonia127138150150154
7Moldova4663768790
8Armenia8677798390
9Georgia9682778487
10Azerbaidjan9671626058
11Kazakhstan7494878583
12Uzbekistan8778656359
13Turkmenistan10889736968
14Kirghizia7074737168
15Tadjikistan7171625752
Figure 18.2.Fixed production capital stock per capita in republics,1980 and 1989, USSR = 100%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
Y1 axis title: %
1Russia115120
2Ukraine9085
3Belorussia8896
4Lithuania107111
5Latvia117114
6Estonia133126
7Moldova7570
8Armenia6870
9Georgia7473
10Azerbaidjan6562
11Kazakhstan105102
12Uzbekistan5647
13Turkmenistan8376
14Kirghizia5749
15Tadjikistan4738
Figure 18.3.Retail sales per capita by republic,as a % of national average,in current prices */
*/Data for 1940 are in 1958 prices. Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR),various years.
11940100117846060877496
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
191958100111847078948271
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3119701001109191658777
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
4119801001109210163858460
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
501001109411159838758
511990
Figure 18.2.Fixed production capital stock per capita in republics,1980 and 1989, USSR = 100%
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR (National Economy of the USSR) for various years.
1Russia115120
2Ukraine9085
3Belorussia8896
4Lithuania107111
5Latvia117114
6Estonia133126
7Moldova7570
8Armenia6870
9Georgia7473
10Azerbaidjan6562
11Kazakhstan105102
12Uzbekistan5647
13Turkmenistan8376
14Kirghizia5749
15Tadjikistan4738
16
17
4. F-18-1-B.
5. F-18-1-A.
Sour:Narodnoye KhozyaisSSSR
1Russia4.33.8
2Ukraine33.8
3Belorussia4.73.8
4Lithuania5.33.8
5Latvia3.73.8
6Estonia3.83.8
7Moldova2.93.8
8Armenia5.23.8
9Georgia33.8
10Azerbaidjan2.43.8
11Kazakhstan43.8
12Uzbekistan1.33.8
13Turkmenistan1.93.8
14Kirghizia1.83.8
15Tadjikistan2.23.8
16
Figure 18.1.Average annual growth rates of fixed production capital stock per capita in republics,%
1Russia76.6
2Ukraine6.16.6
3Belorussia7.96.6
4Lithuania6.46.6
5Latvia66.6
6Estonia5.66.6
7Moldova7.36.6
8Armenia6.16.6
9Georgia5.96.6
10Azerbaidjan5.26.6
11Kazakhstan66.6
12Uzbekistan6.16.6
13Turkmenistan6.66.6
14Kirghizia5.56.6
15Tadjikistan4.86.6
16
Figure 19.7.The number of people moving across Soviet borders
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR),various years; Ekonomika i Zhiz'n,1990,No.32.ious years; Ekonomika i Zhiz'n,1990,No.32.
119752.43.7
219852.84.3
319860.002
419870.04
519880.114.26
619890.2387.8
719900.4
81991
Figure 19.6.Dollar exchange rate at foreign exchange auctions,Gosbank currency exchange and black market
Source: Newspapes reports.
Y1 axis title: Rubles per $1
Y2 axis title: Million rubles,official rate-0.6R per $1
1Oct-898.49.5
2Nov-89
3Dec-8913.221
4Jan-908.210.514.716.6
5Feb-90912.816.216.6
6Mar-9016.223.4
7Apr-909.61417.215.5
8May-909.816.217.921.2
9Jun-906.82125.7
10Jul-90924.218.220
11Aug-9011.723.219.227
12Sep-9020.230.9
13Oct-9013.423.118.730
14Nov-9019.320.9
15Dec-9014.421.6
16Jan-9126.223.429.526
17Feb-9122.332
18Mar-913.935.427.538
19Apr-9131.730.2
20May-9127.6
21Jun-9142
22Jul-9160
23Aug-9150
Figure 19.5.Distribution of joint-ventures initial capital by country of foreign partner,end-March,1990,%
Source: A Study of Soviet Economy.IMF, World Bank,OECD,EBRD.1991.Vol.2,p.104.
1West Germany12.5es 1
2Italy11.6es 2
3France8.4es 3
4Finland8.4es 4
5USA8.2es 5
6Austria6.2es 6
7Bulgaria4.6es 7
8Sweden4.4es 8
9UK4.4es 9
10Australia3.4es 10
11Poland2.8es 11
12Other25.1es 6
Figure 19.4.Number of joint-ventures in the USSR, their total initial capital,and average capital per venture,year-ends
Source:A Study of the Soviet Economy.IMF World Bank,OECD,EBRD.1991.Vol.2,p.102; Ekonomika i Zhiz'n,1991,No.5.
11987502006.9
219882008004.3
31989130035002.8
41990300060002
Figure 19.3.Soviet exports and imports by region, billion rubles
Source:Narodnoye Khozyaistvo SSSR(National Economy of the USSR)for various years;PlanEcon Report,1991,March 27.
1198572.769.440.237.918.619.39.67.6
2198668.362.642.237.813.115.99.64.9
3198768.160.740.738.914.213.99.84.7
4198867.1653939.814.716.39.65.3
5198968.772.13840.616.420.510.17
6199060.970.726.231.422.828.18.56.7
Figure 19.1.Soviet oil production,net exports,and apparent consumption (million metric tons)
Source:PlanEcon Report,1991,March 6.
Y1 axis title: Million tons
11980116487603
21981113496609
31982113500613
4198312049661616.6
5198412149261316.6
6198510549059523.4
7198611550061515.5
8198712350162421.2
9198812450062425.7
10198911449360720
11199011145957027
12199150830.9
Figure 19. .Dollar exchange rate at foreign exchange auctions,Gosbank currency exchange and black market
Source:Newspapes reports.
Y1 axis title: Rubles per $1
Y2 axis title: Million rubles,official rate-0.6R per $1
1Oct-898.49.5
2Nov-89
3Dec-89
4Jan-908.210.514.716.6
5Feb-90912.816.216.6
6Mar-9016.223.4
7Apr-909.61417.215.5
8May-909.816.217.921.2
9Jun-906.82125.7
10Jul-90924.218.220
11Aug-9011.723.219.227
12Sep-9020.230.9
13Oct-9013.423.118.730
14Nov-9019.320.9
15Dec-9014.421.6
16Jan-9126.223.429.526
17Feb-9122.332
18Mar-913.935.427.538
19Apr-9131.730.2
20May-9127.6
21Jun-9142
1. F-19-2-C.CHT
1197062.784.875.6
265.794.480.3
364.692.188.2