centralism vs. regionalism centralism vs. regionalism in russia andrei treivish
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CCEENNTTRRAALILISSMM vs.vs. RREEGGIIOONNAALLIISSMMin RUSSIA
Andrei Treivish
CENTRALISM: PREREQUISITES PRO et CONTRA
• Byzantine, Holden Horde and other Asiatic impacts
• Deep historical tradition conditioned by frequent wars, revolts and expansion
• Ethnically / culturally melting colonization process
• Huge landmass, long distances and hampered communications
• Ethnic and regional diversity + 90 years of federalism
• Recurrent crises of central power
SUMMING UP DIFFERENT DEFINITIONS AND INTERPRETATIONS OF
REGIONALISM
A TRIAD:
• of regional (provincial) self-consciousness and identity, local spirit and divotion to this level of 'patriotism' and tradition etc.
• of their realization in regional public activities (movements and institutions), more or less radical and successful
• of their recognition along with the needs and interests of regional development as a rightful and legal form of civil society; attention of state policies to them
CENTRALISM and
MONOCENTRISM of settlement systems
All-Russia's rank-size ratiosHistorical Russian
Empire, USSR and RF
50 largest cities
Minsk
MoscowWarsaw
Moscow
Lodz
Leningrad
St.P-g
Odessa
TashkentKiev
NovosibirskN.Novg.
10
100
1000
10000
1 10 100
Size (population) in 1,000
10
Moscow Leningrad – St.P-gMoscow
Togliatti
Novosibirsk
N.Novgorod
MoscowSt.P-g
Rostov on Don
-
Moscow
Saratov
St.P-g
100
1000
10000
1 10 100City rank (1-50)
2002 1989
1959
1926
1897
1867
Russian Federation in its
contemporary limits
Russian Empire
1897
USSR 1989
RF 1989
Leningrad
Moscow
30 largest urban agglomerations of four giant countries in the early 21st century
Chicago-Milwaukee
Samara-Togliatti
N.Y.- Philadelphia
Moscow
Hong KongBeijing
Belo Horizonte
Rio de Janeiro
Shanghai
BRAZIL
St.Peter.
Dilli
Mumbai;Los Angeles
Sao Paulo
CHINA
INDIA
RUSSIA
USA
100
1000
10000
100000
1 10 100Ранг ГА (1-30)
Size in 1,000
Kolkata
2 3 5 550.50.003
CENTRALISM IN REGIONAL URBAN SYSTEMS
sole city in the region
smaller
larger
times10the capital is
1
RATIO OF THE REGIONAL CAPITAL'S POPULATION TO THE LARGEST ONE AMONG
OTHER CITIES, 2008 Official regional centre (capital)
The second (largest) city
BASIC TYPES OF RUSSIA'S 'REGIONIMS'
Urban proper (town or fortress, etc.) Ethnic (tribal)Religious Personal humanNatural geographic (hydronim etc.)Other, combined or uncertain
Names of regions (near 2005) and of their centres (capitals)
SAME AS THE CENTRE'S NAME classified by etymology of the latter:
DIFFERENT FROM THE CENTRE'S NAMEEthnic
Natural geographic
Combined natural-ethnic and abrogated (Taymyr Dolgano-Nenets AO)Abrogated by 2008 – joint with
the larger 'maternal' region Personal human, different from that of the centre
Murmansk
KaliningradSt. Peters-
burgArkhangelsk
Petrozavodsk
Pskov
Naryan-MarVologda
Novgorod
Tver
Salekhard
Khanty-Mansiysk
Dudinka
SyktyvkarYakutsk
Anadyr
Tura
Magadan
Palana
Kudymkar
Ust-OrdynskoyeIrkutsk
Krasnoyarsk
KyzylUlan-Ude
Chita
Aginskoye
BlagoveshchenskKhabarovsk
Birobidjan
Vladivostok
Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy
Abakan
Tomsk
Novosibirsk
Barnaul
Omsk
Gorno-Altaysk
Tyumen
Kurgan
Chelyabinsk
Yekaterinburg
Kirov
Kostroma
Orenburg
Ufa
PermKazan
Astrakhan
Izhevsk
Bryansk
KurskBelgorod
Rostov on DonVoronezh
Moscow
Kaluga
Saratov
Samara
Penza
N.N.Orel
Volgograd
Vladimir
Ivanovo
Smolensk Yar.
Elista
Krasnodar
Stavropol
Maykop
TulaR. Y-O.
V.: Vladimir; R.: Ryazan; L.: Lipetsk; T.: Tambov; N.N.: Nizhniy Novgorod; Y-O.: Yoshkar-Ola; Ch.: Cheboksary; S: Saransk; U.: Ulyanovsk; Cher.: Cherkessk; VK.: Vladikavkaz
L.T. Ch.
S.
Makhachkala
GroznyyMagas
U.
Cher.Nalchik
VK.
Years (up to 2000)
50 150 250 350450 550
TIME SPENT IN THE STATE HEADED BY
MOSCOW OR ST. PETERSBURG
'LENGTH OF SERVICE' in average upon contemporary
regions' areas
ЧИСТЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ11 макрорайонов, 73 региона,
РСФСР=100 1996
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Ка
ли
ни
нгр
.об
л.
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
С.-
ЗА
ПА
Д
ЦЕ
НТ
Р
В.-
ВЯ
ТС
КИ
Й
ЦЧ
Р
ПО
ВО
ЛЖ
ЬЕ
С.К
АВ
КА
З
УР
АЛ
З.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
В.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
Д.В
ОС
ТО
К
ВАЛОВОЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ11 макрорайонов, 79 регионов, РФ=100
2002
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Кали
нинг
р.об
л.
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
С.-
ЗАП
АД
ЦЕ
НТ
Р
В.-
ВЯ
ТС
КИЙ
ЦЧ
Р
ПО
ВО
ЛЖ
ЬЕ
С.К
АВ
КАЗ
УР
АЛ
З.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
В.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
Д.В
ОС
ТО
К
ЧИСТЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ11 макрорайонов, 73 региона,
РСФСР=100
0
50
100
150
200
250
Кали
нинг
р.об
л.
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
С.-
ЗАП
АД
ЦЕ
НТ
Р
В.-
ВЯ
ТС
КИЙ
ЦЧ
Р
ПО
ВО
ЛЖ
ЬЕ
С.К
АВ
КАЗ
УР
АЛ
З.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
В.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
Д.В
ОС
ТО
КВАЛОВОЙ РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ
11 макрорайонов, 79 регионов, РФ=100
1996
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
Кали
нинг
р.об
л.
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
С.-
ЗАП
АД
ЦЕ
НТ
Р
В.-
ВЯ
ТС
КИЙ
ЦЧ
Р
ПО
ВО
ЛЖ
ЬЕ
С.К
АВ
КАЗ
УР
АЛ
З.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
В.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
Д.В
ОС
ТО
К
Macroregions and 'independent' regionsRegions within macroregions1990
Regional disparities in per capita net material (by Soviet methodology) and gross regional products (new
methodology), current prices, RF = 100NET MATERIAL PRODUCT (11 MACRO-REGIONS and 73 REGIONS)350
1996
Kal
inin
grad
obl
.
Kal
inin
grad
obl
.
NO
RTH
NO
RTH
N-W
EST
CEN
TRE
C. C
HER
NO
ZEM
VOLG
A
N.C
AU
CA
SUS
UR
ALS
W.S
IBER
IA
E.SI
BER
IA
FAR
EA
STGRP (11 MACRO-REGIONS and 79 REGIONS)
N-W
EST
CEN
TRE
Kal
inin
grad
obl
N-W
EST
N-W
EST
Kal
inin
grad
obl
NO
RTH
NO
RTH
CEN
TRE
20021996
VOLG
A-V
YATK
AV.
-VYA
TKA
VOLG
A-V
YATK
AV.
-VYA
TKA
CEN
TRE
C. C
HER
NO
ZEM
C. C
HER
NO
ZEM
C. C
HER
NO
ZEM
VOLG
A
VOLG
A
VOLG
A
N.C
AU
CA
SUS
N.C
AU
CA
SUS
N.C
AU
CA
SUS
W.S
IBER
IA
W.S
IBER
IAW
.SIB
ERIA
UR
ALS
UR
ALS
UR
ALS
E.SI
BER
IA
E.SI
BER
IA
E.SI
BER
IA
FAR
EA
ST
FAR
EA
ST
FAR
EA
ST
2006
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Аля
ска
Гава
йи
ТИХ
ОО
К.
ГОР
НЫ
Е
ЮЗ
ЦЕ
НТР
ЮВ
ЦЕ
НТР
Ю.-А
ТЛ.
СЗ
ЦЕ
НТР
СВ
ЦЕ
НТР
СР
.-АТЛ
.
Н.А
НГЛ
ИЯ
USA: 9 macro-regions, 51 region
2004
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
С.-З
АП
АД
ВО
СТО
К
С.-В
ОС
ТОК
ЦЕ
НТР
ЗАП
АД
ЮГ
Анд
ам.о
-ва
2005
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
ЦЕ
НТР
О-З
.
С.-В
ОС
ТОК
ЮГ
Ю.-
ВО
СТО
К
BRAZIL: 5 macroregions, 27 regions
2005
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
С.-В
ОС
ТОК
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
С.-З
АП
АД
Ю.-З
АП
АД
ЦЕ
НТР
-ЮГ
ВО
СТО
К
CHINA: 6 macro-regions, 31 region
INDIA: 7 macro-regions, 35 regions
RUSSIA: 11 macro-regions, 79 regions
2005
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
Кали
нинг
р. О
бл
СЕ
ВЕ
Р
С.-З
АП
АД
ЦЕ
НТР
В.-В
ЯТС
КИЙ
ЦЧ
Р
ПО
ВО
ЛЖ
ЬЕ
С.К
АВ
КАЗ
УР
АЛ
З.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
В.С
ИБ
ИР
Ь
Д.В
ОС
ТОК
Per capita GRP by region and macro-region of selected giant states in the mid-2000s, percentages of each national average
Dispersion of percapita GRPs (number of regions): USA (51) – 38,4; EU – 42–50 (over 100); MEXICO (32) – 53; BRAZIL (27) – 57; INDIA (35) – 66;
CHINA (31) – 71; RF (79) – 67; РФ (88, АО included) – 133
Macroregions and 'independent' regionsRegions within macroregions
Basic types of GRP sectoral structures in 1998 and 2004
H-A
S
IH-I
A-S
I-S
H-S
No data
EXPLANATIONS:
H-A – hyper-agrarian, A-S – agrarian-service, H-I – hyper-industrial,
I – predominantly industrial, I-S – industrial-service,
S – service, H-S – hyper-service
1998
2004
TYPES
THE AUTHOR'S POSITION
Regionalism and regionalization (booming regionalism in the 1990s
Russian sense)
are antonyms of CENTRALISM AND CENTRALIZATION (of monotony and
unification etc.), but not yet synonymous with
SEPARATISM AND DISINTEGRATION
Regionalism can grow into separatism as a result of a long suppression and disregard
(especially in times of troubles)
POLAR VIEWS OF RUSSIAN REGIONALISM
• It is extremely weak as well as Russia's historical provinces and unofficial vernacular regions. The
very Russian culture and, thus, identity are aspatial (relatively indifferent to space in a huge flat and
expanding country).
• It does exist but really is special in a centralised state which either incorporates it into its own
regional system, or leaves "beyond the power". Russian regions and regionalism belongs to a polis-shaped type and often "secret" (at the local levels in
particular).
Some regularities of administrative division and of Russia's regional system
1
10
100
1000
10000
0.0 0/1 1,0 10,0 100,0 1000.0
РОССИЯ-87
чел. / км ?
тыс. км ?
Population density per 1 km²
y = 842512x-0,8078
R2 = 0,5137
1000
10000
100000
1000000
1 10 100 1000
Ср. площадь единиц, км?
РФ-89
Ср. плотность населения, чел. / км?
РФ-78 (без АО)РФ: Аз. частьРФ: Евр. часть
АМЕРИКА
АФРИКА
АЗИЯ
ЕВРОПА
Average regions' area, km²
RF: 78 (AO excluded)
RF: 89
RF: EastRF: West
AMERICAS
AFRICA
EUROPE
ASIA
Average population density per 1 km²
RUSSIA: 87 REGIONS
Area of basic units as function of population density by the 21st century:
Worldwide and Russia's
A sheme of Russia's regional 'stairs'
2 PARTS (European and Asian)
7 – 13 MACRO-REGIONS
50 – 90 MAIN ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS
300 – 400 UYEZD (INTRA-OBLAST REGIONS)
2,000 – 3,000 LOCAL REGIONS and INDEPENDENT CITIES
WORLD: STATES AND Region's area, 1000 km²
1915 1925 1935 1945 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995
'PENDULUM' OF RUSSIA'S REGIONALIZATION – CENTRALIZATION: AN AUTHOR'S SCHEME
Collapse of Russaian Empire, Civil war
Collapse of the USSR disintegration
SEPERATISM
REGIONALISM REGIONALISM
HYPER-CENTRALISM
Great Gosplan oblasts
Sovnarkhoz
Reg
ion
al
ho
zras
chet
The last group of questions:
INTEGRATION OR CENTRALIZATION?
1. The reasons for a new centralization: mostly economic or
political?
2. What is more probable and preferable, tactically and
strategically?
If the pendulum of centralism – regionalism does swing anyway, it would better
quicker and lesser in amplitude,
but how can Russia ajust it?