central business district change decentralisation causes & effects. responses to decline....
TRANSCRIPT
Central Business District Change
Central Business District Change
Decentralisation causes & effects.Responses to decline.Decentralisation causes & effects.Responses to decline.
Commercial centreCommercial centre» Historical centre
of commercial activity dating back to markets.
» Location of retail, office-based industry & leisure.
Office based industryOffice based industry» The CBD contains
the greatest concentration of high-rise buildings.
» 1960’s concrete offices exist in close proximity to modern offices.
» Accessibility for the workforce is a vital locational factor affecting office-based industry. Traditionally in CBD.
First waveFirst wave» DIY & home
furnishings.» Large scale
warehouse-style developments.
» Links to contractors trade.
» Access for large vehicles.
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Second waveSecond wave
» Electrical goods stores.
» Scale significant.» Agglomeration with
home furnishings.» Supermarkets >
superstores.» Continental style.» Large, free &
uncongested car parks.
» Under one roof.
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Third waveThird wave
» Comparison goods from the high street.
» Greater variety & speciality.
» Economies of scale.
» Adding to new, peripheral business districts.
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LeisureLeisure
» US influenced, large scale restaurants or drive-through.
» Services required where consumers are shopping or living.
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Assimilation & discardAssimilation & discard» CBD is
characterized by rapid change.
» Zones of assimilation: growth of CBD or positive change of function.
» Zones of discard: Decline, vacancy & dereliction.
Closure of independent retailers & success of national chains
Closure of independent retailers & success of national chains
» High CBD rents require high profits.
» Independent retailers suffer from lack of passing trade and can’t afford the large plots in retail parks.
» Yates’ Wine Lodge in Reading is located in the old Post Office.
DecentralizationDecentralization» Modern growth of
out of town retail parks and superstores is threatening city centre trade.
» Large, chain stores have moved to these locations leaving small, independent outlets behind.
Business ParksBusiness Parks» Like retail, offices are
increasingly located at the rural-urban fringe.
» Land is cheap, there is room for expansion and buildings can be purpose built.
» Peripheral locations are now the most accessible and have higher quality environments.
Lakeside regional shopping centre, Thurrock, Essex.
Lakeside regional shopping centre, Thurrock, Essex.
» Over 320 shops, 4 major departments stores, 30 cafes and restaurants, a 7 screen multiplex cinema, a chapel, a 26 acre lake complete with PADI certified diving school complex, and parking for 13,000 cars and 250 coaches.
» Junction 30/31 M25.
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Undercover Shopping centres
Undercover Shopping centres
» The response in the CBD has been led by the construction of modern, covered shopping malls.
» They offer comfort, safety and other facilities such as toilets under one roof.
Accessibility & beautificationAccessibility & beautification
» The CBD needs to become a more accessible place for motorist & pedestrian.
» One-way roads, improved car parking & pedestrianization are used.
» Flowerbeds, signposts, cobblestones &graffiti removal improve the environment.
Leisure & image enhancement
Leisure & image enhancement
» City centres need to be re-sold as places of entertainment.
» Street vendors, pavement cafes & festivals all help.
» New leisure districts incorporating cinemas, restaurants & bars are now common.