CENTRAL AMERICAN TRANSIT MIGRATION THROUGH MEXICO TO THE

UNITED STATES: DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE REGIONAL VISION AND SHARED

RESPONSIBILITY

December 2014

December 2014 2014

1 01080

978-607-8242-06-1

, d ,

-

1 2012

2 2012

2012

4 201

201

México.

Ta b l e o f Co n t e n t s

7 8

9 10

INTRODUCTION . 11 1

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1 ........................... 14

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- 17

2 .............................................................................................. 21

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4 s ................ 1

1 ..................................................................................................

2 ............................................................ 6

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4 ................................................................................................. 9

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Co r e Gr o u p Me m b e r s

d

2012

201 -2014

-

-

7

Collaborators

-

-

8

Acknowledgements

9

Acronyms

ACS CBP CEM CIESAS

CNDH COLEF CONAMIGUA

CONAPO CONMIGRANTES

COPAREM

CPS CRM DHS DNI ECOSUR EMIF SUR

FLACSO FMTF FMVA FMVL IMUMI INCEDES

INM ITAM LEPINA

MENAMIG NNA OAS OCAM

OECD OPIS RROCM

SEGOB SICA SRE STPS

TVR UEPME

UNDP

American Community Survey Customs and Border Protection Center for Migration Studies, Mexico (Centro de Estudios Migratorios) Center for Research and Higher Studies in Social Anthropology, Mexico (Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social) National Human Rights Commission, Mexico (Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos) El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, Mexico National Council for Guatemalan Migrants (Consejo Nacional de Atención al Migrante de Guatemala) National Population Council, Mexico (Consejo Nacional de Población) National Council for the Protection and Development of Migrants and their Families, El Salvador (Consejo Nacional para la Protección y Desarrollo de la Persona Migrante y su Familia) Regional Parliamentary Council on Migrations, Central America (Consejo Parlamentario Regional sobre las Migraciones) Current Population Survey Regional Conference on Migration (Conferencia Regional sobre Migración) Department of Homeland Security Non-Immigrant Fee (Derecho de No Inmigrante) El Colegio de la Frontera Sur Survey on Migration on the Southern Border of Mexico (Encuesta sobre migración en la frontera sur de México) Latin American School of Social Sciences (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) Border Worker Migration Form (Forma Migratoria de Trabajador Fronterizo) Visiting Agricultural Worker Migration Form (Forma Migratoria de Visitante Agrícola) Local Visitor Migration Form (Forma Migratoria de Visitante Local) Institute for Women in Migration, Mexico (Instituto para las Mujeres en la Migración) Central American Institute for Social and Development Studies (Instituto Centroamericano de Estudios Sociales y Desarrollo) National Institute of Migration, Mexico (Instituto Nacional de Migración) Autonomous Technological Institute of Mexico (Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México) Law for the Comprehensive Protection of Children and Adolescents, El Salvador (Ley de protección integral de niñez y adolescencia) National Forum on Migration in Guatemala (Mesa Nacional para las Migraciones en Guatemala) Children and adolescents (Niños, niñas y adolescentes) Organization of American States Central American Commission of Migration Directors (Comisión Centroamericana de Directores de Migración) Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Child Protection Officers, Mexico (Oficiales de Protección a la Infancia) Regional Network of Civil Organizations for Migration (Red Regional de Organizaciones Civiles para las Migraciones) Ministry of the Interior, Mexico (Secretaría de Gobernación) Central American Integration System (Sistema de Integración Centroamericana) Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mexico (Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores) Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare, Mexico (Secretaría de Trabajo y Previsión Social) Regional Visitor's Card (Tarjeta de Visitante Regional) Special Unit for the Protection of Minors, Costa Rica (Unidad Especial de Protección de Personas Menores de Edad) United Nations Development Programme

UPM US

, Mexico (Unidad de Política Migratoria) United States of America

10

INTRODUCTION

2012

the

-

1 20122 2012

2012

4 201

201

11

2

284 d ri 4 41

11

1 2

4 Tr sit

1

2

4

.

12

I. DIAGNOSTIC

Wh a t i s b e h i n d t r an s i t m i gr a t i on ?

- -

1990

1998 2001 200

0 . T

2009

2011 2009 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011

2011 201

2008 2012

ori i d

1

1 . Tr e n d s o f e n t r a l m e r i c a n M r rre r r t h r o u g h Me x i c o

Sources of information

1997 2007 2008 2011 2001 200 2000

2007 2011 2012 2007 2011 2007

2010 2011 201

201 2011 2012

-

Volumes a nd Trends

-1990 200 90 4 0 2006 2009 70 2010

14

st bi i tio i o s c be obser ed. re imi r estim tes or sho rise i o s b t e st erce t See i re .

i re . stim te o Ce tr meric Mi r ts i Irre r Tr sit Thro h Mexico to the U.S. ,

Sources: Estimates from Rodríguez, et al. 2011 and 2013; Berumen, et al. 2012, based on SEGOB, Boletín de Estadísticas Migratorias de México; DHS, Yearbook of Immigration Statistics; U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Border Patrol Statistics; U.S. Cens s Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS) and Current Population Survey (CPS).

The methodology used to estimate the magnitude of these movements of migrants integrates indicators from different statistical sources, with the year as the unit of time. These indicators are derived from the tr ector that irregular migrants follow, d rom the e ects o policies o det i me t imposed by the United States and Mexico; the also include, migrants who managed to chie e their o d establish themselves ith irre r st t s in the United States.

The annual volume of migrant flow i irre r tr sit includes: 1) Central Americans apprehended by Mexican migration authorities throughout the country; 2) Central Americans who manage to cross o er Mexican territory but were apprehended by U.S migration authorities on the border1 with Mexico; and 3) those who were not detained by either the Mexican or the U.S. authorities, and succeeded in entering and living in the United States 2 for a period of time (See Figure 2).

1

2012

2

New Arrivals

171 165 137

197 241 217 194 177

227 286

388

303

186 145

119 112 109

200 212175

236 273

237 214 196240

324

433

320

203 159 137 132 124

183

050

100150200250300350400450500

Even

ts in

thou

sand

s

Berumen 2012 Rodríguez 2013

1

119 112 109 0

50100150200250300350400450500

Berumen 2012 Rodríguez 2013

286

388

303

273324

433

320

203159 137 132 124

183

171 165137

197241 217 194 177

227186

145

200 212 236 237 214 196240

175

F i g u r e 1 . Es t i m a t e o f Ce n t r a l Am e r i c a n Mi g r a n t s i n Ir r e gu l ar Tr an s i t Th r ou gh Me xi c o t o t h e U. S. , 1997- 2012

i re . stim ted o me o Ce tr meric Mi r ts i Irre r Tr sit thro h Mexico to the U.S., b erce t e o e ch I dic tor,

201

2012

91 9

84 91 - - -

12 2011 20 2012

2006 2011

52.2%

29.5%

18.3%

1652.2%

29.5%

18.3%

•

2007-2009

•

•

•

• -

•

1 1 000 2007 2011

2012

Socio- Demog rap h ic, Lab or and Movement Profiles

2009 2012 -

4 80

8 1 29 70 66

17

This information can be obtained from the Survey on igration on the Southern order of exico SU , which has collected, since mid- , a representative sample of all migrants returned

to uatemala, onduras and l Salvador by authorities in exico and United States, among other flows. or uatemalans, this information is available from 4. The Survey is underta en throughout the year, at

the migrants points of return in their countries of origin. The pro ect is currently coordinated by , , A , U , S , ST S and S , and is supported by A S uatemala.

4 Among migrants returned by U.S. authorities, only those with less than one year of residence are considered. This is done so that the characteristics of the longer-standing migrants, who have experienced incresead deportation rates in recent years, do not affect the estimate of the annual flow pattern.

rom urban areas, 69 percent attained between 6 and 12 grades of schooling, and 95 percent of them do not speak English. so, it is ote orth that 65 percent were employed in their country of residence and of these, 61 percent or ed in agricultural, service or construction activities.

Co sideri the overall average, those who succeeded in crossing Mexico’ s northern border and were c t red d returned by U.S. authorities tend to be older, were residents of urban areas, had a lower level of educational attainment, a greater rate of employment in their home country, and greater migration experience in the United States. The percentage differences oscillate between 3 and 6 pe rcentage points.

W ith regards to the migration o ome , over the past four years women represented an average of 13 percent of the Central American migration flows in transit through Mexico,

si s re ere ce those returned by Mexico and the United States. Salvadorian women, in particular, demonstrate a greater participation r te, t 18 percent o er e. In general the proportion of women might be higher if we could disaggregate information by e der of those who succeeded in living in the United States. In this period the circularity of women between origin and destination has gradually dimi ished, more i te se among those deported from the United States going from 21.7 percent in 2009 to 8. 3 percent in 2012. This dec i e can be explained by the greater difficulty and costs of crossing through Mexico to the United States.

Similarly, women who were returned by Mexican authorities decreased from 19.6 percent in 2005 to 12.8 percent in 2012 (See Figure 3).

i re . Ce tr meric s Re tri ted b Mexico, b e der,

Source: Ernesto Rodríguez based on information from the Federal Delegations of IN M. From 2009 to 2012 data is i c ded from all records. From 2004 to 2008 d t is estimated d i c des partial information.

Me hi e, the proportion of minors under 18 years has maintained between 6- 7 percent annually, among those returned by the Mexican migration authorities. This represents some 4,000 to 5,800 minors repatriated per year. However, there has been an increase of those between 12- 17 years old traveling without the company of an adult (See i re . I the

W omen

Men

18

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20122004

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

16.7% 19.6% 18.8% 17.5% 18.8% 15.9% 13.8% 13.0% 12.8%

9

9-10

-

99

74 60

24

98 96 86

80

40 22 sed tr i s o e o their ri ci me s o tr s ort tio See i re .

1

41

2

49

9

68

67

0 20 40 60 80

2009

2010

2011

201219

igure 4. entral Americans Aged under epatriated by exico, by Accompaniment, -

Sources Boletín de estadísticas migratorias de México, S . uatemala, onduras andl Salvador are included.

I rtic r, 6 8

i re . ri ci Me s o Tr s ort tio Used b Ce tr meric Mi r ts to Cross Mexico, er es

Other Means

2009- 2012

41

- 4

0

10

20

0

40

0

60

70

80

90

20

2 . In s e c u r i t y o f Mi g r a n t s i n r a n s i t

The state of insecurity in Mexico and Central America has intensified over the last decade. In Mexico, homicide r tes re si i ic t from 2008 to 2010, and h e o st bi i ed in the last e years. Tre ds o Homicid io e ce in the Central American N orthern Triangle countries mark the sub- region as one of the most unsafe in the world. Honduras holds the highest murder rate in the world per 100,000 inhabitants, hi e in Guatemala and El Salvador the trends in the last two years have tended towards stabilization or dec i e. (See Figure 6) .

i re . omicide R tes er , I h bit ts i the Ce tr meric Norther Tri e d Mexico,

Source: Citizen Security with a Human Face: Evidence and Proposals for L atin America.Human Development Report for L atin America 2013- 2014. United N ations Development Programme (UN DP), p.47. Mexico data for 2011 and 2012, IN EGI, Press Bulletin 28 8 / 13, J uly 30, 2013.

The increase in crime and violence in Mexico and Central America is the result of di erse factors and historical processes, all of which present di ere t manifestations in each country. The United N ations Development Programme’ s (UN DP) 2013-2014 Human Development Report identifies four groups of variables that help explain the i te si ic tio o violence i the re io

1. Socio- economic structure: Although Central America and Mexico havedemonstrated economic growth and significant reduction of unemployment, thesehave not been sufficient there still exists a significant level of inequality and obi secc rit combined with higher aspirations for greater access to consumer goods.

2. Changes in communities and the family structure: the accelerated and chaoticgrowth of cities, the high rates of dro i o t o school and low- qualityeducation, have e er ted re ter er bi it or o th, es eci those i si e

re t ho seho ds ith sc rce eco omic reso rces.

0

10

20

30

40

50

6 0

70

8 0

9 0

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

21

-

201

4

201

M ex ico’ s p iral of iolence

72 2010

2011 2012

2007

2012

o

22

1

201

80

2011

C riminal etw ork s and Mig rants in ransit

2007

-

- 2011

r c s C si s, .

2

- - - - - - - -

3. Risks of Transit Migration

2001

24

2001

1980 1990

1989 1991

1990 2001

- -

- -

2

201 201

-

- 2000

2004

2008

2012

1 -

5

1990

26

•

- • • • • • • • • • •

2011 2011 2012

ho m e

2008

o mi r tio

-

ictimi tio b

hitme

2010

o r e 42

29 18

14

i is so co tr o desti tio 2010

2010 2011 201 2010 1 220 der e mi r ts ret r ed b Mexic thorities to tem ,

27

1

47 2010 2011

astoral e la Mov l a Humana 1 0 82 6

48 7

P rotect ion of Migr ants in ransit

1996 -

200 2011 2011

201 201

2006 2009

2010

28

2011 2012

2011

-

2007

2011

2011 1999

2012

29

2009

2007

6 2011

2011

2009

2011 -

7

201 -

No ethe ess,

0

The S were formali ed in and their current functions include to safeguard the physical and mental integrity of children and adolescents immediately provide basic health services, food, clthing andrest facilitate contact with their families through free phone calls maintain them informed on their migration status in age-appropriate ways, and accompany them during their repatriaton process, This model has been promoted by

exico in uatemala, l Salvador, onduras and the ominican epublic.

etween and three protocols were developed . rotocol to regulari e the stay of under-age foreigners, under the protection of the ational hildren s Trust . rotocol for the care of under-age foreigners whose parents, relatives or other responsible persons are sub ect to removal proceedings, and . rotocol for the care and protection of under-age foreigners who are unaccompanied or separated from their family outside of their country of origin.

, - co bor tio bet ee societ

m e isib e

. or r Manag nt in o t rn M i o an t o i to ar s Migrants inTransit

re

tr s - h e

occ rred or

2012 2 1 7

- - 82 18

10 7 7 - e

ro te 7 R

7 - 2012

1

O t h e rV i s i t o r s

C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n si n t r a n i s t t o U . S .

1 8 3 , 0 0 01 0 . 5 %

V i s i t o r s a n dW o r k e r s i n t h e

B o r d e r A r e a1 3 4 , 2 1 6

7 . 7 %

R e g i o n a lV i s i t o r s

1 , 1 3 5 , 1 2 16 5 . 2 %

2 2 8 , 3 7 01 3 . 1 %

6 1 , 2 9 53 . 5 %

TOTAL 1.7 MILLIONS

DOCUMENTED 82 % UNDOCUMENTED 18%

olet n e sta st as M rator as o

1 o M R or

-

1 2012

thors

reso rces or ssoci ted ith

m e s

e

2

Puertos fronterizos en operación con presencia del INM

.- d. idalgo

.-Suchiate s lo carga

.- Talism n4.- Uni n u re

.- d. uauht moc

.- armen h n

.- rontera oro al

.- l eibo

.- a Uni n.- Subteniente pe.- hactemal

Puntos internos de control integral

.- uixtla

.-Trinitaria- omit n en construcci n

.- ata a en construcci n

Punto fronterizo de inspección

.- uevo ri aba en construcci n

-

to isit mi members d or or 8 - 9

2011 e e o ed the irs o Mi r tio Its o d tio

it so stems t i i to cco t

i te r ted

erti e ce

ei hbori t

.

1990

2001

8 Re io isitor is the Mi r tor st t s ro ided to reside ts o ei hbori co tries ermitted ccess to border re io s o so ther Mexico, e tit i the be rer to m ti e e tries d exists d st s th t do ot exceed three d s, d itho t ermissio to recei e rem er tio i the co tr rt. , r cc III o the o Mi r tio , d rt. o R es . C rre t , the Re io isitors C rd T R is ro ided direct t the border oi ts o e tr , d ies to citi e s o tem d e i e. It is id or i e e rs, d o s ree ccess i re e com ssi to roxim te m rom the d border. The TR re ced d

exte ded the be e itds o the oc isitor Mi r tio orm M , ich s ro ided to tem s rom some border to s si ce . I the M s ex ded to the border de rt me ts d others e rb ith the ossibi it to e ter Mexico to m rom the border. so, the M s iss ed to e i e s si ce .

The st t s o order d or isitor is c rre t i e direct t the oi t o e tr t Mexico s so ther border d ies to citi e s o tem d e i e. It is id or or i st tes o Chi s, T b sco, C m eche d i t Roo, or h te er em o me t cti it is o ered, ith the ri ht o reside ce o to o e

e r, d m ti e e tries d exits rom Mexico rt. , r cc. III o the o Mi r tio , d rt. o R es . Its immedi te redecessor s the isiti ric tir or er Mi r tio orm M , ich s

rded bet ee d to tem s or bor o i Chi s imited to ric t re re ted cti ities. I the M s re ced b the order or er Mi r tio orm MT , ich exte ded the

be e its to e i e s d ex ded the ossibi it to or i i sectors o the eco im d i c ded st tes o the T b sco, C m eche d i t Roo, ith co ditio o h i ob o er.

24

o

re r

- or to , s e s

ex d

tho ht,

to be rt o r d d com rehe si e rocess, both ithi Mexico

d be o d, thro h re io coordi tio . It is esse ti to o ercome the c rre t i s icie t tte tio , coordi tio d re io sis c cit i Mexico Ce tr

meric .

ecess r

io

4

2

II. RECOMMENDATIONS

s res t o -

the re ort h s de e o ed

e re ted

xes

1 o or ms

2

exch e o d

4 o er ce i c cit d i

. tr ngt n or in t iss of transit igration on nationa ag n as an inr giona an g o a is ssion for s

• o , or i tio s

• o

26

• - re io ,

iss es mi r t er bi ities theromotio o

i

,

It is ecess r to ss re the i c sio o the iss e o tr sit mi r tio i re io d ob mech isms, s ch s the Ce tr meric I te r tio S stem SIC , the T xt Mech ism or Di o e d Co s t tio bet ee Ce tr meric d Mexico d the U ited N tio s ost De e o me t e d , rthermore, s b ect sho d be stre the ed i or ms here the to ic is re d disc ssed, s ch s the Re io Co ere ce o Mi r tio CRM . o these re io mech isms sho d romote the cre tio o

reeme ts d rotoco s th t c co trib te to the r d de e o me t o com rehe si e d re io mi r tio o icies d ro r ms.

. ro r g ations on rning igrants in transit

•

• see i me t

be b sic

the tte tio their d oc tes.T

m st be stre the ed, d sho d be de e o ed.

6

27

3 r at gr at r trans ar n t ro g in r as an i ro ang ofinfor ation an o ni ation an t ro g t onitoring of go r nt a tionsr at to igrants in transit

n ormat on

• -

i order ho

ho

i order to

i ds h e

i -

re e t It sho d so be i c ded o o i e t orms disc ssi s b ects o mi r tio , to e s re re ter b ic ccess.

ommun at on

• ,

4,

,

7

28

• , ctio

o m st be romoted

io tio s o the .

, directed i

re r st t s

i orm mi r ts i st

r teei , is

I order to romote more to er t c im te d more rece ti e ttit de to rds mi r ts i tr sit, c

.

Mon tor n

•

m st be est b ished

mi r ts

t o to mi r ts their

roced res

8

29

io

thorities themse es sho d methods, hith the ob ecti e o

. ro go rnan i ing a a it an tr st in instit tions an str ngt ning oo ration an oor ination

rust

• i ,

•

its ositi e o ici s

dditio , it is or to s i

de i e ti

recomme d b e or to

ra n n

• M e more e ecti e mi r tio de ts ,

the 2011 o Mi r tio

e ts

o to

hich

9

0

o s the

Resour es

•

re ted

rom this ers ecti e, h ted i ds

s ehic es eed

ositi e , the

o

re e t crossi

•

-

or to

o co d

• coo er tio ith the U ited

St tes

the isitor ree

i

40

oor nat on an ooperat on

• s d i

so e stice

thoroties s This re ires to the im ro eme t i

•

tech o o tr s ers re comb ti i

o d ccess to stice ith d

It is so ecess r to est b ish or im ro e m orce dis e red

s.

, , rr eme ts

st te o er me ts

an igration o ntation ro ss s an str ngt n t rot tion anassistan ro i to igrants in transit

M rat on Do umentat on

• c cit ,

-

is co siste t ith ies or d ceme t

rote t on an ss stan e

• S io tio s so th t

41

2

the etc.

im er ti e 1 2

4 d s ctio s

ce o h rm s e s the i cre se o soci d o erme t c cities sh or

their .

t th t co trib tes

mi r ts

The INM sho d ro ide s eci tte tio to the c se o mi r ts rese ted to them i com i ce ith d ties

so or Ce tr meric to citi e s ith ccordi

d

• b sic or e s re their

s these co tries re their s

o

i dis e sib e o

42

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1991 Runn n the auntlet he entral mer an ourne throu h Me o

2010 e n ena en m ra n

227- 11

2010 n orme el sta o me ano so re se uestro e tors n otros el tos omet os ontra personas m rantes en tr ns to por terr tor o me ano

201 he n o ostal a Me o on ronts the hallen es o lo al

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2011 n t erra e na e l la er nto e la mpun a ola ones e los ere hos humanos e las personas m rantes en la re n el

o onus o 4-

201 2012 26 0 7 olet n e prensa 288 1 0

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2011 e un o n orme so re la s tua n e las e ensoras los e ensores e ere hos humanos en las m r as

,

201 D n a s n e ep n alternat vas a la eten n m rator a en M o

2012

14

4

6

2010 n orme lternat vo e uatemala so re la pl a n e la onven n nterna onal so re la rote n e los Dere hos e to os los ra a a ores M rator os e sus am l ares

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2010 n tra e to pel roso por M o ola ones a ere hos humanos en ontra e los m rantes en tr ns to

2008 rans t m rat on he m ss n l n et een em rat on an settlement

201 arrat vas e la transm ra n entroamer ana en su paso por M o n orme esta st o so re las ara ter st as e los transm rantes entroamer anos

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201 12 1- -

201 arrat vas e la transm ra n entroamer ana en su paso por M o n orme so re las

v ola ones a ere hos humanos el tos omet os a transm rantes entroamer anos 72

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201 12 2- - - - --

201 st ma o e m rantes entroamer anos e tr ns to rre ular por M o199 -2012

2011

puntes so re m ra n 1

2011 Ha a la me n e la vulnera l a e las personas m rantes en la rontera sur e M o

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2001 - rontera orte 1 2 7-41

2001 stu os Demo r os r anos 16 2 2 7-284

46

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2004 a v olen a ontra la mu er en M o

200 stu os o ol os 68 - 611-6 6

2010 Ho ar asa uestras Ra es n orme e a ores 2010

201 olet n e esta st as m rator as

2011 erspe t va ur a so al e la eten n e m rantes en tapalapa D str to e eral enos ue a as o

2009

M s n a M o a 1 e mar o e 200 11 7 2

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201 n orme Re onal e Desarrollo Humano 2013-2014 e ur a u a ana on rostro humano a n st o propuestas para

m r a at na

201 or er atrol tat t s - - -

201 ear oo o mm rat on tat st s 201 - -

2011 Do umento e ra a o 2 -

47