center for by-products utilization cbu reports/rep-399.pdfbiron #5 precipitator ash is a very fine,...
TRANSCRIPT
Center for
By-Products
Utilization
CPI Ash as a Potential Source for Construction Materials
By Tarun R. Naik and Rudolph N. Kraus
Report No. CBU-2000-22
Rep-399
August 2000
Submitted to Consolidated Papers, Inc., Wisconsin Rapids, WI
Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics
College of Engineering and Applied Science
THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN - MILWAUKEE
CPI
Ash as a Potential Source for
Construction Materials
A Report Submitted to Dr. F. Andrew Gilbert
Consolidated Papers, Inc.
August 2000
REP -399
CPI Ash as a Potential Source for Construction Materials
by
Tarun R. Naik, Ph.D., P.E.
and
Rudolph N. Kraus
UWM Center for By-Products Utilization
Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics
College of Engineering and Applied Science
The University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee
P.O. Box 784
Milwaukee WI 53201
ii
Ph: (414) 229-6696
Fax: (414) 229-6958
Executive Summary
TITLE: CPI Ash as a Potential Source for Construction Materials
SOURCE: UWM-CBU Report No. CBU-2000-22, REP-399, August 2000
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To conduct physical, chemical, mineralogical, and microstructural tests
for determining properties of typical Consolidated Papers, Inc. (CPI) wood ashes (Biron #4 precipitator
ash, Biron #4 bottom ash, Biron #4 boiler slag, Biron #5 boiler precipitator ash, Biron #5 mechanical
hopper ash, Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash, Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash, Niagara B21-B23 fly ash, and Niagara B24
bottom ash) for evaluating their potential options for beneficial reuse. The nine ash sources were selected
based upon their diverse character (such as color, texture, and type of collection system/process etc.) in
consultation with Dr. F. Andrew Gilbert, Consolidated Papers, Inc..
OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this project was to recommend alternatives to the normal
practice of landfilling by evaluating potential reuse/recycle applications for these materials, especially in
cement-based construction materials.
CONCLUSIONS: CPI’s wood ashes have considerable potential for many applications. However, the
performance of these ashes needs to be established for individual applications. The following are some of
the high-volume applications that would require further evaluation. These applications would consume all
of the wood ashes produced at Consolidated Papers. Flowable Materials have up to 1200 psi compressive
strength, have flowing mud-type of consistency and fluidity, contain very little portland cement and a lot of
water, and consist mostly of ash or similar materials. It is believed that concrete Bricks, Blocks, and
Paving Stones could also be made with the wood ashes tested. Additionally the fly ash and precipitator
ash should be useful for replacement of clay in clay bricks manufacturing. The test data collected also
indicate that these wood ashes can be used as a partial replacement of aggregates and/or cement in
Medium-Strength Concrete. It is also concluded that there is a potential for high-value use of the fly ash
and precipitator ash in manufacturing Blended Cements. Soil stabilization or site remediation is another
significant potential use of the ashes. For example, for log-yard paving (Roller Compacted Concrete
Pavement) these wood ashes can function as a soil stabilizing or strengthening medium as well as
significantly improving the performance of log-yards and reducing cost of handling logs and minimizing
waste of logs. The Biron #4 slag has a very significant potential to be utilized as an Architectural
Aggregate in Concrete or as a Roofing Shingle Grit. Based upon the limited testing performed for the
project, these applications have the potential to be a significant source of revenue. A further evaluation is
very strongly recommended. Probability of success is excellent.
RECOMMENDATIONS: Further evaluation is recommended, starting with lab-scale production and
testing of wood ash use in the above applications. Cost/benefit analysis and marketing studies should be
iv
undertaken; and a long-term evaluation program for these products should be started. This includes the
development of wood ash specifications for high-potential, high-value, applications.
v
Table of Contents
Item Page
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. iii
List of Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... vi
Section 1: Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
Section 2: Tests of CPI Wood Fly Ashes ...............................................................................5 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM ......................................................................................... 5
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ................................................................................................. 5
As-Received Moisture Content .................................................................................... 5
Particle Size Analysis .................................................................................................... 6
Unit Weight .................................................................................................................. 8
Specific Gravity ............................................................................................................. 9
SSD Absorption ......................................................................................................... 10
ASTM C 618 TESTS .......................................................................................................... 11
Physical Properties per ASTM C 618 ....................................................................... 11
Cement Activity Index ............................................................................................... 11
Water Requirement ................................................................................................... 13
Autoclave Expansion .................................................................................................. 14
Chemical Properties per ASTM C 618 ..................................................................... 15
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ........................................................................................ 17
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 18
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM) ........................................................ 18
Section 3: Constructive Use Options for CPI Ashes ..........................................................20 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 20
USES OF CPI WOOD FLY ASHES ............................................................................... 20
Section 4: Suggestions for Further Evaluations .................................................................22 FLOWABLE MATERIALS .............................................................................................. 22
BRICKS, BLOCKS, AND PAVING STONES ............................................................... 23
MEDIUM-STRENGTH CONCRETE ............................................................................ 23
DECORATIVE AGGREGATE - ROOFING SHINGLE GRIT .................................. 23
BLENDED CEMENT ....................................................................................................... 24
ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT .................................................. 24
SOIL AMENDMENT WITH OR WITHOUT DREDGED MATERIALS ....................24
Section 5: References ............................................................................................................96
APPENDIX 1: Modified ASTM C 422 for Particle Size Analysis ....................................97
vi
List of Tables
Item Page
Table 1: As-Received CPI Ash Moisture Content...................................................................... 27
Table 2: Sieve Analysis of CPI Ash ............................................................................................. 29
Table 3: Material Finer Than No. 200 Sieve by Washing ......................................................... 34
Table 4: Materials Retained on No. 325 Sieve ........................................................................... 35
Table 5: Unit Weight and Voids ................................................................................................. 46
Table 6 Specific Gravity ............................................................................................................... 47
Table 7: Specific Gravity ............................................................................................................... 48
Table 8: Absorption ...................................................................................................................... 49
Table 9: Mortar Cube Compressive Strength ............................................................................. 51
Table 10: Strength Activity Index with Cement .......................................................................... 52
Table 11: Water Requirement .................................................................................................... 53
Table 12: Autoclave Expansion or Contraction ......................................................................... 54
Table 13: Physical Tests Requirements of Coal Fly Ash per ASTM C 618 ............................. 55
Table 14: Chemical Analysis ....................................................................................................... 57
Table 15: Mineralogy of CPI Ash ............................................................................................... 61
Table 16: Elemental Analysis ...................................................................................................... 66
Table 17: Potential Uses of the Biron #4 Wood Ashes ............................................................. 74
Table 18: Potential Uses of the Biron #5 Wood Ashes ............................................................. 77
Table 19: Potential Uses of the Kraft Wood Ashes ................................................................... 80
Table 20: Potential Uses of the Niagara Wood Ashes ............................................................... 83
vii
List of Figures
Item Page
Fig. 1: Particle Size Distribution of Biron #4 Precipitator Ash .................................................. 36
Fig. 2: Particle Size Distribution of Biron #4 Bottom Ash ......................................................... 37
Fig. 3: Particle Size Distribution of Biron #4 Slag ...................................................................... 38
Fig. 4: Particle Size Distribution of Biron #5 Precipitator Ash .................................................. 39
Fig. 5: Particle Size Distribution of Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash .................................... 40
Fig. 6: Particle Size Distribution of Kraft P1-P2 "Fine" Ash ....................................................... 41
Fig. 7: Particle Size Distribution of Kraft P1-P2 Bottom Ash .................................................... 42
Fig. 8: Particle Size Distribution of Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash ................................................... 43
Fig. 9: Particle Size Distribution of Niagara B24 Bottom Ash ................................................... 44
Fig. 10 – 13: SEM Photomicrographs of Biron #4 Precipitator Ash ......................................... 87
Figure 14 – 17: SEM Photomicrographs of Biron #4 Bottom Ash ........................................... 88
Figure 18 – 21: SEM Photomicrographs of Biron #4 Slag ......................................................... 89
Figure 22 – 25: SEM Photomicrographs of Biron #5 Precipitator Ash..................................... 90
Figure 26 – 29: SEM Photomicrographs of Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash....................... 91
Figure 30 – 33: SEM Photomicrographs of Kraft P1-P2 "Fine" Ash .......................................... 92
Figure 34 – 37: SEM Photomicrographs of Kraft P1-P2 Bottom Ash ...................................... 93
Figure 38 – 41: SEM Photomicrographs of Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash ..................................... 94
Figure 42 – 45: SEM Photomicrographs of Niagara B24 Bottom Ash ..................................... 95
-1-
Section 1
INTRODUCTION
The scope of this project was to determine physical, chemical, mineralogical, and microscopical
properties of the Consolidated Papers, Inc. (CPI) wood and/or coal combustion products from
daily operations. The main objective of this project is to recommend alternatives to the normal
practice of landfilling by recommending potential reuse/recycling applications for these materials.
Nine different types of wood and/or coal combustion products were used in this project: Biron #4
precipitator ash, Biron #4 bottom ash, Biron #4 slag, Biron #5 precipitator ash, Biron #5
mechanical hopper ash, Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash (combined from P1 and P2 boilers), Kraft P1-P2
bottom ash (combined from P1 and P2 boilers), Niagara fly ash (combined from Boilers B21-
B23), and Niagara bottom ash (Boiler B24).
It has been established by previous projects at the UWM Center for By-Products Utilization
(UWM-CBU) that properties of wood and/or coal combustion products (i.e. different types of
ashes) can vary greatly from mill to mill depending upon the type and source of fuel, how the ash is
collected, design and operation of the boiler, etc. Therefore, it is important to determine physical,
chemical, and morphological properties of the ash for determining their appropriate use options.
Before beginning any quantitative testing, the general physical appearance of the CPI materials
were evaluated. The Biron #4 precipitator ash sample is dark-brown to black in color, had a fine
gradation, and was dry. The Biron #4 bottom ash is light-brown in color, appeared to be a typical
coal bottom ash type of material with gradation varying from a sand-like material with larger pieces
up to 1-1/2". Biron #4 slag is a black glassy material with a coarse sand consistency (up to
-2-
maximum size of 3/8-inch). Biron #5 precipitator ash is a very fine, dry, dark-gray ash. Biron #5
mechanical hopper ash is dry with a fine to coarse gradation, and color varies from gray to black.
The Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash is a black dry ash with a sand-like consistency, some agglomeration is
present due to the fine material, and some large gray colored pieces are present. Kraft P1-P2
bottom ash is moist, light-brown to brown in color, has a typical coal bottom ash type of
appearance, gradation varies from a fine sand to larger coarse pieces. The larger pieces of the
Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash are heavy and agglomerated. The Niagara B21-B23 fly ash is a very fine,
black, dry ash (appears to have a high carbon content). Niagara B24 bottom ash is black to dark-
gray in color, dry, and has some fine sand-like particles but has generally coarse gradation.
The following background information on the source of the ash materials was obtained from
Consolidated Papers, Inc.
-3-
Background Information on the Biron Ash
Source
Biron Boiler #4
Biron Boiler #5
Make of Boiler B&W
Combustion Engineering
Type of Boiler Cyclone
Stoker Traveling Grate
Age of Boiler 43 yrs.
14 yrs.
Type of Fuel
Eastern coal, and #6 Oil
Aspen-Spruce-Balsam bark, Misc.
wood waste (pallets), Aspen saw
dust, Western coal Maximum Size of Wood Fuel
None
None
Amount of Fuel Used Per Year
86,850 tons coal
23.8 x 106
BTU/ton
132,840 tons coal
17.7 x 106
BTU ton
49,370 tons wood waste
8.4 x 106
BTU/ton Burning Temperature, Deg.F
Not measured
1250
Type of Energy
Steam
1450 psi, 950F
Steam
1450 psi, 950F Amount of Energy
1.76 x 10
12
BTU/yr 2.32 x 10
12
BTU/yr
Wet or Dry Ash Collection
Dry - Fly Ash
Wet - Slag
Dry - Fly Ash
Dry - Mechanical Collector Ash Amount of Slag/Bottom Ash
4,500 tons/yr - Slag
100,000 tons/yr - Bottom Ash
Amount of Fly Ash
(1)
(2)
(1) #4 Boiler Precipitator Ash = 4,000 tons/yr, #4 Boiler Hopper Fly Ash = 1,200 tons/yr
(2) #5 Boiler Precipitator Ash = 3,000 tons/yr, #5 Boiler Mechanical Hopper Ash = 2,500 tons/yr
Background Information on the Kraft Division Ash
Source
Kraft P-1
Kraft P-2
Make of Boiler
Combustion
Engineering
Combustion
Engineering
Type of Boiler
Stoker Traveling
Grate
Stoker Traveling
Grate
Age of Boiler 34 yrs.
34 yrs.
Type of Fuel
Bark, wood, saw
dust, and coal
Bark, wood, saw
dust, and coal Maximum Size of Wood Fuel
~1" x 1"
~1" x 1"
Amount of Fuel Used
Per Year
89,000 t/yr coal
88,000 t/yr wood
waste
97,000 t/yr coal
89,000 t/yr wood
waste Burning Temperature, Deg.F
1800-2000
1800-2000
Type of Energy
Steam
Steam
Amount of Energy
~240 k#/hr
~250 k#/hr
Wet or Dry Ash Collection
Dry - Fly Ash
Wet - Bottom
Ash
Dry - FlyAsh
Wet - Bottom
Ash
Amount of Bottom Ash
800 tons/yr
900 tons/yr
Amount of Fly Ash
7,400 tons/yr
7,800 tons/yr
-4-
Background Information on the Niagara Ash
Source
Niagara
Boiler B21
Niagara Boiler
B22
Niagara
Boiler B23
Niagara Boiler
B24 Make of Boiler
Combustion
Engineering
Combustion
Engineering
Combustion
Engineering Babcock & Wilcox
Type of Boiler
Pulverized
General, Dry
Bottom
Pulverized
General, Dry
Bottom
Pulverized
General, Dry
Bottom Spreader Stoker
Age of Boiler 61 yrs.
61 yrs.
61 yrs.
39 yrs.
Type of Fuel Coal, wood waste
Coal, wood waste
Coal
Coal
Maximum Size of Wood
Fuel Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
Amount of Fuel Used
Per Year
13,170 tons
coal
19,790 tons
wood waste
21,760 tons coal
19,790 tons
wood waste
27,360 tons
coal 16,980 tons coal
Burning Temperature,
Deg.F Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
Type of Energy
Steam
Steam
Steam
Steam
Amount of Energy
360,324,000 lb
steam
515,110,000 lb
steam
536,887,000 lb
steam
329,031,000 lb
steam Wet or Dry Ash
Collection
Dry-Fly Ash
Dry-Fly Ash
Dry-Fly Ash
Dry-Fly Ash Amount of Bottom Ash
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
(1)
Amount of Fly Ash
(1)
(1)
(1)
Not Available
(1) Total Fly Ash from Boiler B21, B22 and B23 = 7120 tons/yr, Total Bottom Ash from Boiler B24 =
2380 tons/yr
-5-
Section 2
Tests of CPI Wood and/or Coal Combustion Products
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
A test program was designed to measure physical, chemical, mineralogical, and microscopical
properties of the ashes from CPI boilers. Wood and/or coal combustion products were received
from the following CPI mills: Biron, Kraft Division, and Niagra. Five types of ash were received
from the Biron mill: Boiler #4 precipitator ash, Boiler #4 bottom ash, Boiler #4 Slag, Boiler #5
precipitator ash, and Boiler #5 mechanical hopper ash. Two types of ash were received from the
Kraft Division: "fine ash" and bottom ash. These ash materials were obtained from a combination
of units P1 and P2. Finally, two types of ash were obtained from the Niagara mill: fly ash
combined from boilers B21-B23 and bottom ash from boiler B24. In order to measure properties
of these ash products, the following experiments were carried out.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
As-Received Moisture Content
As-received moisture content (MC) of the ashes was determined in accordance with the ASTM
Test Designation C 311. Table 1 provides the test data. The results show that the Kraft P1-P2
"fine" ash had a very high (78.9% ) MC, while the Biron #4 bottom ash, Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash,
Niagara B21-B23 fly ash, and Niagara B24 bottom ash had a mid-range MC (20.0%, 17.7%, 27.9%,
and 12.2%, respectively). The remaining materials, Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #4 slag, Biron
#5 precipitator ash, and Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash had low moisture contents (0.1%, 3.3%,
-6-
0.3%, and 0.2%, respectively). There are some significant negative attributes of these ashes with
very high end to mid-range MC:
(1) moisture/water content leads to cost of shipping water along with the ash to the potential user of
the ash. This, of course, increases the cost to the user in obtaining the ash for beneficial reuse.
(2) If the moisture content is not within control, then the variation leads to quality control
problems for the user.
(3) The water content is a critical parameter for manufacturing cement-based products. Therefore,
if the user is planning to use the ash in cement-based materials, then the water content must be
controlled in a narrow range to control the quality of such products.
(4) Wetting the ash with or soaking it in water destroys any cementitious ability of the ash. (5) A
typical manufacturer of cement-based materials is equipped very well to handle dry or relatively
dry materials. Therefore, wet or variable moisture content ash would make it harder for CPI to
market these ashes for reuse/recycle purposes to such manufacturers.
Particle Size Analysis
Ash samples were first oven-dried at 210F ± 10F and then were tested for gradation using
standard sieve sizes (3/4" through #100), as reported in Table 2, in accordance with ASTM Test
Designation C 136. Ash samples were also tested in accordance with ASTM Test Designation
C117 to determine the amount of material finer than No. 200 sieve by washing as reported in
Table 3. Three ash samples, Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash, and Niagara
B21-23 fly ash were not evaluated using ASTM C 136 and C 117 due to the fact that these sources
of the ash were too fine to conduct these tests. Ash samples were further tested for materials
passing No. 325 sieve by washing under pressure in accordance with ASTM Test Designation
C 430. Bottom ash and slag samples were too coarse for this test. Results are reported in Table 4.
-7-
The size distributions of samples having a significant percentage of particles passing #100 sieve
(Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, Niagara
B21-B23 fly ash, and Niagara B24 bottom ash) were also analyzed in accordance with ASTM C
422 (hydrometer analysis). The complete size distribution of all of the ashes are shown in Fig. 1 to
Fig. 9.
Table 2 particle size analysis data show that the Biron #4 bottom ash, Biron #4 slag and Kraft P1-
P2 bottom ash generally were coarse materials with only 16% to 21% passing through the No. 16
sieve. Furthermore, these materials had less than 4% of the total materials passing No. 200 sieve
when washed with water (Table 3). These test data indicate that these three sources of ash may be
acceptable as a substitute for sand replacement in ready-mixed concrete and/or as both coarse and
fine aggregates replacements in dry-cast concrete products such as bricks, blocks, and paving stones
because of its generally coarse gradation. Furthermore, these materials are not fine enough; i.e.,
too coarse, to be used for cement replacement in concrete.
Table 4 data show that the Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, and Kraft
P1-P2 "fine" ash had a considerable amount of material retained on the No. 325 sieve (53%, 76%,
and 93%, respectively). The Biron #5 precipitator ash and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash were
considerably finer with about 10% and 31%, respectively, retained on the No. 325 sieve. ASTM
C 618 for coal fly ash classifies a value of maximum 34% retained on the No. 325 sieve as
satisfactory for use in concrete. Based upon this criterion for pulverized coal fly ash, the CPI
Biron #5 precipitator ash and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash met this requirement of ASTM C 618.
These results indicate that the Biron #5 precipitator ash and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash may be quite
suitable as a cement replacement in concrete and also for CLSM-type of flowable slurry products.
-8-
The coarser materials (Biron #4 precipitator fly ash, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, and Kraft
P1-P2 "fine" ash) maybe more suitable for use in CLSM, but may be too coarse as produced to be
used as a cement replacement in concrete.
Test data for particle size analysis in accordance with the modified ASTM C 422 are presented in
Figs. 1, 4, 5, 8, and 9. Appendix 1 provides the details of this modified ASTM test. These figures
show that the gradation of the Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, and
Niagara B21-B23 fly ash (Figs. 1, 5, and 8, respectively) is reasonably uniform while over 80% of
the particles of Biron #5 precipitator ash (Fig. 4) fall between 8-15 microns.
Unit Weight
Unit weight (i.e., bulk density) of the ash was determined in accordance with the ASTM Test
Designation C 29. Table 5 provides the test results. The results show that the fine ash materials
(Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash, Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash, and Niagara B21-B23
fly ash) had similar density values, approximately 15-29 lb/ft³.
Bulk density of Biron #4 bottom
ash, Biron #4 slag, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash, and Niagara B24
bottom ash was 60, 93, 48, 61, and 44 lb/ft³, respectively. This is consistent with the gradation of
the slag and bottom ash, which showed a significant amount of coarser fractions of the ash
materials. These data indicate that these materials (except the Biron #4 slag) may be suitable for
replacing regular, normal-weight, sand and/or coarse aggregates in making semi-lightweight or
lightweight CLSM and/or concrete. Such lightweight construction materials are well suited for
insulating fill for roofs and walls, as well as sound and/or ground vibration barriers. Typical
manufactured lightweight sand costs over $50 per ton and light weight coarse aggregates costs about
$45 per ton. Bulk density value is also necessary for calculations for establishing and modifying
-9-
cement-based construction materials mixture proportioning. Percentage of voids in Table 5
indicate amount of free space available for packing of other materials in making cement-based
materials. The higher the percent voids, the higher the amount of other materials necessary for
making cement-based materials.
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity tests for the fine ash materials (Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash,
Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash (passing No. 100 sieve), and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash were
conducted in accordance with the ASTM Test Designation C 188, Table 6. Results show that the
specific gravity values for the Biron #4 precipitator ash and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash are similar,
approximately 2.15 (ranges between 2.13 and 2.21). This is a similar order of magnitude as a
typical coal fly ash, though these two ashes have a lower specific gravity value than typical Class F
coal fly ash (specific gravity approximately 2.50), and significantly lower than typical Class C fly ash
(specific gravity approximately 2.60). The value of specific gravity for the Biron #5 precipitator ash
is 2.50. This is consistent with specific gravity of typical Class F coal ash. It is also noted from
Table 6 that the specific gravity for samples passing #100 sieve is slightly higher than that tested for
as received samples. This may be due to the fact that the coarse fractions of the ashes contain
higher amounts of carbon than the finer fractions. Specific gravity value is necessary for
determining relative substitution rate for fly ash versus amount of cement or sand replaced in a
mixture; and, also for calculations for establishing and modifying cement-based construction
materials mixture proportions.
Specific gravity tests for the Biron #4 bottom ash, Biron #4 slag, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash
(as received), Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash, Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash, and Niagara B24 bottom ash were
-10-
carried out in accordance with ASTM Test Designation C 128. Test results are shown in Table 7.
The Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash and Niagara B24 bottom ash had an
average apparent specific gravity of 1.84, 1.85 and 2.03, respectively. This is considerably lower
than that for typical aggregates used in concrete, which is around 2.65. Therefore, these sources of
ash should be useful as semi-lightweight and/or lightweight aggregates. Specific gravity of Biron #4
slag, 2.67, is consistent with that of a typical concrete aggregate and may have applications as a
decorative aggregate in concrete. The remaining materials, Biron #4 bottom ash and Kraft P1-P2
bottom ash have specific gravities slightly lower than a typical aggregate (2.37 - 2.38). These may
be useful for reducing the weight of the construction materials made from these ash materials.
SSD Absorption
For the coarser ashes (Biron #4 bottom ash, Biron #4 slag, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, Kraft
P1-P2 "fine" ash, Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash, and Niagara B24 bottom ash) saturated surface dry
(SSD) moisture absorption tests in accordance with the ASTM Test Designation C 128 were
conducted. Results are shown in Table 8. These ash materials, with the exception of Biron #4
slag, had SSD absorption values that were considerably higher than that for typical sand or coarse
aggregate used in concrete, which is typically less than 2%. The Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash had an
absorption of over 50%. The SSD absorption value is an indication of the porosity of the
aggregates. Typical lightweight aggregates used in concrete generally have very high absorption
values and must be pre-soaked in order to manufacture consistent quality workable concrete. SSD
moisture absorption value is also required for calculations for establishing and modifying cement-
based construction materials mixture proportioning. Higher absorption materials may lead to
better curing of the cement-based materials after they are cast; and, therefore, better quality for
such materials.
-11-
ASTM C 618 TESTS
Physical Properties per ASTM C 618
ASTM C 618 provides standard specifications for coal fly ash for use in concrete. There is no
other similar test standards available for wood ashes. Therefore, to judge the suitability of the CPI
wood ash resource for potential use as a mineral admixture in cement-based materials, physical
tests were performed as described below in accordance with the ASTM Test Designation C 618.
The following physical properties of the CPI ash were determined: (1) Cement Activity Index;
(2) Water Requirement; and, (3) Autoclave Expansion.
Cement Activity Index
Cement activity index tests for four fine ash materials (Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5
precipitator ash, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash) were performed
in accordance with the ASTM Test Designation C 311/C 109. Two-inch mortar cubes were made
in a prescribed manner using a mixture of cement, sand, and water, without any wood ash (Control
Mixture). Compressive strength tests were conducted at the age of 3, 7, and 28 days. Actual
strength test results, in psi, are reported in Table 9 for these test specimens made from the Control
Mixture. Additional test mixtures were prepared using 80% cement and 20% CPI ash, by weight
(instead of cement only without CPI ashes as in the Control Mixture). Four different mixtures
were made with the four fine CPI ashes
being evaluated in this study. Cube compressive strength test results, in psi, for these CPI ashes are
also reported in Table 9.
-12-
Comparison of the four CPI ash mixtures cube compressive strengths, with the Control Mixture, is
reported in Table 10. These results are designated as Strength Activity Index with Cement. In this
comparison, the Control Mixture was assigned a value of 100, at each age, and all other cube
compressive strength values were scaled from this reference datum.
The Biron #5 precipitator ash and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash samples pass the ASTM C 618
requirement for Cement Activity Index of Class N, C, and F fly ash (75% at either 7- or 28-day test
age). Overall, the Activity Index with Cement test results of these two CPI ashes show that they
are suitable for making medium strength (say up to 5,000 psi compressive strength) concrete and
CLSM (which by the ACI Committee 229 Definition has up to 1,200 psi compressive strength).
The cube compressive strength test results, Table 9, for the Biron #4 precipitator ash and Biron #5
mechanical hopper ash mixtures were lower than that for the Control Mixture without fly ash. The
Activity Index with Cement data, Table 10, for these ashes were 54% to 58% (lower than 75%
required for coal ash by ASTM C 618) for the compressive strength, compared with the Control
Mixture without the CPI ash. However, the actual test data, Table 9, show that sufficient
compressive strength can be achieved with the Biron #4 precipitator ash and Biron #5 mechanical
hopper ash even though these ash mixtures did not perform as well as the no ash Control Mixture.
Based upon the cube compressive strength data, overall, it can be concluded that the Biron #4
precipitator ash and Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash are suitable for making CLSM, including
making slightly lower strength (say up to 4,000 psi compressive strength) concrete for base course
and/or sub-base course for pavement of highways, roadways, and airfields; driveways; parking lots;
and other similar construction applications. These ash sources can also be considered quite
satisfactory for housing construction where typically a compressive strength of 3,000 psi concrete at
the age of 28 days, is used. These two ash resources can also be used for in-house concrete
-13-
construction needs of the CPI mills.
In summary, ASTM C 618 classifies a value at 7-day or 28-day age of 75 or above for the Activity
Index with Cement for coal fly ash as passing. Based upon this criterion only, the Biron #5
precipitator ash and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash pass and the Biron #4 precipitator ash and Biron #5
mechanical hopper ash do not pass either the 7 or 28 day requirement.
Water Requirement
Water requirement tests for the Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash, Biron #5
mechanical hopper ash, and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash were performed in accordance with the
ASTM Test Designation C 311. This test determines the relative amount of water that may be
required for mixture proportioning of cement-based construction materials. It is well established
that the lower the water required for a desired value of workability for the cement-based material,
the higher the overall quality of the product. Test data for water requirement for the CPI ashes are
reported in Table 11. The results show that the average value for water requirement for the four
CPI ashes tested were higher than the maximum desirable value for water requirement. ASTM
C 618 specifies a maximum value of 105 or 115, depending upon the type of ash, as an acceptable
value for water requirement. For coal fly ash the acceptable value is 105, while that for volcanic
ash it is 115. It is concluded that these CPI ashes may perform satisfactorily in cement-based
construction materials, even though the water required for a desired amount of workability
probably would be somewhat higher. This would lead to a slightly higher amount of cement to
compensate for the potential negative effects of the higher water content in the mixture. This
negative effect of higher water required could also be overcome by judicious use of chemical
admixtures which would be more cost-effective.
-14-
Autoclave Expansion
Autoclave expansion tests for the Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash, Niagara
B21-B23 fly ash, and Niagara B24 bottom ash (material passing No. 20 sieve) were performed in
accordance with the ASTM Test Designation C 311/C 151. Test specimens in the shape of bars
were cast using cement paste containing these CPI ashes. The test specimens were then subjected
to a high-temperature steam bath at approximately 295 psi pressure in a boiler (a pressure cooker
meeting the requirements of the ASTM). The test results, given in Table 12, show that the
expansion was negligible. The range of expansion values recorded for the CPI ash samples tested
were well below the acceptable maximum limit of expansion/contraction of 0.8%, as specified by
ASTM C 618 for coal fly ash. Therefore, all CPI ashes tested are acceptable in terms of long-term
soundness/durability from the viewpoint of undesirable autoclave expansion.
Table 13 shows physical properties requirements for coal fly ash per ASTM Test C 618.
Chemical Properties per ASTM C 618
Chemical analysis tests were conducted to determine oxides present in the nine sources of the CPI
ash. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique was used to detect the presence of silicon dioxide
(SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), iron oxide (Fe2O3), calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide
(MgO), titanium oxide (TiO2), potassium oxide (K2O), and sodium oxide (Na2O). In this method,
ignited samples were fused in a 4:1 ratio with lithium carbonate-lithium tetraborate flux and cast
into pellets in platinum molds. The XRF technique for measuring sulfate (SO3) involves grinding
the ash sample and manufacturing a compressed pellet with boric acid. A double dilution method
using a 4:1 and a 10:1 ratio with boric acid was used to correct for matrix effects. These buttons
-15-
were used to measure x-ray fluorescence intensities for the desired element, in accordance with
standard practice for cementitious materials, by using an automated Philips PW1410 x-ray
spectrometer. The percentages of each element were derived from the measured intensities
through a standardized computer program based on a procedure outlined for low-dilution fusion.
This is a “standard practice” for detecting oxides in cementitious compounds, including coal fly
ash. Tests are reported in Table 14. Loss on ignition (LOI), moisture content, and available alkali
(Na2O equivalent) for the pre-dried CPI ashes were also determined. These test results are also
reported in Table 14.
According to the oxide analysis data, the Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash,
Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash, and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash do not meet
Class C or F coal fly ash requirements due to one or more of the following: high LOI, high
available alkali content, and high sulfate contents. The calcium oxide content for the Biron #4
bottom ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash, Biron #5 mechanical hopper ash, Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash,
and Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash is judged to be very good because the calcium oxide values are above
10 percent. Furthermore, the magnesium oxide values are judged to be quite low enough for all
CPI ash samples to minimize the soundness/durability related problems created due to a high
MgO value, which is accepted to be greater than five percent. In general all oxides present, except
the available alkali (Na2O equivalent, LOI, and the sulfate content), were within limits specified in
the ASTM C 618 for coal fly ash.
Available alkali was higher than that specified in ASTM for the Biron #5 precipitator ash and Kraft
P1-P2 "fine" ash. Maximum amount of available alkali for coal fly ash is limited to 1.5% in
accordance with the ASTM C 618. The actual values were 7.2 and 1.9% for the Biron #5
-16-
precipitator ash and the Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash, respectively. Available alkali of the remaining CPI
ashes tested were less than 1.5 percent. Bottom ash and slag samples typically had the lowest
available alkali values, approximately 0.1 - 0.3 percent. The presence of high amount of alkali may
lead to desirable early hydration reaction products in coal fly ash, natural pozzolans, ground
granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, and/or metakaoline types of reactive-powder additives
used in making cement-based construction materials. Available alkali may also impact cement-
based construction materials negatively (developing “ASR”, alkali silica reaction) if it contains free-
silica-based compounds in coarse or fine aggregates used for making such construction materials.
Furthermore, higher amounts of available alkali may also lead to chemical combination with
sulfates and leaching of such sulfate-based white compounds (“precipitates”) on the surface of
concrete (called efflorescence) creating undesirable, randomly distributed, white coloring on the
concrete surface.
Loss on ignition (LOI) for many CPI ashes is higher (approximately 20 to 40%) than that
permitted (maximum 6%) by ASTM C 618 for coal fly ash, with the exception of Biron #4 bottom
ash, Biron #4 slag, and Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash. Under certain circumstances, up to 12%
maximum LOI is permitted by ASTM C 618. Recent research at the UWM Center for By-
Products Utilization show that high-LOI coal ash can be effectively used for CLSM as well as roller
compacted concrete pavements. Currents practice in Wisconsin and elsewhere also show that
high-LOI coal fly ash should generally perform satisfactorily for CLSM. High-LOI ashes affect the
use of air-entering agent used in concrete to make the concrete resistant to a freezing and thawing
environment. In general, therefore, the CPI ashes may be used for CLSM and concrete, no-fines
concrete, roller compacted concrete pavements, dry-cast concrete products, etc. These types of
construction materials do not require the use of air-entraining agent for freezing and thawing
-17-
resistance of concrete.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
The mineral analysis, (i.e., chemical composition) for the CPI ashes were conducted by using the
X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The results are shown in Table 15. A typical coal fly ash
contains approximately 80% glass (amorphous) phase. Since the glass contents of fly ash
contributes to its potential pozzolanic reactivity, a higher amount of glass phase is preferred when a
fly ash is used as cementitious materials. As can be expected, the Biron #4 slag contained the
highest amounts of glass phase (100%). Biron #4 precipitator ash, Biron #5 mechanical hopper
ash, Kraft P1-P2 "fine" ash, and Niagara B24 bottom ash had glass phases that range from 72-79%
while glass phases of the Biron #4 bottom ash, Biron #5 precipitator ash, Kraft P1-P2 bottom ash,
and Niagara B21-B23 fly ash ranged from 54-63 percent.
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
All CPI ash samples were analyzed for total chemical make-up by the Instrumental Neutron
Activation Analysis (INAA). Knowledge of total elemental concentration is necessary because it
provides an insight into the possibility of leaching potential characteristics of the material tested.
Leaching of trace metals is known to be highly dependent upon the temperature of the combustion
in the boiler and how these trace elements are converted to chemical compounds. A high
concentration of undesirable elements does not necessarily mean that these undesirable elements
will leach. Tests for leachate characteristics of construction materials, such as TCLP, must be
performed in order to conduct the environmental assessment of the materials proposed to be used
and the product (e.g., cement-based materials) to be made from it. The results for the elemental
analysis performed are reported in Table 16.
-18-
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)
A scanning electron microscope available at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee was employed
for this part of the investigation. SEM pictures (photomicrographs) for the nine CPI ashes were
obtained, Figures 10 through 45. These SEM pictures are an important part of understanding the
character and morphology of the particles of the product being evaluated for considering their
constructive use options. For example, studying the morphology allows judgment to be made
regarding the physical and/or mechanical bond that might be possible for the wood ash in creating
new cement-based construction materials. Also, it allows an opportunity to study the contours of
the particles and how they may help in mixing and manufacturing these cement-based materials.
The particle morphology helps in understanding the level of completeness of combustion and
microstructure of burned, partially burned, or unburned particles. This evaluation of level of
combustion, and particle size and distribution, also help in judging the water demand that may be
placed upon for making cement-based materials.
All nine CPI ash SEM micrographs can be observed to be composed of heterogeneous mixture of
particles of varying size. Some glass-type material is present, particularly in the Biron #4 slag and
other Biron #4 ashes. Partially hydrated, unhydrated, and hydrated compounds of calcium are
also present. Unlike coal fly ash particles, these CPI ash particles are not all spherical in shape.
Also, all of these CPI ash particles are not observed to be solid but some of them are cellular in
form. These cellular particles are mostly unburned or partially burned wood or bark particles.
-19-
Section 3
Constructive Use Options for CPI Ashes
INTRODUCTION
A number of uses of coal combustion products (CCP) in construction materials already exist [1].
However, these applications depend upon physical, chemical, mineralogical, and surface
properties of such by-products. The same is true for the CPI ashes. The following sections deal
with potential uses of the CPI ashes analyzed in this investigation.
USES OF CPI WOOD ASHES
The size distribution of some CPI ash products is similar to that of conventional coal ash products.
In general, however, CPI fly ashes are not as fine as typical coal fly ash. Furthermore, the CPI
ashes are irregular in shape versus spherical shape for coal fly ash. This means that when CPI
ashes are added in mortar or concrete then workability of fresh mortar or concrete may not be
helped as much as that typical with the use of coal fly ash. In fact, some porous particles of
unburned or partially burned wood or coal (charcoal) may absorb the water added in mortar or
concrete and further reduce the workability of the mixture. Some of the CPI ashes have high LOI
(i.e., unburned or partially burned wood).
This investigation revealed that the CPI ash samples generally did not conform to all parts of the
-20-
ASTM C 618 Class F or C requirements for coal fly ash for applications in cement-based
composites. ASTM C 618 also gives standard specifications for natural pozzolans, which is a
volcanic ash. There are no wood ash ASTM standards available. Therefore, the CPI ashes
cannot be compared to such standard specifications. However, the CPI fly ashes are still expected
to be suitable for use in normal strength (up to 5,000 psi) concrete. The CPI ashes are also very
suitable for CLSM and grouting applications.
In some applications in which conventional coal fly ashes are used, the CPI ash cannot be used.
However, the CPI ashes probably can be used effectively for many more applications after it is
beneficiated; for example, after sieving coarser fractions and/or removing undesirable charcoal
particles and thus reducing LOI. For more useful applications, with or without beneficiating CPI
ashes, further study would be needed to develop optimum use options. A list of potential uses of
the CPI ashes presented in Tables 17 - 20.
-21-
Section 4
Suggestions for Further Evaluations
As indicated in Section 3, the CPI ashes have considerable potential for many applications.
However, the performance of these CPI ashes needs to be proven for individual applications.
The following are some of the potential high-volume applications that would require further proof
for various uses.. It is anticipated that these applications can consume most of the ash products
produced by CPI.
FLOWABLE MATERIALS
Large amounts of CPI ashes can be utilized in manufacture of flowable fill (a.k.a. manufactured
dirt) material. This is defined by ACI Committee 229 as Controlled Low-Strength Material
(CLSM). The compressive strength of CLSM can be very little (10 psi) up to 1200 psi. This
material can be used for foundations, bridge abutments, buildings, retaining walls, utility trenches,
etc. as backfill; as embankment, grouts, abandoned tunnel and mine filling for stabilization of such
cavities, etc. See Tables 17 - 20 for more details.
CLSM can be manufactured with large amounts of CPI ash, low amount of cement and/or lime,
and high water-to-cementitious materials ratio to produce the flowable fill. An evaluation study is
highly (very strongly) recommended in order to produce CLSM for various applications with this
material for approval by local environmental agencies, such as Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources. Probability of success is excellent.
-22-
BRICKS, BLOCKS, AND PAVING STONES
The CPI ashes have potential for applications in numerous masonry products such as bricks,
blocks, and paving stones. Additionally, these ashes can be utilized as a replacement of clay in
manufacture of clay bricks. However, in order to meet the ASTM requirements for strength and
durability, testing and evaluation work is necessary. The results of such testing would be used in
developing specifications for the CPI ash in the manufacture of masonry products. Lab evaluation
is strongly recommended. Probability of success is very high.
MEDIUM-STRENGTH CONCRETE
The CPI ashes can be used as a partial replacement of sand and/or cement in concrete. This is a
very broad conclusion from the work conducted as a part of this test evaluation. Test results show
that these wood ashes did not meet all ASTM C 618 coal ash requirements for concrete products
applications. However, the ASTM C 618 is written exclusively for coal fly ash (and
natural/volcanic ash) materials. Future ASTM standards, therefore, may evolve which could be
satisfied by the CPI ashes. In order to determine the effects of optimum inclusion of the these
ashes on concrete strength and durability properties, lab study is very strongly recommended.
Probability of success is very high.
DECORATIVE AGGREGATE - ROOFING SHINGLE GRIT
The CPI Biron #4 slag has a very significant potential to be utilized as an architectural aggregate in
concrete or as a roofing shingle grit. Based upon the limited testing performed for the project,
these applications have the potential to be a significant source of revenue. A further evaluation is
very strongly recommended. Probability of success is excellent.
-23-
BLENDED CEMENT
The highest market value use of the CPI ashes is in the production of blended cements. Blended
cement material is typically composed of portland cement, coal fly ash, and/or other cementitious
or pozzolonic materials, and chemicals. The CPI ashes have significant available alkali content
(above the maximum allowed by ASTM C 618, Table 14). The high alkali content, however,
would be a desirable characteristic for activating chemical reactions for cementing-ability of
blended cements for various applications. Further evaluation is very strongly recommended.
Probability of success is very high.
ROLLER-COMPACTED CONCRETE PAVEMENT
The CPI ashes can be used for Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavement (RCCP) for improving the
performance and use of log-yards in all types of Wisconsin weather. Log-yards pavings using CPI
ashes would be a very important application. RCCP popularity is increasing in Wisconsin. Lab
evaluation is very strongly recommended for future applications. Probability of success is very
high.
SOIL AMENDMENT WITH OR WITHOUT DREDGED MATERIALS
Wisconsin dredges a significant tonnage of dredged materials from the Great Lakes and the
Mississippi River to keep the navigation channels open. The CPI ashes would be an excellent
additive to dredged materials to make manufactured topsoil for use in tree farms, sod farms,
potting soil, pulp-mill new growth woods/plantations, etc. These ashes will act as a desiccant,
deodorizer, and chemical activators for dredged materials. The resulting manufactured topsoil can
be used as a fertilizer, and to decrease subsurface porosity and
-24-
improve infiltration characteristics of soils. Further lab study is very strongly recommended.
Probability of success is very high.
-25-
CONSOLIDATED PAPERS, INC.
ASH CHARACTERIZATION
Biron #4 Precipitator Ash, Bottom Ash and Slag.
Biron #5 Precipitator Ash and Mechanical Hopper Ash.
Kraft P1 and P2 "Fine" Ash and Bottom Ash.
Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash.
Niagara B24 Bottom Ash.
-26-
Table 1: As-Received CPI Ash Moisture Content
Ash Source*
Moisture Content, %
Actual**
Average
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
0.1
0.1
0.1
Biron #4 Bottom
Ash
20.3
20.0
19.7
Biron #4
Slag
3.3
3.3
3.3
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
0.3
0.3
0.4
Biron #5
Mechanical Hopper
Ash
0.1
0.2
0.2
Kraft P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
77.1
78.9
80.8
Kraft P1-P2 Bottom
Ash
17.4
17.7
18.0
Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
28.2
27.9
27.7
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash
11.4
12.2
13.0
* All samples were received in August 1999.
** Moisture content, as-received, % = (as-received sample wt. - dry sample wt.) * 100
dry sample weight
-27-
CONSOLIDATED PAPERS, INC.
ASH PARTICLE SIZE ANALYSIS
-28-
Table 2: Sieve Analysis of CPI Ash (As-Received Samples)
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 136)
Biron #4 Precipitator Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
3/4" (19.1-mm)
NA***
1/2" (12.7-mm)
NA***
3/8" (9.5-mm)
NA***
#4 (4.75-mm)
NA***
#8 (2.36 mm)
NA***
#16 (1.18 mm)
NA***
#30 (600 μm**)
NA***
#50 (300 μm**)
NA***
#100 (150 μm**)
NA***
Biron #4 Bottom Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
ASTM C 33
% Passing
for sand
3/8" (9.5-mm)
89.7
100
#4 (4.75-mm)
67.1
95 to 100
#8 (2.36 mm)
40.5
80 to 100
#16 (1.18 mm)
20.7
50 to 85
#30 (600 μm**)
10.6
25 to 60
#50 (300 μm**)
5.1
10 to 30 #100 (150 μm**)
2.0
2 to 10
* Values reported for % passing are the average of two tests.
** 1.0 μm = 10-6
m = 0.001 mm
*** NA = Test is not applicable, material very fine, see Fig. 1
-29-
Table 2 (Continued): Sieve Analysis of CPI Ash (As-Received Samples)
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 136)
Biron #4 Slag
Sieve Size % Passing*
ASTM C 33
% Passing
for sand
3/8" (9.5-mm)
97.5
100
#4 (4.75-mm)
88.8
95 to 100
#8 (2.36 mm)
59.7
80 to 100
#16 (1.18 mm)
21.1
50 to 85
#30 (600 μm**)
6.1
25 to 60
#50 (300 μm**)
2.2
10 to 30 #100 (150 μm**)
0.9
2 to 10
Biron #5 Precipitator Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
3/8" (9.5-mm)
NA***
#4 (4.75-mm)
NA***
#8 (2.36 mm)
NA***
#16 (1.18 mm)
NA***
#30 (600 μm**)
NA***
#50 (300 μm**)
NA***
#100 (150 μm**)
NA***
* Values reported for % passing are the average of two tests.
** 1.0 μm = 10-6
m = 0.001 mm
***NA = Test not applicable, material very fine, see Fig. 4
-30-
Table 2 (Continued): Sieve Analysis of CPI Ash (As-Received Samples)
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 136)
Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
ASTM C 33
% Passing
for sand
3/8" (9.5-mm)
100.0
100
#4 (4.75-mm)
100.0
95 to 100
#8 (2.36 mm)
100.0
80 to 100
#16 (1.18 mm)
98.3
50 to 85
#30 (600 μm**)
83.5
25 to 60
#50 (300 μm**)
60.9
10 to 30 #100 (150 μm**)
44.0
2 to 10
Kraft P1-P2 "Fine" Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
ASTM C 33
% Passing
for sand
3/8" (9.5-mm)
78.4
100
#4 (4.75-mm)
70.4
95 to 100
#8 (2.36 mm)
57.6
80 to 100
#16 (1.18 mm)
35.5
50 to 85
#30 (600 μm**)
19.2
25 to 60
#50 (300 μm**)
8.0
10 to 30 #100 (150 μm**)
2.9
2 to 10
* Values reported for % passing are the average of two tests.
** 1.0 μm = 10-6
m = 0.001 mm
-31-
Table 2 (Continued): Sieve Analysis of CPI Ash (As-Received Samples)
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 136)
Kraft P1-P2 Bottom Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
ASTM C 33
% Passing
for sand
1/2" (12.7-mm)
67.9
100
3/8" (9.5-mm)
61.8
100
#4 (4.75-mm)
49.9
95 to 100
#8 (2.36 mm)
30.3
80 to 100
#16 (1.18 mm)
15.9
50 to 85
#30 (600 μm**)
7.8
25 to 60
#50 (300 μm**)
3.7
10 to 30 #100 (150 μm**)
2.1
2 to 10
Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
3/4" (19.1-mm)
NA***
1/2" (12.7-mm)
NA***
3/8" (9.5-mm)
NA***
#4 (4.75-mm)
NA***
#8 (2.36 mm)
NA***
#16 (1.18 mm)
NA***
#30 (600 μm**)
NA***
#50 (300 μm**)
NA***
#100 (150 μm**)
NA***
* Values reported for % passing are the average of two tests.
** 1.0 μm = 10-6
m = 0.001 mm
-32-
*** NA = Test not applicable, material very fine, see Fig. 8
-33-
Table 2 (Continued): Sieve Analysis of CPI Ash (As-Received Samples)
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 136)
Niagara B24 Bottom Ash
Sieve Size % Passing*
ASTM C 33
% Passing
for sand
1/2" (12.7-mm)
93.9
100
3/8" (9.5-mm)
90.6
100
#4 (4.75-mm)
84.2
95 to 100
#8 (2.36 mm)
76.6
80 to 100
#16 (1.18 mm)
68.3
50 to 85
#30 (600 μm**)
57.3
25 to 60
#50 (300 μm**)
45.0
10 to 30 #100 (150 μm**)
27.9
2 to 10
* Values reported for % passing are the average of two tests.
** 1.0 μm = 10-6
m = 0.001 mm
-34-
Table 3: Material Finer Than No. 200 Sieve by Washing (As-Received Samples)
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 117)
Ash Source
Material Finer than No.
200 Sieve (%)
Actual Average
Biron #4 Precipitator
Ash
NA*
NA*
NA*
Biron #4 Bottom Ash
3.8
3.9
3.9
Biron #4 Slag
0.4
0.5
0.5
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
NA*
NA*
NA*
Biron #5 Mechanical
Hopper Ash
31.5
31.3
31.0
Kraft P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
16.0
16.0
16.0
Kraft P1-P2
Bottom Ash
1.1
1.2
1.2
Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
NA*
NA*
NA*
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash
18.2
18.5
18.7
* Test not applicable.
-35-
Table 4: Materials Retained on No. 325 Sieve
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 311/C 430)
Ash Source
% Retained on
No. 325 Sieve
(As-Received Sample)
Actual Average
Biron #4 Precipitator Fly Ash
53.0
53.0
53.0
Biron #4 Bottom Ash
NA
NA
NA
Biron #4 Boiler Slag
NA
NA
NA
Biron #5 Boiler Precipitator
Ash
10.0
9.5
9.0
Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper
Ash
76.0
76.0
76.0
Kraft P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
93.0
93.0
93.0
Kraft P1-P2
Bottom Ash
NA
NA
NA
Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
31.0
31.0
31.0
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash
NA
NA
NA
-36-
Fig. 1 Biron #4 Precipitator Ash - GEN-1003.8
-37-
Fig. 2 Biron # 4 Bottom Ash - GEN-1003.1
-38-
Fig. 3 Biron #4 Slag - GEN-1003.3
-39-
Fig. 4 Biron #5 Precipitator Ash - GEN-1003.9
-40-
Fig. 5 Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash - GEN-1003.10
-41-
Fig. 6 Kraft "Fine" Ash - Gen-1003.7
-42-
Fig. 7 Kraft Bottom Ash - GEN-1003.2
-43-
Fig. 8 Niagara Fly Ash - GEN-1003.12
-44-
Fig. 9 Niagara Bottom Ash - GEN-1003.11
-45-
CPI ASH
UNIT WEIGHT, VOIDS, SPECIFIC GRAVITY,
AND SSD MOISTURE CONTENT
-46-
Table 5: Unit Weight and Voids
(Tests conducted on as-received samples per modified ASTM C 29,
utilizing 400 ml measure)
Ash Source
Unit Weight
(lbs/ft3)
Voids
(%) Actual
Average
Actual
Average
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
26*
26
80
81
25**
81
Biron #4 Bottom
Ash
60**
60
47
48
59**
49
Biron #4
Slag
92**
93
44
43
93**
43
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
15*
15
90
90
15*
90
Biron #5
Mechanical Hopper
Ash
48**
48
66
66
48**
66
Kraft P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
28**
28
39
38
28**
37
Kraft P1-P2
Bottom Ash
61**
61
47
47
61**
47
Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
29*
29
79
79
29*
79
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash
44**
44
35
35
44**
35
* Tested using a 400 ml volume container
** Tested using a 1/10 ft3 volume container
-47-
Table 6: Specific Gravity
(Tests Conducted per ASTM C 311/C 188)
Ash Source
Specific Gravity
Actual
Average
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
2.12
2.13
2.14
Biron #4 Bottom
Ash
NA
NA**
NA
Biron #4 Slag
NA
NA**
NA
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
2.54
2.50
2.47
Biron #5 Mech.
Hopper Ash
(As received)
NA
NA**
NA
Biron #5
Mechanical Hopper
Ash*
2.72
2.72
2.72
Kraft P1-P2 "Fine"
Ash
NA
NA**
NA
Kraft P1-P2
Bottom Ash
NA
NA**
NA
Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
2.21
2.20 2.21
2.21
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash*
NA
NA
NA
*Samples were first sieved over No. 100 sieve. The specific gravity of this P100 size
fraction is required for the particle size distribution obtained from ASTM D 422
Hydrometer Analysis, Fig. 5.
**NA indicates test not applicable due to the sample gradation being too course.
-48-
Table 7: Specific Gravity
(Tests Conducted per ASTM C 128)
Ash Source
Bulk Specific
Gravity
Bulk Specific
Gravity
(SSD Basis)
Apparent Specific
Gravity Actual
Average
Actual
Average
Actual
Average
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Biron #4 Bottom
Ash*
1.84
1.83
2.06
2.05
2.38
2.37
1.81
2.03
2.35
Biron #4 Boiler
Slag*
2.62
2.62
2.63
2.63
2.66
2.67
2.61
2.63
2.67
Biron #5 Boiler
Precipitator Ash
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash*
1.47
1.45
1.68
1.66
1.87
1.84
1.42
1.63
1.80
Kraft P1-P2
"Fine" Ash*
0.99
1.00
1.48
1.50
2.00
2.03
1.00
1.51
2.05
Kraft P1-P2
Bottom Ash*
1.98
1.99
2.14
2.15
2.37
2.38
1.99
2.15
2.38
Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash*
1.74
1.75
1.79
1.80
1.83
1.85
1.75
1.80
1.87
*Samples were first sieved over No. 8 sieve. Tests were conducted on the ash
that passed through this No. 8 sieve since the procedure of ASTM C 128 is for
specific gravity for fine aggregates. Other ash sources were not tested because
they were not coarse enough (NA).
-49-
Table 8: Absorption
(Tests Conducted per ASTM C 128)
Ash Source
SSD Absorption, %
Actual
Average
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
NA
NA
NA
Biron #4 Bottom
Ash*
12.7
12.6
12.4
Biron #4 Boiler
Slag*
0.8
0.7
0.6
Biron #5 Boiler
Precipitator Ash
NA
NA
NA
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash*
14.4
14.8
15.2
Kraft P1-P2
"Fine" Ash*
50.2
50.3
50.4
Kraft P1-P2
Bottom Ash*
8.5
8.5
8.4
Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
NA
NA
NA
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash*
3.1
3.4
3.6
* Samples were first sieved over No. 8 sieve. Tests were conducted on the ash
that passed through this No. 8 sieve since the procedure of ASTM C 128 is
for fine aggregates. Other ash sources were not tested because they were
not coarse enough (NA).
-50-
CPI ASH
ASTM C 618 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
-51-
Table 9: Mortar Cube Compressive Strength*
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 311/C 109)
Ash Source
Compressive Strength (psi)
3-Day
7-Day
28-Day
Control
3430
4460
5420
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
1620
2090
3150
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
3300
3660
4320
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
1670
1990
2930 Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
2070
3200
4220
*ASTM C 311 is used in conjunction with ASTM C 618 for evaluation of
strength development of mineral admixtures with portland cement. A
mineral admixture is added as replacement of cement for the test mixture. For
this reason, the finer fraction of the fly and precipitator ashes were v utilized
to better reflect the potential reactivity of the ashes. The finer material has
increased surface area and, therefore, would have increased potential for
reactivity. Each result is an average of three compression tests. Other ash
sources were not tested for strength because they were not fine enough.
-52-
Table 10: Strength Activity Index with Cement*
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 311/C 109)
Ash Source
3-day Test
%
7-Day Test
%
28-Day Test
%
Control
100.0
100.0
100.0
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
47.2
46.9
58.1
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
96.2
82.1
79.7
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
48.7
44.6
54.0 Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
60.3
71.7
77.8
* Results obtained from the mortar cube compressive strength results, Table 9.
-53-
Table 11: Water Requirement*
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 311)
Ash Source
Water
Requirement
(% of Control)
ASTM C 618
Specifications
Class N
Class C
Class F
Biron #4
Precipitator Ash
115.7
115
max
105
max
105
max
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
128.0
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
128.0 Niagara B21-B23
Fly Ash
123.9
* Results obtained for the mortar cube mixtures, Table 9.
-54-
Table 12: Autoclave Expansion or Contraction
(Tests conducted per ASTM C 311/C 151)
Ash Source
Autoclave Expansion (%)
Actual
Average
Biron #4 Precipitator
Ash
0.01
-0.02
-0.04
Biron #5 Precipitator
Ash
-0.03
-0.03
-0.02
Biron #5 Mechanical
Hopper Ash
-0.06
-0.07
-0.07
Niagara B21-B23 Fly
Ash
0.01
0.00
-0.01
Niagara B24
Bottom Ash*
0.04
0.02
-0.01
* Samples were first sieved over No. 20 sieve. Tests were conducted on the
ash that passed through the No. 20 sieve.
-55-
Table 13: Physical Test Requirements of Coal Fly Ash per ASTM C 618
TEST
ASTM C 618 SPECIFICATIONS CLASS N
CLASS C
CLASS F
Retained on No.325 sieve, (%)
34 max
34 max
34 max
Strength Activity Index with Cement at 7 or
28 days, (% of Control)
75 min
75 min
75 min
Water Requirement (% of Control)
115 max
105 max
105 max
Autoclave Expansion, (%)
±0.8
±0.8
±0.8
Specific Gravity
-
-
-
Variation from Mean, (%)
Fineness
Specific Gravity
5 max
5 max
5 max
5 max
5 max
5 max
-56-
CPI ASH ASTM C 618 CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
-57-
Table 14: Chemical Analysis (oxides, LOI, moisture content, available alkali)
(Tests conducted on as-received samples)
OXIDES, SO3, AND LOSS ON IGNITION ANALYSIS, (%)
Analysis Parameter
Ash Source
ASTM C 618
Requirements Biron #4
Precipitator
Ash
Biron #4
Bottom
Ash
Biron
#4 Slag
Class
C
Class
F Silicon Dioxide, SiO2
26.6
45.8
50.7
--
--
Aluminum Oxide,
Al2O3
10.8
20.3
19.4
--
--
Iron Oxide, Fe2O3
12.4
4.7
23.3
--
--
SiO2 + Al2O3 +
Fe2O3
49.8
70.8
93.4
50.0,
Min.
70.0,
Min. Calcium Oxide, CaO
3.5
20.7
4.2
--
--
Magnesium Oxide,
MgO
0.7
4.7
0.9
--
-- Titanium Oxide, TiO2
0.7
1.5
0.7
--
--
Potassium Oxide, K2O
1.8
0.5
2.2
--
--
Sodium Oxide, Na2O
0.4
1.3
0.4
--
--
Sulfate, SO3
2.9
0.1
0.3
5.0,
Max.
5.0,
Max. Loss on Ignition, LOI
(@ 750 C)
41.1
1.4
1.5
6.0,
Max.
6.0,
Max.*
Moisture Content 0.5
0.7
0.5
3.0,
Max.
3.0,
Max.
Available Alkali,
Na2O Equivalent
(ASTM C-311)
1.2
0.1
0.3
1.5,
Max.*
*
1.5,
Max.
**
* Under certain circumstances, up to 12.0% max. LOI may be allowed.
** Optional. Required for ASR Minimization.
-58-
Table 14 (Continued): Chemical Analysis (oxides, LOI, moisture content, available alkali)
(Tests conducted on as-received samples)
OXIDES, SO3, AND LOSS ON IGNITION ANALYSIS, (%) Analysis Parameter
Biron #5
Precipitator
Ash
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
Kraft
P1-P2
"Fine"
Ash
ASTM C 618
Requirements Class
C
Class
F
Silicon Dioxide,
SiO2
6.1
18.8
15.4
--
--
Aluminum Oxide,
Al2O3
6.0
11.0
7.0
--
--
Iron Oxide, Fe2O3
2.5
3.9
2.6
--
--
SiO2 + Al2O3 +
Fe2O3
14.6
33.7
25.0
50.0,
Min.
70.0,
Min.
Calcium Oxide,
CaO
25.1
20.3
24.5
--
-- Magnesium Oxide,
MgO
4.0
4.1
3.0
--
--
Titanium Oxide,
TiO2
0.2
0.6
0.4
--
--
Potassium Oxide,
K2O
4.2
0.4
1.8
--
--
Sodium Oxide,
Na2O
3.4
0.8
1.3
--
--
Sulfate, SO3 15.9
1.5
4.4
5.0,
Max.
5.0,
Max.
Loss on Ignition,
LOI (@ 750 C)
20.2
37.2
35.1
6.0,
Max.
6.0,
Max.*
Moisture Content 1.3
1.0
2.9
3.0,
Max.
3.0,
Max.
Available Alkali,
Na2O Equivalent
(ASTM C-311)
7.2
0.6
1.9
1.5,
Max.*
*
1.5,
Max.
**
* Under certain circumstances, up to 12.0% max. LOI may be allowed.
** Optional. Required for ASR Minimization.
-59-
Table 14 (Continued): Chemical Analysis (oxides, LOI, moisture content, available alkali)
(Tests conducted on as-received samples)
OXIDES, SO3, AND LOSS ON IGNITION ANALYSIS, (%) Analysis Parameter
Ash Source
ASTM C 618
Requirements
Kraft
P1-P2
Bottom Ash
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
Niagara
B24
Bottom Ash
Class
C
Class
F
Silicon Dioxide,
SiO2
45.0
32.4
32.2
--
--
Aluminum Oxide,
Al2O3
17.6
17.0
15.5
--
--
Iron Oxide, Fe2O3
5.1
9.6
9.2
--
--
SiO2 + Al2O3 +
Fe2O3
67.7
59.0
56.9
50.0,
Min.
70.0,
Min.
Calcium Oxide,
CaO
22.2
3.5
5.7
--
-- Magnesium Oxide,
MgO
4.8
0.7
0.9
--
--
Titanium Oxide,
TiO2
1.5
0.7
0.7
--
--
Potassium Oxide,
K2O
0.7
1.0
1.1
--
--
Sodium Oxide,
Na2O
1.3
1.0
0.8
--
--
Sulfate, SO3 0.4
2.1
0.7
5.0,
Max.
5.0,
Max.
Loss on Ignition,
LOI (@ 750 C)
2.9
31.5
33.2
6.0,
Max.
6.0,
Max.*
Moisture Content 0.8
1.2
0.9
3.0,
Max.
3.0,
Max.
Available Alkali,
Na2O Equivalent
(ASTM C-311)
0.3
1.0
0.3
1.5,
Max.*
*
1.5,
Max.
**
-60-
* Under certain circumstances, up to 12.0% max. LOI may be allowed.
** Optional. Required for ASR Minimization.
-61-
CPI ASH
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
-62-
Table 15: Mineralogy of CPI Ash
MINERALOGY (% by Weight) Analysis Parameter
Biron #4
Precipitato
r Ash
Biron #4
Bottom Ash
Biron #4
Slag Amorphous
78.9
53.5
100
Anhydrite, CaSO4
*
Aphthitalite, (K,Na) 2SO4
*
Bassanite, CaSO4 ½H20
*
*
*
Calcite, CaCO3
*
*
*
C3A
*
1.4
*
C4AF
*
*
Diopside, CaMgSi2O6
*
11.2
*
Gypsum, CaSO4.H20
*
*
*
Hematite, Fe2O3
4.8
*
*
Lime, CaO
*
*
*
Magnetite, Fe3O4
10.8
*
*
Mellite,
Ca2(Mg,Al)Al,Si)2O7
*
13.6
* Merwinite, Ca3Mg(SiO4)2
*
Mullite, Al2O3.SiO2
*
*
*
Periclase, MgO
*
*
*
Plagioclase,
(Na,Ca)(Al,Si)4O8
*
9.7
* Portlandite, Ca(OH)2
*
*
*
Quartz, SiO2
5.4
10.6
*
Rutile TiO2
*
*
*
* Not Detectable
-63-
Table 15 (Continued): Mineralogy of CPI Ash
MINERALOGY (% by Weight) Analysis Parameter
Biron #5
Precipitator
Ash
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash Amorphous
58.8
76.6
Anhydrite, CaSO4
8.2
1.6
Aphthitalite, (K,Na) 2SO4
11.3
*
Bassanite, CaSO4 ½H20
*
*
Calcite, CaCO3
6.9
*
C3A
*
*
C4AF
6.2
*
Diopside, CaMgSi2O6
*
*
Gypsum, CaSO4.H20
*
*
Hematite, Fe2O3
*
*
Lime, CaO
3.3
1.2
Magnetite, Fe3O4
*
*
Mellite,
Ca2(Mg,Al)Al,Si)2O7
*
2.7 Merwinite, Ca3Mg(SiO4)2
*
7.1
Mullite, Al2O3.SiO2
*
*
Periclase, MgO
*
1.9
Plagioclase,
(Na,Ca)(Al,Si)4O8
*
* Portlandite, Ca(OH)2
3.4
*
Quartz, SiO2
1.8
4.2
Rutile TiO2
6.9
*
* Not Detectable
-64-
Table 15 (Continued): Mineralogy of CPI Ash
MINERALOGY (% by Weight) Analysis Parameter
Kraft
P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
Kraft
P1-P2
Bottom Ash Amorphous
75.6
53.8
Anhydrite, CaSO4
*
*
Aphthitalite, (K,Na)2SO4
*
*
Bassanite, CaSO4 ½H2O
*
*
Calcite, CaCO3
9.6
*
C3A
*
4.1
C4AF
*
*
Diopside, CaMgSi2O6
*
4.7
Gypsum, CaSO4.H2O
1.2
*
Hematite, Fe2O3
*
*
Lime, CaO
*
*
Magnetite, Fe3O4
*
*
Melilite
*
14.1
Merwinite, Ca3Mg(SiO4)2
*
*
Mullite, Al2O3.SiO2
*
*
Periclase, MgO
1.6
*
Plagioclase,
(Na,Ca)(Al,Si)4O8
*
7.4 Portlandite, Ca(OH)2
*
*
Quartz, SiO2
11.9
15.8
Rutile TiO2
*
*
* Not Detectable
-65-
Table 15 (Continued): Mineralogy of CPI Ash
MINERALOGY (% by Weight) Analysis Parameter
Niagara B21-
B23
Fly Ash
Niagara
B24
Bottom Ash Amorphous
63.2
71.6
Anhydrite, CaSO4
*
*
Aphthitalite, (K,Na)2SO4
*
*
Bassanite, CaSO4 ½H2O
5.4
*
Calcite, CaCO3
*
0.6
C3A
*
*
C4AF
*
*
Diopside, CaMgSi2O6
*
*
Gypsum, CaSO4.H2O
*
*
Hematite, Fe2O3
5.8
5.4
Lime, CaO
*
*
Magnetite, Fe3O4
5.4
8.6
Melilite
*
*
Merwinite, Ca3Mg(SiO4)2
*
*
Mullite, Al2O3.SiO2
11.7
11.7
Periclase, MgO
*
*
Plagioclase,
(Na,Ca)(Al,Si)4O8
*
* Portlandite, Ca(OH)2
*
*
Quartz, SiO2
8.5
2.1
Rutile TiO2
*
*
* Not Detectable
-66-
CPI ASH ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
-67-
Table 16: Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Biron #4
Precipitator
Ash (ppm)*
Biron #4
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Biron #4
Slag (ppm)*
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
(ppm)*
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
(ppm)*
Aluminum (Al)
43365.7
83576.5
82140.6
30984.6
43706.6
Antimony (Sb)
20.8
< 6.9
< 1.5
15.0
1.9
Arsenic (As)
3425.8
1237.8
< 13.8
737.9
117.1
Barium (Ba)
< 183.3
1315.5
137.8
2094.0
1396.4
Bromine (Br)
1.1
< 1.1
< 0.7
50.2
3.7
Cadmium (Cd)
< 3824.5
< 3566.0
< 2368.9
< 5295.8
< 2522.9
Calcium (Ca)
4270.1
21538.5
5133.1
41321.3
24932.7
Cerium (Ce)
27.4
51.8
104.2
47.4
54.3
Cesium (Cs)
8.6
10.8
7.8
1.9
0.4
Chlorine (Cl)
< 220.0
< 128.6
< 136.0
859.7
< 172.0
Chromium (Cr)
86.0
91.2
71.5
32.9
23.4
Cobalt (Co)
16.3
19.4
19.2
12.4
7.9
Copper (Cu)
< 586.0
< 358.1
< 300.0
< 1543.2
< 412.3
Dysprosium (Dy)
< 6.8
< 3.4
< 3.8
< 22.5
< 5.5
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-68-
Table 16 (Continued): Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Biron #4
Precipitator
Ash (ppm)*
Biron #4
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Biron #4
Slag (ppm)*
Biron #5
Precipitator
Ash (ppm)*
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
(ppm)*
Europium (Eu)
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.9
Gallium (Ga)
< 566.5
< 266.7
< 322.0
< 1923.5
< 441.3
Gold (Au)
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
Hafnium (Hf)
1.7
2.3
0.6
0.7
10.5
Holmium (Ho)
< 8.8
< 11.5
< 7.2
< 17.3
< 9.4
Indium (In)
< 0.6
< 0.3
< 0.3
< 2.0
< 0.5
Iodine (I)
< 17.4
< 9.0
< 9.8
< 57.9
< 14.0
Iridium (Ir)
< 0.0
< 0.0
< 0.0
< 0.0
< 0.0
Iron (Fe)
75816.4
67191.7
123910.0
22637.7
25042.7
Lanthanum (La)
26.9
91.1
50.1
40.3
47.4
Lutetium (Lu)
2.6
2.8
1.8
0.8
1.2
Magnesium (Mg)
4045.9
12777.2
6003.8
13699.8
10680.3
Manganese (Mn)
2999.2
1272.2
3384.2
23715.5
3652.0
Mercury (Hg)
82.3
45.7
< 0.7
19.4
< 0.9
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-69-
Table 16 (Continued): Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Biron #4
Precipitator
Ash (ppm)*
Biron #4
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Biron #4
Slag (ppm)*
Biron #5
Precipitator Ash
(ppm)*
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
(ppm)* Molybdenum (Mo)
218.9
< 173.8
< 107.2
< 266.2
< 127.8
Neodymium (Nd)
20.0
92.5
49.3
< 29.8
37.5
Nickel (Ni)
< 4426.0
< 3993.9
< 3023.7
< 5960.4
< 2532.9
Palladium (Pd)
< 936.6
< 459.3
< 553.0
< 3184.2
< 781.3
Potassium (K)
22436.5
20909.4
26915.4
71373.4
< 4899.4
Praseodymium (Pr)
< 32.8
< 42.7
< 26.1
< 83.1
< 37.8
Rubidium (Rb)
< 139.8
< 131.3
< 78.1
< 199.4
< 122.3
Rhenium (Re)
188.8
258.6
213.0
159.1
15.4
Ruthenium (Ru)
8.9
114.1
10.7
141.3
110.5
Samarium (Sm)
7.2
22.1
11.4
8.1
9.8
Scandium (Sc)
15.5
11.8
13.8
5.8
7.8
Selenium (Se)
753.1
< 265.6
< 171.7
1286.4
< 138.3
Silver (Ag)
< 27.4
< 20.5
< 18.2
< 36.7
< 15.7
Sodium (Na)
1704.9
406.5
1776.8
19874.1
4211.3
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-70-
Table 16 (Continued): Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Biron #4
Precipitator
Ash (ppm)*
Biron #4
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Biron #4
Slag (ppm)*
Biron #5
Precipitator
Ash (ppm)*
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
(ppm)*
Strontium (Sr)
< 68.9
123.2
35.7
252.2
1361.7
Tantalum (Ta)
1.0
4.5
1.8
< 1.9
1.8
Tellurium (Te)
2.6
1.2
0.5
< 1.3
0.5
Terbidium (Tb)
< 0.9
1.1
< 0.7
< 1.9
< 0.7
Thorium (Th)
6.5
5.1
8.2
6.8
9.9
Thulium (Tm)
25.0
< 1.1
20.8
26.4
20.2
Tin (Sn)
< 767.5
< 687.4
< 451.3
< 1019.0
< 416.6
Titanium (Ti)
3063.7
6349.6
3476.5
< 5143.0
2931.0
Tungsten (W)
19.9
11.7
7.8
12.5
5.7
Uranium (U)
79.9
43.5
27.8
16.2
21.5
Vanadium (V)
269.1
167.6
204.1
86.4
101.7
Ytterbium (Yb)
9.2
14.9
9.0
3.3
5.9
Zinc (Zn)
< 40.1
< 32.1
< 24.8
1433.3
19.8
Zirconium (Zr)
219.5
274.8
172.0
< 388.6
152.7
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-71-
Table 16 (Continued): Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Kraft
P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
(ppm)*
Kraft
P1-P2
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B24
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Aluminum (Al)
31216.2
74788.9
68620.7
61959.2
Antimony (Sb)
3.9
< 4.0
3.5
< 1.5
Arsenic (As)
102.5
71.8
570.3
74.5
Barium (Ba)
1251.9
1305.3
298.7
329.6
Bromine (Br)
13.3
< 1.1
23.7
3.1
Cadmium (Cd)
< 2648.2
< 3691.2
< 3940.0
< 2498.8
Calcium (Ca)
32198.7
22249.9
4836.9
7033.3
Cerium (Ce)
36.9
51.8
66.3
78.9
Cesium (Cs)
0.6
2.6
4.7
3.4
Chlorine (Cl)
743.5
< 170.3
240.8
< 172.2
Chromium (Cr)
25.7
56.0
70.2
45.9
Cobalt (Co)
7.1
16.0
12.4
9.5
Copper (Cu)
< 887.1
< 425.2
< 574.5
< 370.6
Dysprosium (Dy)
< 16.1
< 4.8
< 6.7
< 5.1
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-72-
Table 16 (Continued): Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Kraft
P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
(ppm)*
Kraft
P1-P2
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B24
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Europium (Eu)
0.6
0.9
0.9
0.8
Gallium (Ga)
< 1351.6
< 397.3
< 494.5
< 421.6
Gold (Au)
0.0
0.0
0.0
< 0.0
Hafnium (Hf)
9.9
3.4
2.4
6.5
Holmium (Ho)
< 9.2
< 12.7
< 12.1
< 8.6
Indium (In)
< 1.4
< 0.4
< 0.6
< 0.5
Iodine (I)
< 40.1
< 12.3
< 17.0
< 13.5
Iridium (Ir)
< 0.0
< 0.0
< 0.0
< 0.0
Iron (Fe)
19992.6
52372.5
66121.7
60956.3
Lanthanum (La)
32.2
92.2
50.6
47.6
Lutetium (Lu)
0.8
2.7
1.4
1.3
Magnesium (Mg)
8733.9
13039.3
5258.1
5509.3
Manganese (Mn)
27849.6
4315.0
1848.9
4556.6
Mercury (Hg)
< 1.0
49.5
< 1.2
< 0.8
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-73-
Table 16 (Continued): Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Kraft
P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
(ppm)*
Kraft
P1-P2
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B24
Bottom Ash
(ppm)* Molybdenum (Mo)
< 136.7
< 184.6
< 182.2
< 114.5
Neodymium (Nd)
20.7
92.3
41.9
38.8
Nickel (Ni)
< 2812.8
< 4133.0
< 4363.9
< 2665.4
Palladium (Pd)
< 2291.9
< 670.5
< 858.8
< 733.4
Potassium (K)
26716.4
13791.2
12274.8
13246.6
Praseodymium (Pr)
< 39.6
< 49.1
< 46.5
< 34.0
Rubidium (Rb)
< 117.7
< 137.1
< 154.9
< 112.6
Rhenium (Re)
51.5
94.0
76.0
69.5
Ruthenium (Ru)
96.4
198.1
20.9
23.2
Samarium (Sm)
6.6
19.6
12.1
10.3
Scandium (Sc)
5.4
10.7
12.0
9.8
Selenium (Se)
< 192.0
< 277.6
< 275.1
< 162.6
Silver (Ag)
< 17.4
< 25.8
< 27.1
< 16.3
Sodium (Na)
6139.9
836.4
4531.0
3565.4
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-74-
Table 16 (Continued): Elemental Analysis (As-Received Sample)
ELEMENTAL (BULK CHEMICAL) ANALYSIS
(Average of two samples unless noted otherwise)
Element
Material
Kraft
P1-P2
"Fine" Ash
(ppm)*
Kraft
P1-P2
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
(ppm)*
Niagara
B24
Bottom Ash
(ppm)*
Strontium (Sr)
746.8
109.3
394.3
392.2
Tantalum (Ta)
1.2
6.0
1.7
1.6
Tellurium (Te)
0.4
1.2
< 0.7
< 0.4
Terbidium (Tb)
< 0.8
< 1.1
< 1.1
< 0.6
Thorium (Th)
6.6
5.7
8.4
7.7
Thulium (Tm)
17.3
< 1.6
20.7
17.4
Tin (Sn)
< 467.0
< 708.5
< 707.3
< 416.3
Titanium (Ti)
< 3555.3
6541.4
3463.6
2761.4
Tungsten (W)
10.0
12.2
< 8.2
5.0
Uranium (U)
14.7
47.8
15.1
13.4
Vanadium (V)
74.1
147.6
123.3
87.7
Ytterbium (Yb)
3.8
13.6
7.3
6.7
Zinc (Zn)
< 55.1
< 34.2
< 34.8
< 19.9
Zirconium (Zr)
< 171.7
350.1
< 290.9
< 176.3
* Detection Limit Indicated by "<"
-75-
Table 17: Potential Uses of the Biron #4 Ashes
Type of Application
Biron #4
Precipitator
Ash
Biron #4
Bottom
Ash
Biron #4
Slag
HIGH TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS 1. Recovery of Materials
Low
Low
Low
2. Filler Material for Polymer Matrix (plastic)
Very Low
Very
Low
Very Low
3. Filler Material for Metal Matrix Composites
Low
Very
Low
Very Low
4. Other Filler Applications:
a. Asphaltic roofing shingles
b. Wallboard
c. Joint filler compounds
d. Carpet backing
e. Vinyl flooring
f. Industrial coatings
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Very Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Very
Low
Very High
Low
Low
Low
Low
Very Low
5. Super Pozzolanic Materials (beneficiated fly ash)
Medium
Low
Low
MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Manufacture of Blended Cement
High
Low
Low 2. Manufacture of Lightweight Aggregates:
a. Fired
b. Unfired
High
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Low 3. Manufacture of Concrete Products:
a. Low-strength concrete
b. Medium-strength concrete
c. High-strength concrete
d. Lightweight concrete
e. Prestressed/precast concrete products
f. Roller compacted concrete
g. No-fines and/or Cellular concrete
h. Manufactured decorative concrete (including
artificial marble, granite, architectural light-
colored panels, etc.)
Very High
Very High
Low
High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Medium
Very
High
Very
High
Low
High
Low
High
High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Very Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Very High
4. Filler in Asphalt Mix
Medium
Medium
Very High
5. Bricks:
a. Unfired bricks
High
High
High
-76-
b. Fired bricks
c. Clay bricks
Very High
Very High
High
Medium
High
High
-77-
Table 17 (Continued): Potential Uses of the Biron #4 Ashes
Type of Application
Biron #4
Precipitator
Ash
Biron #4
Bottom
Ash
Biron #4
Slag
6. Blocks:
a. Building blocks
b. Decorative blocks
High
High
High
High
Very
High
Very
High 7. Reefs for Fish Habitats
Very High
Very
High
Very
High 8. Paving Stones
Very High
Very
High
Very
High 9. Stabilization of Municipal Sewage Residual
Very High
Medium
Low
10. Waste Stabilization:
a. Inorganic wastes*
b. Organic wastes*
c. Combined complex wastes
High
Very High
Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low 11. Ceramic Products
Low
Low
Low
LOW TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Backfills:
a. Bridge abutment, buildings, etc.
b. Trench and excavation backfills
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High 2. Embankments
Very High
Very High
Medium
3. Site Development Fills Very High
Very High
Medium
4. Stabilization of Landslides – Grouting Very High
Very High
Medium
5. Landfill Cover (as a substitute for soil cover) Very High
High
Medium
6. Pavement Base and Sub-base Courses:
a. Combination with lime or cement and coarse
aggregate
b. Combination with cement or lime
c. Combination with on-site soils without the
addition of lime or cement
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Medium
7. Subgrade Stabilization or Soil Stabilization:
a. Roadways/Highways
b. Parking areas
c. Runways
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium 8. Land Reclamation:
-78-
a. Agriculture
b. Turf-grass (for example golf courses)
c. Park Land
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Medium
Medium
Medium
*Or a combination of inorganic and organic dredged materials from the Great Lakes and/or the Mississippi River.
-79-
Table 17 (Continued): Potential Uses of the Biron #4 Ashes
Type of Application
Biron #4
Precipitato
r Ash
Biron #4
Bottom
Ash
Biron #4
Slag
9. Soil Amendment (agriculture and/or potting soil)*:
a. Improve infiltration characteristics
b. Decrease Subsurface porosity
c. Fertilizer/Composting
Very Low
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Medium
High
Low
Very
Low
Low 10. Slurried Flowable Fly ash
Very High
Very
High
Very
High
MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 1. Backfills:
a. Between foundations and existing soil
b. Retaining walls
c. Utility trenches
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High 2. Excavation in Streets and around Foundation
Very High
Very
High
Very
High 3. Fills for Abandoned Tunnels, Sewers, and other
Underground Facilities (including mines)
Very High
Very
High
Very
High 4. Grouts
Very High
High
Medium
5. Hydraulic Fills Very High
Very
High
Medium
* With or without other products, such as dredged materials.
-80-
Table 18: Potential Uses of the Biron #5 Ashes
Type of Application
Biron #5
Precipitato
r Ash
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper Ash
HIGH TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS 1. Recovery of Materials
Low
Low
2. Filler Material for Polymer Matrix (plastic) Very Low
Very Low
3. Filler Material for Metal Matrix Composites
Low
Very Low 4. Other Filler Applications:
a. Asphaltic roofing shingles
b. Wallboard
c. Joint filler compounds
d. Carpet backing
e. Vinyl flooring
f. Industrial coatings
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Very Low
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Very Low 5. Super Pozzolanic Materials (beneficiated fly ash)
Medium
Medium
MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Manufacture of Blended Cement
High
Medium 2. Manufacture of Lightweight Aggregates:
a. Fired
b. Unfired
High
Medium
High
Medium 3. Manufacture of Concrete Products:
a. Low-strength concrete
b. Medium-strength concrete
c. High-strength concrete
d. Lightweight concrete
e. Prestressed/precast concrete products
f. Roller compacted concrete
g. No-fines and/or Cellular concrete
h. Manufactured decorative concrete (including
artificial marble, granite, architectural light-
colored panels, etc.)
Very High
Very High
Low
High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Low
High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Medium
4. Filler in Asphalt Mix
Medium
Medium
5. Bricks:
a. Unfired bricks
b. Fired bricks
c. Clay bricks
High
Very High
Very High
High
High
Medium
-81-
Table 18 (Continued) : Potential Uses of the Biron #5 Ashes
Type of Application
Biron #5
Precipitator
Ash
Biron #5
Mechanica
l Hopper
Ash 6. Blocks:
a. Building blocks
b. Decorative blocks
High
High
High
High 7. Reefs for Fish Habitats
Very High
Very High
8. Paving Stones Very High
Very High
9. Stabilization of Municipal Sewage Residual Very High
Medium
10. Waste Stabilization:
a. Inorganic wastes*
b. Organic wastes*
c. Combined complex wastes
High
Very High
Low
Medium
Medium
Low 11. Ceramic Products
Low
Low
LOW TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Backfills:
a. Bridge abutment, buildings, etc.
b. Trench and excavation backfills
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High 2. Embankments
Very High
Very High
3. Site Development Fills Very High
Very High
4. Stabilization of Landslides – Grouting Very High
Very High
5. Landfill Cover (as a substitute for soil cover) Very High
Very High
6. Pavement Base and Sub-base Courses:
a. Combination with lime or cement and coarse
aggregate
b. Combination with cement or lime
c. Combination with on-site soils without the
addition of lime or cement
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
High
Medium
7. Subgrade Stabilization or Soil Stabilization:
a. Roadways/Highways
b. Parking areas
c. Runways
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
*Or a combination of inorganic and organic dredged materials from the Great Lakes
and/or the Mississippi River.
-82-
Table 18 (Continued): Potential Uses of the Biron #5 Ashes
Type of Application
Biron #5
Precipitato
r Ash
Biron #5
Mechanical
Hopper
Ash 8. Land Reclamation:
a. Agriculture
b. Turf-grass (for example golf courses)
c. Park land
Very High
Very High
Very High
High
High
High 9. Soil Amendment (agriculture and/or potting soil)*:
a. Improve infiltration characteristics
b. Decrease Subsurface porosity
c. Fertilizer/Composting
Very Low
Very High
Very High
Very Low
Medium
High 10. Slurried Flowable Fly ash
Very High
Very High
MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS
1. Backfills:
a. Between foundations and existing soil
b. Retaining walls
c. Utility trenches
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very High 2. Excavation in Streets and around Foundation
Very High
Very High
3. Fills for Abandoned Tunnels, Sewers, and other
Underground Facilities (including mines)
Very High
Very High
4. Grouts
Very High
Very High
5. Hydraulic Fills Very High
Very High
* With or without other products, such as dredged materials.
-83-
Table 19: Potential Uses of the Kraft Ashes
Type of Application Kraft P1-
P2 "Fine"
Ash
Kraft P1-
P2 Bottom
Ash
HIGH TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS 1. Recovery of Materials
Low
Low
2. Filler Material for Polymer Matrix (plastic)
Very Low
Very
Low 3. Filler Material for Metal Matrix Composites
Very Low
Very
Low 4. Other Filler Applications:
a. Asphaltic roofing shingles
b. Wallboard
c. Joint filler compounds
d. Carpet backing
e. Vinyl flooring
f. Industrial coatings
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Very Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Very
Low 5. Super Pozzolanic Materials (beneficiated fly ash)
Medium
Low
MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Manufacture of Blended Cement
Medium
Low 2. Manufacture of Lightweight Aggregates:
a. Fired
b. Unfired
High
Medium
Medium
Low 3. Manufacture of Concrete Products:
a. Low-strength concrete
b. Medium-strength concrete
c. High-strength concrete
d. Lightweight concrete
e. Prestressed/precast concrete products
f. Roller compacted concrete
g. No-fines and/or Cellular concrete
h. Manufactured decorative concrete (including
artificial marble, granite, architectural light-
colored panels, etc.)
Very High
Very High
Low
High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Medium
Very
High
Very
High
Low
High
Low
High
High
Medium 4. Filler in Asphalt Mix
Medium
Medium
5. Bricks:
a. Unfired bricks
High
High
-84-
b. Fired bricks
c. Clay bricks
High
Medium
High
Medium
-85-
Table 19 (Continued): Potential Uses of the Kraft Ashes
Type of Application
Kraft P-1
"Fine" Ash
Kraft P-
2 Bottom
Ash 6. Blocks:
a. Building blocks
b. Decorative blocks
High
High
High
High 7. Reefs for Fish Habitats
Very High
Very
High 8. Paving Stones
Very High
Very
High 9. Stabilization of Municipal Sewage Residual
Medium
Medium
10. Waste Stabilization:
a. Inorganic wastes*
b. Organic wastes*
c. Combined complex wastes
Medium
Medium
Low
Medium
Medium
Low 11. Ceramic Products
Low
Low
LOW TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Backfills:
a. Bridge abutment, buildings, etc.
b. Trench and excavation backfills
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Very
High 2. Embankments
Very High
Very
High 3. Site Development Fills
Very High
Very
High 4. Stabilization of Landslides – Grouting
Very High
Very
High 5. Landfill Cover (as a substitute for soil cover)
Very High
High
6. Pavement Base and Sub-base Courses:
a. Combination with lime or cement and coarse
aggregate
b. Combination with cement or lime
c. Combination with on-site soils without the
addition of lime or cement
Very High
High
Medium
Very
High
Very
High
Medium 7. Subgrade Stabilization or Soil Stabilization:
a. Roadways/Highways
Medium
Medium
-86-
b. Parking areas
c. Runways
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium
*Or a combination of inorganic and organic dredged materials from the Great Lakes
and/or the Mississippi River.
-87-
Table 19 (Continued): Potential Uses of the Kraft Ashes
Type of Application
Kraft P-1
"Fine" Ash
Kraft P-
2 Bottom
Ash 8. Land Reclamation:
a. Agriculture
b. Turf-grass (for example golf courses)
c. Park land
High
High
High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High 9. Soil Amendment (agriculture and/or potting soil)*:
a. Improve infiltration characteristics
b. Decrease Subsurface porosity
c. Fertilizer/Composting
Very Low
Medium
High
Very
High
Medium
High 10. Slurried Flowable Fly ash
Very High
Very
High
MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 1. Backfills:
a. Between foundations and existing soil
b. Retaining walls
c. Utility trenches
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High 2. Excavation in Streets and around Foundation
Very High
Very
High 3. Fills for Abandoned Tunnels, Sewers, and other
Underground Facilities (including mines)
Very High
Very
High 4. Grouts
Very High
High
5. Hydraulic Fills Very High
Very
High
* With or without other products, such as dredged materials.
-88-
Table 20: Potential Uses of the Niagara Ashes
Type of Application
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
Niagara
B24
Bottom
Ash
HIGH TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS 1. Recovery of Materials
Low
Low
2. Filler Material for Polymer Matrix (plastic)
Very Low
Very
Low 3. Filler Material for Metal Matrix Composites
Low
Very
Low 4. Other Filler Applications:
a. Asphaltic roofing shingles
b. Wallboard
c. Joint filler compounds
d. Carpet backing
e. Vinyl flooring
f. Industrial coatings
Low
High
Low
Low
Low
Very Low
Medium
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Very
Low 5. Super Pozzolanic Materials (beneficiated fly ash)
Medium
Low
MEDIUM TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Manufacture of Blended Cement
High
Low 2. Manufacture of Lightweight Aggregates:
a. Fired
b. Unfired
High
Medium
Medium
Low 3. Manufacture of Concrete Products:
a. Low-strength concrete
b. Medium-strength concrete
c. High-strength concrete
d. Lightweight concrete
e. Prestressed/precast concrete products
f. Roller compacted concrete
g. No-fines and/or Cellular concrete
h. Manufactured decorative concrete (including
artificial marble, granite, architectural light-
colored panels, etc.)
Very High
Very High
Low
High
Medium
Very High
Very High
Medium
Very
High
Very
High
Low
High
Low
High
High
Medium 4. Filler in Asphalt Mix
Medium
Medium
5. Bricks:
-89-
a. Unfired bricks
b. Fired bricks
c. Clay bricks
High
Very High
Very High
High
High
Medium
Table 20 (Continued): Potential Uses of the Niagara Ashes
Type of Application
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
Niagara
B24
Bottom
Ash 6. Blocks:
a. Building blocks
b. Decorative blocks
High
High
High
High 7. Reefs for Fish Habitats
Very High
Very
High 8. Paving Stones
Very High
Very
High 9. Stabilization of Municipal Sewage Residual
Very High
Medium
10. Waste Stabilization:
a. Inorganic wastes*
b. Organic wastes*
c. Combined complex wastes
High
Very High
Low
Medium
Medium
Low 11. Ceramic Products
Low
Low
LOW TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
1. Backfills:
a. Bridge abutment, buildings, etc.
b. Trench and excavation backfills
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Very
High 2. Embankments
Very High
Very
High 3. Site Development Fills
Very High
Very
High 4. Stabilization of Landslides – Grouting
Very High
Very
High 5. Landfill Cover (as a substitute for soil cover)
Very High
High
6. Pavement Base and Sub-base Courses:
a. Combination with lime or cement and coarse
aggregate
Very High
Very
High
-90-
b. Combination with cement or lime
c. Combination with on-site soils without the
addition of lime or cement
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Medium 7. Subgrade Stabilization or Soil Stabilization:
a. Roadways/Highways
b. Parking areas
c. Runways
High
High
High
Medium
Medium
Medium
*Or a combination of inorganic and organic dredged materials from the Great Lakes
and/or the Mississippi River.
-91-
Table 20 (Continued): Potential Uses of the Niagara Ashes
Type of Application
Niagara
B21-B23
Fly Ash
Niagara
B24
Bottom
Ash 8. Land Reclamation:
a. Agriculture
b. Turf-grass (for example golf courses)
c. Park land
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High 9. Soil Amendment (agriculture and/or potting soil)*:
a. Improve infiltration characteristics
b. Decrease Subsurface porosity
c. Fertilizer/Composting
Very Low
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Medium
High 10. Slurried Flowable Fly ash
Very High
Very
High
MISCELLANEOUS CIVIL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS 1. Backfills:
a. Between foundations and existing soil
b. Retaining walls
c. Utility trenches
Very High
Very High
Very High
Very
High
Very
High
Very
High 2. Excavation in Streets and around Foundation
Very High
Very
High 3. Fills for Abandoned Tunnels, Sewers, and other
Underground Facilities (including mines)
Very High
Very
High 4. Grouts
Very High
High
5. Hydraulic Fills Very High
Very
High
* With or without other products, such as dredged materials.
-92-
-93-
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF
CPI ASHES
-94-
FIG. 10: Biron #4 Precipitator Ash, FIG. 11: Biron #4 Precipitator Ash,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG.12: Biron #4 Precipitator Ash, FIG.13: Biron #4 Precipitator Ash,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-95-
FIG.14: Biron #4 Bottom Ash, FIG.15: Biron #4 Bottom Ash,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG.16: Biron #4 Bottom Ash, FIG.17: Biron #4 Bottom Ash,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-96-
FIG. 18: Biron #4 Slag, FIG. 19: Biron #4 Slag,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG.20: Biron #4 Slag, FIG. 21: Biron #4 Slag,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-97-
FIG. 22: Biron #5 Precipitator Ash, FIG. 23: Biron #5 Precipitator Ash,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG. 24: Biron #5 Precipitator Ash, FIG. 25: Biron #5 Precipitator Ash,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-98-
FIG. 26: Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash, FIG. 27: Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG. 28: Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash, FIG. 29: Biron #5 Mechanical Hopper Ash,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-99-
FIG. 30: Kraft P1-P2 "Fine" Ash, FIG. 31: Kraft P1-P2 "Fine" Ash,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG. 32: Kraft P1-P2 "Fine" Ash, FIG. 33: Kraft P1-P2 "Fine" Ash,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-100-
FIG. 34: Kraft P1-P2 Bottom Ash, FIG. 35: Kraft P1-P2 Bottom Ash,
20X Magnification 100X Magnification
FIG. 36: Kraft P1-P2 Bottom Ash, FIG. 37: Kraft P1-P2 Bottom Ash,
500X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-101-
FIG. 38: Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash, FIG. 39: Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG. 40: Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash, FIG. 41: Niagara B21-B23 Fly Ash,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-102-
FIG. 42: Niagara B24 Bottom Ash, FIG. 43: Niagara B24 Bottom Ash,
100X Magnification 500X Magnification
FIG. 44: Niagara B24 Bottom Ash, FIG. 45: Niagara B24 Bottom Ash,
1000X Magnification 5000X Magnification
-103-
Section 5
References
[1] Naik, T. R., and Singh, S. S., “Fly Ash Generation and Utilization – An Overview,” in
Recent Trend in Fly Ash Utilization, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of
India, Bhopal, India, June 1993 (available from the UWM Center for By-Products
Utilization).
-104-
APPENDIX 1: Modified ASTM C 422 for Particle Size Distribution
Tests conducted at the UWM Center for By-Products Utilization (UWM-CBU) had revealed that
the standard ASTM C 422 test method is inadequate to measure particle size distribution of fly
ashes, and similar fine grained materials, especially below 10-micron size particles. This is partially
due to agglomeration caused by very fine particles of fly ash and also potentially due to chemical
reaction caused by the cementitious nature of the fly ash. A significant gel formation occurs during
the sedimentation testing of the fly ash. Therefore, in order to obtain more accurate test results, a
modified ASTM C 422 test method was developed by the UWM-CBU for measuring particle size
distribution of fly ash samples by the sedimentation technique. This UWM-CBU method differs
from the standard ASTM C 422 in respect to sample preparation, sedimentation liquid, size of the
sedimentation cylinder, and the hydrometer used. In the UWM-CBU modified ASTM C 422
procedure, the fly ash sample is not subjected to pretreatment prior to the sedimentation test. The
particle concentration in the polymeric suspending liquid used was maintained at about three
percent. This new suspending liquid had a specific gravity of about 0.8. This also necessitated the
use of a different hydrometer, which can measure the density of the liquid containing suspended
particles having specific gravity in the range of approximately 0.8 to 0.9. The size of the
sedimentation cylinder was changed to 500 ml instead of 1000 ml used in the standard ASTM
C 422 procedure. This was done to more effectively use the sedimentation liquid. In order to
measure the particle size distribution, the fly ash test sample and the liquid were added in the
sedimentation cylinder and were mixed by inverting the cylinder, with open end closed by hand,
-105-
60 times in one minute. Then the sedimentation readings were taken and calculations made in
accordance with the ASTM Test C 422 for determination of particle size distribution. Typical
results are shown in Fig. 1, 4, 5, 8, and 9.