centec competence in water treatment - mastec competence in water treat… · natural osmotic...

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Centec Competence

in Water Treatment

Overview about Water Purification

and Deaeration Technologies


Usually, for water treatment, a complex regime of various technologies is necessary !

Sand filter and multi-layer filter for de-ironing and de-manganizing

Activated carbon filter for de-chlorination and removal of impurities

Ion exchanger for softening, and removal of positive and negative ions

Nanofiltration / Reverse Osmosis (RO) for partial and full demineralization

Products for Water Treatment


Electro de-ionization (EDI) for highly purified water (HPW) production

Ultrafiltration for removal of endotoxin and pyrogens

WFI distillation for production of water for injection (WFI)

Water deaeration for removal of oxygen and other gases

The analysis of the raw water is essential in order to design the appropriate water treatment regime !

Products for Water Treatment


De-ironing and de-manganizing to meet the official requirements for iron and manganese in water

Continuous production with fully automated aeration and optional back flushing

Capacity from 1 m³/h up to 500 m³/h

Sand Filter and Multi-Layer Filter


De-Ironing and De-Manganizing - Example


Activated carbon is a form of carbon with a large number of small pores that increase the surface area available for adsorption or chemical reaction

One gram of activated carbon has a surface area of 500 to 2.000 m2

The bigger the surface the more contaminants

can be absorbed

Chemical treatment of activated carbon often enhances adsorption properties

Activated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source materials such as coal, nutshells, coconut husk

Activated Carbon Filter


Activated Carbon Filter

Activated carbon filters remove completely all coarse and fine impurities by chemical adsorption

Pollutant molecules in the fluid to be treated are trapped inside the pore structure of the carbon substrate

Typical particle sizes that can be removed by carbon filters range from 0.5 to 50 micrometres

Carbon filters are highly effective at removing chlorine, fluoride, sediment, herbicides and pesticides from water

They improve taste and odor


The hardness of the water is caused by ions of calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)

These minerals and ions are responsible for limescale in pipework and units

Systems for water softening reduce the hardness of the water

They replace the ions in the water by ions loosely bound to the ion exchange resin

Once all ions of the resin are replaced, the resin is exhausted and needs to be regenerated

Ion Exchanger


Regeneration of water softerens is done with brine, a solution of sodium chloride (NaCl); for brackish water hydrochloric acid (HCl) and caustic soda (NaOH) are used

The brine is stored in a small vessel and dosed through a venturi nozzle into the softener tank

For fully automated regeneration, a flow counter permanently monitors the hardness of the raw water

The PLC system of the softener controls the regeneration cycles without need for an operator

Ion Exchanger


Osmosis is a natural phenomenon which forces water to pass a semipermeable membrane from the side of lower concentration of salt to the side of higher concentration

This process continues until equilibrium is reached, i.e. the same concentration of salt

Once equilibrium is reached, the osmotic pressure on both sides is the same

Nanofiltration / Reverse Osmosis (RO)


Nanofiltration / Reverse Osmosis (RO)

For RO, an external pressure has to be applied

This pressure needs to be higher than the natural osmotic pressure

As a result of this external pressure, water and salt can be separated

Reverse osmosis provides the basis for complete demineralization of water


EDI is an electrochemical polisher step downstream to a reverse osmosis system leading to highly purified water (HPW)

This technology utilizes electrodes to ionize water molecules and separate dissolved ions from water

The compartments of an EDI unit are filled with ion-exchange resins; they allow that the ions in the water are transported and cross the ion exchange membranes to be separated from the purified water

Water treated by EDI can be de-mineralized to reach a conductivity of 0,06 µS/cm; pyrogen-free water is produced by ultrafiltration

Electro De-ionization (EDI)


Electro De-ionization - Example


Water for Injection (WFI) is required to manufacture parenteral drugs

The unit consists of several distillation columns producing pyrogen-free steam

Each column is heated by steam produced in the previous one; for the first column plant steam is used for heating

The steam condenses into WFI and is further processed

WFI Distillation


Softener and UV Lamp


Reverse Osmosis with Fine Filter and SIP


Electro De-ionization and Ultrafiltration


WFI Distillation


WFI Manufacturing Unit


WFI Loop Buffer Tank


Centec DeGaS deaeration units contain

structured packings

They can be designed as cold water deaerator or as a hot water deaerator

Column Water Deaeration DeGaS


Structured packings typically consist of thin corrugated metal plates arranged in a way that they force liquids to take multiple paths through the column when rinsing top-down

Thereby, a large surface area for contact between water and gas phases is created

The water passes the column in counter current to the strip gas CO2

The stripped O2 and the undissolved CO2 are removed by a separator at the column top

A discharge pump forwards the water from the bottom of the column to the DAW process

Column Water Deaeration DeGaS


The Centec membrane deaeration system DGS is a modular water deaerator utilizing hydrophobic, hollow fibre membrane technology

The use of these highly efficient membrane contactors results in very low residual oxygen values

A minimum of energy and strip gas (CO2 or N2) is consumed by the DDS unit

Membrane deaeration requires extremely low operating costs

Membrane Water Deaeration DGS


A compact bundle of hollow fibres maximizes the surface for the gas exchange between the water and the vacuum strip gas mixture inside the fibres

The membranes offer compact and flexible operation with the ability to increase capacity as water needs increases

Membrane Water Deaeration DGS

centec competence in water treatment - mastec competence in water treat… · natural osmotic...

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