censorship on high voltage power equipments & …...detailed consideration on worldwide...

Censorship on High Voltage Power Equipment & Systems in Europe and North America

Mr. Ettore Figini DeMEPA Partner and Vice President Dr. Roberto Iorio DeMEPA Partner, Senior Advisor

Taiwan Research Institute Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. Taipei, October 5th, 2011

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Lessons learnt from the European and North American experience and knowledge

Abstract This magisterial lecture will offer a technical and business survey on the main trends of the Electrical Power System relevant to: Compliance with the non-postponing issues of the carbon

reduction

New generation mix with the consequent possible unbalance due to increasing share of the renewable sources

Super Grids and DC Power connections for electric energy transmission on long distances, energy exports, connections with large generation plants: off-shore and on-shore Wind Farm (Europe and USA), Solar Power Plant (Mediterranean Countries and Europe), Bulk Hydro Plant (South America, Asia and Africa)

Taiwan Research Institute (TRI) Taipei, October 5th, 2011

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Abstract (foll.)

Re-engineering of the HV and MV power system infrastructures

Evolution of the MV grid as a consequence of the increasing share of the Distributed Generation

MV and LV micro grid application growth

The new scenarios are changing drastically the way to design, plan, operate and maintain the power systems, with a strong impact on the HV network backbones and HV and MV infrastructures and components. With regards to the new components, the market requires the manufacturers to supply advanced features with particular regard to short circuit management.


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Abstract (foll.) Other non negligible issues are: Meshed DC grid development

Needs of fast changing in the power flow versus. All the above indicated has a serious follow–up in the: • Network management, giving more role (and investments) to the DSOs

than to the TSOs

• Development of the new advanced Large Electrical Laboratories and/or the refurbishment of the existing, in order to support the development of new components, new standards and interoperability criteria

• Development of new modalities to ensure the quality and the performances in those cases where the laboratories are not yet existing or available.


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Lecture main goals

1. Strategic items: • market • technological • economical • industrial • regulatory • investment return


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Lecture main goals (foll.)

2. Operative aspects • standard evolution • development of Large Electrical Laboratories, with a

particular emphasis to High Power Laboratories • alternative modalities to check the product quality and

performances

3. Discussion with the audience about possible technical analogies and market symmetry (or asymmetry) of the Asian market (with particular regards to the Taiwanese situation).


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Main sources • The experience and knowledge of DeMEPA partners and friend experts • DeMEPA internal technical and business development surveys • American Recovery and Reinvestment Act • Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan • EPIA – European Photovoltaic Industry Association. • National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs) • TEN-YEAR NETWORK DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2010-2020”, European Network of

Transmission System Operators for Electricity, 28 June 2010 • K.U.Leuven – ESAT/Electa • International Energy Agency • Fraunhofer Institute • RTE – Gestionnaire du Rèseau de Transport de l’Electricité • Siemens • ABB


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Main issues Contents

Premise: scenario and trend of the energy sector, some considerations 1. The foreseen investments in

T&D sector 2. The T&D supply chain analysis 3. T&D technology state of the art 4. The performances of the

electromechanical and power electronic components

5. High Power Laboratories 6. A way to verify quality &

performances of electromechanical equipment


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Premise - Scenario and trend of the energy sector - Some considerations

• a worldwide level awareness of the urgent need for a sustainable development models for the electricity

sector is growing

• the theme of climate change is now central for the development and operation of the electrical system

• The opposing economic interests of developed countries (USA, EU, Japan), BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China,Turkey) and developing countries have not led yet to a global agreement

• However, the leading countries are developing national measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to increase the use of renewable clean energy production


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• These measures imply necessarily the development of new technologies for clean energy production, energy efficiency and saving and emission reduction, with clear repercussions on the economies of countries, companies and citizens and on the electrical system

• There is a favorable regulatory framework in the U.S. and Europe. There are mandatory access objectives at the international level, in particular:

• Kyoto Protocol • 20-20-20 EU package approval (March 2007) • Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan • American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (February 17,2009)


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• The low-carbon and renewable generation targets, coupled with system efficiency, reliability and internal market development objectives, require extensive changes to the power grids

• The future grids must fully exploit the use of both large centralised generators and smaller distributed power sources

Conclusion: the push for decarbonization is a major challenge for operators in the electricity sector to significantly redirect their developments, new investments and also the modality of operation and maintenance of existing assets

Source: M. Sánchez. European Commission DG TREN. European Smart Grids Strategies Berlin 17-18 September


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Over the course of 2010, the total capacity installed in the world was nearly 40 GW, producing about 50 TWh of electrical energy every year.

In 2010, gas was the leading energy technology in terms of capacity growth in Europe, with a total installation of about 20 GW.

In 2010, PV was the leading renewable energy technology in terms of capacity growth in Europe, with 13.3 GW installed, followed by wind with 9.3 GW; PV was second only to gas power plants.

Although 2010 Renewable Energy reached high levels of installations, the road to a carbon-free power generation mix is still a long way off.


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It is possible to question whether the increase in gas installations is related to the increase in the use of variable electricity sources (such as PV and wind).

Today the investments in the electricity sector are driven more by strong financial business causes than network stability considerations. This situation could become critical, since there is no responsible "institution" at the national and international levels for the planning and verification of investments in generation (amount, localization and mix) in regard to transmission.

There is a global trend currently pushing investors to redirect investments into gas and re-newables, rather than coal and nuclear.


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Premise - Scenario and trend of the energy sector

- Some considerations

The number of coal power plant projects cancelled in 2010 results directly from the increase in investments in re-newables, reducing the need for any additional capacities that are insufficiently flexible to integrate in tomorrow’s power generation mix.

The other re-newables are also progressing, but without

reaching the high levels that PV and wind reach. The new generation mix, with a strong emphasis on non

programmable RE, such as wind and solar, creates a possible unbalance due to the increasing share of the renewable sources.


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Chapter 1 - The foreseen investments in T&D

sector

Contents

1. Present European power system 2. European investments in 2010-2030

period 3. Worldwide investments in 2010-2030

period 4. Detailed consideration on worldwide

investments in 2012–2017 period


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Chapter 1.1 Present European Power system

Picture 1 Present European Power System Source: K.U.Leuven – ESAT/Electa

People served 430 million Energy used 2.500 TWh Installed capacity 560 GW Installed capacity financial evaluation 280 G€ (500 €/kW) Trasmission network 23.000 km Trasmission network financial evaluation 90 G€ (0,4 €/km) Distribution network 5.000.000 km Investment/EU single person 1.500 €

Present European Power System


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Chapter 1.2 European investments in 2010-2030 period

Demand Growth

• 2% year, equivalent to a total of 1250 TWh in the considered period

Generation

• Replacement & re-powering: 900 GW • Renewable Energy Source (RES): 500 GW peak

Transmission & Distribution • Ageing assets • Expansions • RES & Distributed Generator (DG) integration Total investment: 500 G€

Market & regulation • Data & Information systems Total investment: 20 G€

Source: K.U.Leuven – ESAT/Electa


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Chapter 1.2 European investments in 2010–2030 period

The European commitment to support the low carbon economy could increase electricity demand, not reduce it! Key aspects:

• Investment growth for all the phases of the power infrastructure supply chain

• The T&D weight is similar to the power generator weight • The Transmission weight is about three times the Distribution

weight • The refurbishment/reinforcement investments are about the

60% of the total investment in the T&D sector • In 2010 the renewable energy weights 55% of the total energy,

in 2020 it will weight about 75-80%

Source: DeMEPA analysis


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Chapter 1.3 Worldwide investments in 2010-2030 period

Picture 2 – Investment subdivision in generation and networks (2007 – 2030) Source: International Energy Agency

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Africa Middle East Latin America Pacif ic Eurasia/other Europe

rest of Asia OECD Europe

Noth America China

Bill

ion

€

Investments needs in power infrastructurerers

Generation Transmission Distribution total


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Chapter 1.3 Worldwide investments in 2010–2030 period

In most cases the investment needs in T&D are larger than in generation

Picture 3 – Investment share in generation and T&D (2007 – 2030) Source: International Energy Agency

• Generation: 8.175 G$, more than 50% for renewable energy • Transmission: 5.850 G$ • Distribution: 2.800 G$ • Total: 16.825 G$

0,49

0,35

0,16

total investment needs

Generation Transmission Distribution


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Picture 4 Yearly worldwide investments, 2007 – 2030 period Source: DeMEPA analysis

0

50

100

150

200

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300

350

2007

2008

2009

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2011

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G€

Yearly worldwide additional investments (2007 - 2030)

Transmission Distribution


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Considerations on the previous figure: The investment peaks in 2007-2030 period:

• Transmission: 2018-2020 years with about 340 G€ (total in the period 5.700 G€)

• Distribution: 2023-2024 years with about 160 G€ (total in the period 2.800 G€)

Note: Different peaks are expected in different period for each Area. For instance, in Europe the distribution peak is expected earlier than the transmission peak

Investment forecast in 2012-2017 • Transmission sector: 1.630 G€ • Distribution sector: 625 G€ • Total T&D investments: 2.255 G€

Taiwan Research Institute (TRI)

Taipei, October 5th, 2011

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Chapter 1.4 Detailed consideration on worldwide investments in 2012-2017 period

It appears that, in the considered period, the investments increase of about 50% for Transmission and Distribution

Picture 5 T&D investment (2012-2017). Source: DeMEPA analysis

years Transmission Distribution2012 210 802013 250 902014 270 1002015 275 1102016 300 1202017 325 125total 1.630 625

super total

T&D investments - 2012-2017 (G€)

2.255


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The development “as usual” is about 50% of the total investments.

Picture 6 - T&D investment share Source: DeMEPA analysis

29%

26%

45%

T&D investments (G€)

Reengineering

New developments

Development as usual


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Re-engineering

In “re-engineering” the following activities are included: • Capacity performance improvements related to voltage

level, short circuit capacity (it may include replacement of electrical component)

• Automation performance improvement • Update or replacement of protection systems • Update or replacement of diagnostic apparatuses • Update or replacement of telecommunication apparatuses

Note: “re-engineering” brings together the meaning of refurbishment, reinforcement, revamping, improvement


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Picture 7 - Transmission investment/activity matrix. Source: DeMEPA analysis


gg g investment subdivision jiiijh

gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggggggg

gggggggggg activity subdivisio n

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pow

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lines

(%

)

diag

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(%)

tele

com

mun

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ion

(%)

tota

l (%

)

Reengineering (%) 29 34 8 20 20 18 100 New developments (%) 26 38 7 35 10 10 100

Development as usual (%) 45 32 5 50 8 5 100

Total (%) 100 34 6 37 12 10 100 Note : civil works are excluded in this analysis

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Picture 8 T&D investment/activity matrix Source: DeMEPA analysis


inve

stm

ents

(%)

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

transmission distribution

34% 41%

37% 22%

12% 17%

10% 20% 6%

elect. comp. lines diagn. & autom. telecomm. power electron.

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Considerations on the previous figure related to Transmission: Reengineering activity, predominant investments:

• Replacement of components • Replacement of automation and telecommunication systems

New developments, predominant investments: • Components • Lines

Development as usual, predominant investments: • Lines • Components

In Distribution tmc + diagnostic & automation investments weight about 37% and are in percent much higher than the corresponding for Transmission


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Chapter 2. T&D supply chain analysis

Contents

1. T&D supply chain analysis 2. The average margins 3. Purchasing modality


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Chapter 2.1 T&D supply chain analysis

In this strategic analysis the following business areas are considered:

• Electromechanical component manufacturers (cable included)

• Power electronics manufacturers • Line constructors • Diagnostic and automation system manufacturers • Telecommunication system manufacturers • Installers (system integrators and EPC)

Sales and O&M activities are excluded in this analysis


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Chapter 2.1 T&D supply chain analysis

Picture 9 - European Transmission supply chain, the main business areas Source: DeMEPA analysis


10

investment subdivision ggg

gggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggg gggggggggggggggggggggggg ggggggggggggggjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjj

jjjjggggggggggggg activity subdivision

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inno

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es (

%)

inst

alla

tions

(%

)

tota

l (%

)

Reengineering (%) 29 62 5 15 18 100 New developments (%) 26 61 15 12 12 100

Development as usual (%) 45 78 10 100 Total (%) 100 69 6 12 13 100

Note : Sales and O&M are excluded in this analysis

2

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Chapter 2.2 The average margins

The knowledge of these information is fundamental for any interested operator in starting up businesses in the European market, selecting the most interesting business model to follow. The available data about the “whole European average margins” is not sufficient to support the operator as the variance is too big and it gives no information on the effective remunerability of the different business areas.


It has to be noted that we are talking about gross margin (EBITDA) and that it is necessary to find the net value to subtract the depreciation of machinery for the production.

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To know the real average margin, it is necessary to segment the European market, better focusing the analysis over:

• country

• market sector (transmission, distribution, industry, railways, etc.)

• business scenario (products as usual, advanced products re-engineering phase, etc.)

• product typology (transformers, circuit breakers, power cables, etc.)

In the course of early 2000s, an increase of variance and volatility was experienced, especially in manufacturing and system integration areas, often accompanied by low margins. The average margin was about 10%, with some big companies with negative margins and others with positive margins, even over 20%.


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In the period 2012-2014, a reversal trend for the margin is expected, in particular for manufacturers and system integrators, as a consequence of:

a better production standardization that allows to maintain/increase the profitability level

investment in the "upstream" stage (integrated production not only related to the single component)

investment in the "downstream" stage (enhancing the project management skills, better design and supervision on construction and installation activities etc.)

new development in Distribution (smart metering, electrical station automation) and in Transmission areas (cross border interconnection, wind farm integration and super grids)


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Currently, the manufacturing area is still volatile, mainly due to the competition impact coming from the: Eastern Europe companies (Poland, Hungary, Chzech

Republic, Turkey) for distribution components Asian companies (India, China, Malaysia) for LV components,

MV fuses, MV/HV insulators The consequent difficulties for some European manufacturers

to saturate their capacity.

These Eastern Europe and Asian companies operating in Europe have reached in the above segments significant results (20%), while the European companies have got a smaller result (10%). On the contrary, a significant margin growth is seen for advanced products, such as power cables (in particular for DC applications), HV power components, MV/HV power electronics, automation and telecommunication systems.


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The system integrator area is still volatile. The variability is due to the extreme different characteristics of market segments and above all the applications.

Low margins are foreseen for poor applications. Extremely interesting margins are foreseen when

complex system, integrating electrical and power electronic components, automation and telecommunication systems are involved.

It clearly appears that the only production of components by European Manufacturers, especially in LV/MV (without any added value such as energy efficiency design, products for special niches, automation and diagnostic integrated systems) is not able to ensure an acceptable level of profitability, especially when compared with the profitability obtained by integrated operators (14÷18%).


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Sales and distributions are clearly another "critical" issues in terms of profitability.

In 2008 the average values were equal to 5% because of the aggressive approach of the competitors, represented by: integrated manufacturers and system integrators, that in

many cases jump the distribution chain to reach directly the final customer

the installers (especially the large ones) that take advantage of their greater power coming from the market control and monitoring.


For the owner engineering companies, which design and support the buyers, the average margin got back to the levels of first 2000 years (15%). The EPC contractor are able to achieve even higher margins (up to 20%).

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Chapter 2.3 Purchasing modality Scenario 1 The Utility, with the technical support of the Owner’s Engineer, has a direct relationship with the manufacturer. In this case, the buyer makes direct shopping, choosing among the various component suppliers. This model is based on the figure of the "Owner's Engineer" which supports the buyer in the preliminary studies: choice of components, tender documents, selection of suppliers and project implementation supervision


The role of the Owner’s Engineer is mostly carried out by external engineering companies.

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Chapter 2.3 Purchasing modality Scenario 2 The Utility (buyer) has a direct relationship with the system integrators which provide technological and system expertise in addition to the whole system supply capability.

This model is especially applicable in the "early stage" contexts with innovative technologies, such as:

• Smart metering. The position of Systems Integrator with a strong background in IT and telecommunication fields is strengthened. These system integrators are often charged for the development of SW applications and integration. They may also have an extended role by participating in the design phase, in the system architecture definition, in the technology selection and selection of vendors.

• HVDC interconnection lines, where the system integrators have

electromechanical and power electronics background.


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Chapter 3 Technology state of the art in T&D sector

• Contents • The new generation

paradigm • Intelligent future use of

Energy • European framework for

MV/HV grids • Super grids • HVDC interconnections • Smart grids • Micro grids • TSO and DSO • Technology state of the art

in T&D sector

• Evaluations based on the European technology


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Chapter 3.1 The new generation paradigm

Picture 10 – Centralized versus Distributed generation. Source KU.Leuven ESAT/Electa


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Chapter 3.1 The new generation paradigm

Picture 11 – Centralized versus Distributed generation. Source KU.Leuven ESAT/Electa


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Chapter 3.1 The new mix generation

Picture 12 – Evolution of global cumulative installed capacity – 2000÷2010. Source: EPIA

China APECRest of the WordNorth AmericaJapanEU

Legenda


Over the course of 2010, the total capacity installed in the world was nearly 40 GW, producing about 50 TWh of electrical energy every year.

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Picture 13 – Power generation capacities added in 2010 in EU 27.

Source: EPIA


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In 2010, gas was the leading energy technology in terms of capacity growth in Europe, with a total installation of about 20 GW.

In 2010, PV was the leading renewable energy technology in terms of capacity growth in Europe, with 13.3 GW installed in 2010, followed by wind with 9.3 GW; PV was thus second only to gas power plants.

Although in 2010 the Renewable Energy reached high levels of installations, the road to a carbon-free power generation mix is still a long way off.

It is possible to wonder whether the increase in gas installations is related to the increase in the use of variable electricity sources (such as PV and wind).


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Today the investments in the electricity sector are driven more by strong financial business cases, than network stability considerations. This situation could become critical, since there is no responsible "institution" at the national and European level for the planning and verification of generation investments (amount, localization and mix) as for the transmission.

There is a global trend currently pushing investors to redirect investments into gas and renewables, rather than coal and nuclear.

The number of coal power plant projects cancelled in 2010 results directly from the increase in investments in renewables, reducing the need for additional capacities that are insufficiently flexible to integrate in tomorrow’s power generation mix.


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The other renewables are also progressing, but without reaching the high levels that PV and wind reach.

The new generation mix, with a strong weight of a non programmable RE (such as wind and solar), creates a possible unbalance due to increasing share of the renewable sources.


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Chapter 3.2 An intelligent future use of the Energy

Super Grids - Future configuration of the European supply:

• more local responsibility

• one more voltage level (probably HVDC)

Picture 14 – Intelligent use of Energy. Source: Fraunhofer Institute


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In the past

The power system was… • optimised at the national scale • designed together with domestic generation by vertically-integrated monopolies

Cross-border interconnection lines allowed energy exchange between countries

In the future

The power system shall … • be fully optimised at the European scale to benefit from

complementarities in generation mixes • allow competition in a deregulated generation business • contribute to the Security of Supply both in the short and

long term at the EU level


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Picture 15 - The Future Electrical System. Source: Cisco International


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Picture 16- The European electricity grid. Source: M. Sánchez. European Commission DG TREN.

Chapter 3.3 European framework for MV/HV grids


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Chapter 3.3 European framework for MV/HV grids

Today’s Market Framework – A Passive DSO role

Picture 17 – The Future Electrical System. Source: Cisco International


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Chapter 3.3 European framework for MV/HV grids Future European market framework –

DSO as Central and Active Player

Picture 18 – The Future Electrical System. Source: Cisco International


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Chapter 3.4 Super Grids Super Grid an electricity transmission system, mainly

based on direct current, designed to facilitate large-scale sustainable power generation in remote areas for transmission to centers of consumption.

Super Grid fundamental attribute: the enhancement of the electricity market.

Super Grid is not an extension of existing point-to-point HVDC interconnectors between some EU Member States!

Super Grid will allow future generation to be built where resources are optimal and not constrained and transported to existing grids at key nodes.


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Chapter 3.4 Super Grids

Picture 19 – Wind power development in Europe. Source: EWEA

Wind power development in Europe: an impetus for change in transmission business


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Offshore Wind Power development: a new frontier?

• Large load flows affect neighbouring transmission systems reducing available cross border trading capacities

• Grid congestions occur and new bottlenecks

• Massive increase in new generation to be integrated into the European grid

• Transmission infrastructure shall need to develop at the same pace, while ensuring the highest level of reliability

• Similar increase in investments on transmission infrastructures is needed



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Picture 20 – The Central and Northern situation. Source: Statnett

How to transfer power from North Europe to Central Europe? Through the super grids !!!


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How to connect renewable & to expand the offshore grids? Through the super grids !!!

Picture 21 – Connecting European Renewable Energies. Source: Siemens


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Picture 22 – Connecting cross highways. Source: Siemens

Introdurre figura How to connect cross-borders power highways? Through the super grids !!!


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Super Grids, open problems The HVDC super grids, unlike the point-to-point HVDC interconnections, are networks and must be operated as networks. For example: High and very high Short Circuit Current interruption Protection System Automation and Control


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Super Grids, open problems (foll.) Increasing value of wind power will require increasing

amount of flexible balancing capacity

Real time balancing (spinning and fast reserves for primary and secondary control)

Hour and short/medium term balancing Additional backup to manage hourly, daily, weekly variations

in the wind More flexible generation that will make it possible to integrate

more wind (better system and balance control)

Increasing amount of wind power will require a new approach for the transmission

New transmission capacity New O&M modalities New design and plan approach


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Super grids, open problems (foll.) Increasing amount of wind power will require a more

structured market

How to design the market to manage huge amounts of wind power?

Which new market instruments and other products to be developed?

How to design the market to include huge amounts of wind power?

How to manage the power system with more flexibility? How to manage the congestion in the network?

Increasing amount of wind power will require a new approach for automation of the European smart grid

Will it require an European EMS (Energy Management System) or will a strong coordination between the existing local EMS be sufficient ?


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Chapter 3.5 HVDC interconnections

DC Power connection are used for: long distance transmission energy exports connections point-to-point with large generation

plants: offshore and onshore Wind Farm (e.g. Europe and USA), Solar Power Plant (e.g. Mediterranean Countries and Europe), Bulk Hydro Plant (e.g. South America, Asia and Africa)

redundancy reasons connection among networks with different

frequencies (50 and 60 Hz)


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Chapter 3.5 HVDC interconnections

Picture 23 - North American HVDC Interconnections Source: Power System Interconnections using HVDC Links. Mr John Graham (ABB Brazil)

and Others


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What is Smart Grids 20th Century Grid 21st Century Grid Electromechanical Digital Very limited (or one) way communications Two ways communications every where Few, if any, sensors – “Blind” operations Monitors and sensors throughout – usage, system status,

equipment condition Limited control over flows Pervasive control systems – substations, distribution &

feeder automation Reliability concerns – Manual restoration Adaptive protection, Semi automated restoration and,

eventually, self healing Sub - optimal asset utilization Asset life and system capacity extension trough condition

monitoring and dynamic limits Stand – alone information system and applications Enterprise Level Information Integration, Inter –

operability and coordinated automation Very limited, if any, distributed resources Large penetration of distributed, Intermittent and demand

– side resources Carbon based generation Carbon limits and Green Power Credits Emergency decision by Committee and phone Decision support systems, predictive reliability Limited price information, static tariff Full price information, dynamic tariff, demand response Few customer choices Many customer choices, value added services, integrated

demand – side automation

Chapter 3.6 Smart Grids

Picture 23 - What is a Smart Grid. Source CEER Workshop on Smart Grid, June 2009


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The current distribution network is designed as "passive.” This means the network transports and distributes electricity in a one-way flow, (from the power station to the end user) and absorbs power only from the higher-voltage network levels.

The introduction of distributed generation in this network presents problems that can only be partially overcome. A massive penetration of distributed generation would provoke an unacceptable degradation of the service quality and would cause serious operational and protection problems.


The main objectives of the Smart Grids consist of making consumers active parts in the energy supply and promoting the use of renewable sources and distributed generation.

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The Smart Grid can help develop distributed generation

in the vicinity of the end users. Moreover, it can also help develop de-localized control, integration with large power plants and other types of energy supply. The Smart Grid also has the ability to be flexible to demand, and can offer management & network expansion.


Most of the Smart Grid advantages come from Information Technology. Thanks to IT, a decentralized network management, in which all the nodes are on the same level of importance (like the Internet), can be achieved.

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The active distribution system has three layers:

1. Copper-based energy infrastructures (electricity distr.) • Optimized topology • Power electronic devices

2. Communications layer • requirements of speed, quality, reliability, dependence on

costs • different communication technologies at the same time

3. Software layer • multiple software functions for normal operation • network reconfiguration • self-healing procedures • fault management • forecasting, modeling and planning.


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Picture 24 - MV/HV Smart grid benefits for society. Source IEEE Power &energy magazine July August 2007

MV/HV smart grids: benefits for society


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Chapter 3.7 Micro Grids

Micro Grids: a new type of power system

Micro Grids: interconnections of small modular generation to low voltage distribution systems Micro Grids:

• connected to the MV main power network

• operated islanded, in a coordinated/controlled way; in this case the MV network becomes the Micro Grid back-up

Note: - The Micro Grid concept is deteriorating the taboo that all the electrical

network must be otherwise interconnected.

- The Micro Grids, even in islanded configuration, can be considered virtually connected to the grid through the telecommunication system.


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The first class of Micro Grids:

“Utility Micro Grid”

This is (part of) a feeder for a distribution grid, with local energy sources and consumers. This type of micro grid can facilitate a large-scale introduction of distributed sources and is able to satisfy increased user requests (either completely or partially), so that congestion problems can be avoided or reduced.

A utility micro grid can also deliver ancillary services to the grid. For example, the local delivery or absorption of reactive power and the guarantee of excellent power quality for (some of) the local users.

The principal objectives for the implementation of this structure are the reduction in the impact of grid faults on local users and the simplification of connecting distributed sources. This can be applied to both urban and rural areas.


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Chapter 3.7 Micro Grids The second class of Micro Grids:

“Industrial or Commercial Micro Grids”

These are typically a collection of critical and/or sensitive loads requiring high power quality and reliability.:

data centers, university campuses, shopping centers, factories, industrial installations, residential neighbourhoods, etc.

Principal aims: increase of power quality, higher reliability and energy efficiency. Potentially, different loads can be further sub-divided into groups according to the required grade of power quality and reliability.

The micro grid can switch over to islanded operation in the event of a grid fault, during maintenance, periods of poor power quality, or when grid energy prices are high.


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The third class of Micro Grids:

“Remote Micro Grid”

For the provision of energy in remote areas, in developing countries and islands, locally available energy sources, often renewable sources, are usually preferred. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) may be used. An autonomous micro grid is an appropriate network structure for such cases, with the possibility of its future connection to the electric grid. Frequently the extension to the electric grid of these remote areas is hard to carry out. As a consequence, they must operate as pure islanded grids. The local generator MUST be adequate and its energy production sufficiently reliable. Should this fail, certain loads would have to be disconnected on an irregular basis to guarantee the stability and the correct operation of the network. The application of energy storage can greatly help the spread of this type of micro grid.


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Chapter 3.8 New roles of TSO and DSO

European framework

Reduced role and investments for TSOs (most electricity facilities connected to the distribution network)

DSOs take much greater responsibility for system management

Demand Side Management leads to a generally reduced activity

Transmission provides connection among different DSOs and to strategic renewable deployment

A possible creation of a European Super TSO for the management of a new European EHV network (DC and AC)


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Chapter 3.8 New roles of TSO and DSO

Trasmission Network development Every year, TSOs, after having consulted all the relevant stakeholders, shall submit a 10-year network development plan based on existing and forecast supply and demand to the regulatory Authority. The plan shall contain efficient measures in order to guarantee the adequacy of the system and the security of supply. While elaborating the 10-year network development plan, the transmission system operator shall make reasonable assumptions about the evolution of the generation, supply, consumption and exchanges with other Countries, taking into account investment plans for regional and Community-wide networks.


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Chapter 3.9 Technology state-of-the-art in T&D sector

Key technologies are mostly available … … but radical innovation is needed in specific areas

New technology state of the art. Source Siemens


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Chapter 3.9 Technology state of the art in T&D

sector Transmission grid development to support the

European Agenda and objectives

Picture 25 - Transmission grid needed development. Source Siemens


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Chapter 3.9 Technology state of the art

in T&D sector

Is it necessary to increase the AC voltage level for the European network?

• The European Transmission grid concept – with the voltage level at 420kV – has proved extremely stable for the last 30 years

• Will it last for the next 50 years? • Should a higher voltage level be introduced (i.e. 550 or

750 kV)? The main European TSOs are discussing this matter with the manufacturers, taking into account the development of the super grids.


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in T&D sector

Picture 26 - Transmitting 3GW over long distance Source Siemens


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in T&D sector A super DC grid development – available technology

Picture 27 - A super DC grid development . Source Siemens


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Chapter 4. The electromechanical components

Contents

1. Worldwide market of switching equipment 2. Short-circuit capability trend 3. HV circuit-breaker technological evolution



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Chapter 4.1 Worldwide market of switching equipment

Picture 28 - Worldwide annual investments on switching equipment. Source: DeMEPA analysis

• switching equipment: 50% of the total value of the electromechanical components • circuit-breakers: a significant part of the switching investment • switching equipment: GIS, circuit breakers, switches,disconnectors, etc.


Transmission investments (2012-2017) 1.630,00 Distribution investments (2012-2017) 625,00 T&D investments (2012-2017) 2.255,00 T&D annual average investments 375,83 HP annual average investments 225,50

Worldwide investments on switching equipment (G€)

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Chapter 4.1 Worldwide market of switching equipment

Picture 29 - Circuit beaker weight subdivision (%) Source: DeMEPA analysis

In this analysis, the maximum circuit-breaker performances are considered. In the following slides, the extent of the market is represented by the sphere diameter.


EHV-AC CB 25

HV-AC CB 15 MV-AC CB 25 MV-DC CB 3

AC Gen breaker 10 LV-AC CB 15 LV-DC CB 7

switching equipment weight (%)

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Chapter 4.2 Short circuit capability trend

Picture 30 - Circuit breaker short-circuit capability at present Source: DeMEPA analysis

EHV-AC CB

HV-AC CB MV-AC CB

MV-DC CB

AC Gen Breaker

LV-AC CB

LV-DC CB

1

10

100

1000

10000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140

KV

-log

arith

m s

cale

kA

Present circuit breakers short circuit capability

EHV-AC CB HV-AC CB MV-AC CB MV-DC CB AC Gen Breaker LV-AC CB LV-DC CB


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Picture 31 - HV AC circuit breaker short-circuit capability trend Source DeMEPA analysis

EHV-AC CB

HV-AC CB

EHV-AC CB

HV-AC CB

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

KV

kA

HV AC circuit breaker capalibity trend

EHV-AC CB HV-AC CB EHV-AC CB HV-AC CB


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Picture 32 - MV (AC&DC) Circuit breaker short-circuit capability trend Source: DeMEPA analysis

MV-AC CBMV-DC CB

AC Gen CB

MV-AC CB

MV-DC CB

AC Gen CB0

50

100

150

200

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

KV

kA

MV(AC&DC) circuit breaker & generation breaker trend

MV-AC CB MV-DC CB AC Gen CB MV-AC CB MV-DC CB AC Gen CB


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Picture 33 - LV Circuit short-circuit capability trend Source: DeMEPA analysis

LV-AC CB

LV-DC CB

LV-DC CB

LV-AC CB

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

KV

kA

LV (AC & DC) circuit breaker trend

LV-AC CB LV-DC CB LV-DC CB LV-AC CB


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Chapter 4.3 HV circuit-breaker technological evolution

Picture 34 - Overview HV SF6 Circuit-breakers technological evolution Source: ABB

1st Gen: Puffer Breaker

2nd Gen: Self Blast Breaker

3rd Gen: Advanced Puffer Breaker

4th Gen: Double Linear Move Self Blast Breaker

5th: Gen: Non-Linear Double Move Self Blast Brea

6th: Gen: Non Linear Puffer Breaker

Leggenda


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Chapter 4.3 HV circuit-breaker technological evolution

The previous slide shows undeniably the tendency during the 40-year life of the HV SF6 circuit-breakers: the driving energy of the mechanism for the breaking operation is reduced by a factor >10

in the same time, the interrupting capability of the circuit-breaker is increased by a factor >10

the amount of used SF6 is decreased to about 1/3


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Chapter 5. High Power Laboratories

Index

1. Market 2. Main characteristics 3. Synthetic circuits 4. Reengineering of HP

laboratories


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Chapter 5.1 Market

Three types of laboratories are considered: Manufacturer labs, such as Siemens, ABB, Alstom, AE Japan,

Mitsubishi, etc. Main goals:

• Development tests • Sometimes, type tests when third part lab is not requested

Economical justification: to support component development Commercial and third part labs, such as KEMA, CESI, KERI,

XI’ARI, TERTEC, etc. Main goals:

• Type tests • Sometimes, development tests

Economical justification: to make business through commercial test activities


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Chapter 5.1 Market

Three types of laboratories are considered (foll.) Institutional and National R&D labs, such as SGEPRI,

CPRI, JSTC, etc. Main goals:

• R&D • Standard developments • Development tests • Sometimes, type tests

Economical justification: to support the national electrical industries and local manufacturers in:

• Component development • Export activities


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Chapter 5.1 Market

Picture 35 - HP development and type test market evaluation Source: DeMEPA analysis

This picture shows that the overall investment for HP test is about 2% of the MV/HV High Power component investment (annual average value: 225,5 G€, see pict. 28)


HP type tests 377 HP development test 4.134 TOTAL

HP development and type test market evaluation (M€)

4.511

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Chapter 5.1 Market

For the commercial laboratories, the market, at the international rates, is estimated at 25-30% of the above figures.

Picture 36 - HP development and type test market evaluation Source: DeMEPA analysis


segmentation HP dev. Test HP type test TOTAL manufacture lab 3.307 38 3.345 commercial lab 207 301 507 institutional lab 620 38 658 TOTAL 4.134 377 4.510

type and development test - market segmentation (M€)

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Chapter 5.1 Market

Picture 37 - Present and expected testing market evolution Source: DeMEPA analysis

• the maximum circuit-breaker performance trend is considered • the sphere diameter represents the testing market • the arrow shows the expected trend of the “day after tomorrow” • the sphere diameter of the new Institutional lab (on the “top right”)

represents the additional achievable market, with respect to the other labs

new HP Istitutional lab

MV labMV lab

generation lab generation lab

LV lab

LV lab

UHV lab

UHV lab

-100

100

300

500

700

900

1100

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Volta

ge le

vels

(kV)

short circuit capacity (kA)

HP laboratory trends, capabilities and ratings

n ew HP Istitutional lab

MV lab

MV lab

generation lab

generation lab

LV lab

LV lab

UHV lab

UHV lab


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Chapter 5.1 Market

The previous slide supports the potential investors in high power laboratories as far as the choice of the new investment is concerned. The following options have to be taken into consideration: construction of a new laboratory

re-engineering of an existing laboratory

purchase of an existing laboratory

cooperation with existing laboratories


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Chapter 5.2 Main characteristics

The following laboratory schemes are considered:

LV – HP lab MV – HP lab MV/HV – HP lab (up to 150 kV) Generator circuit breaker - HP lab HV/EHV – HP lab (up to 1200 kV)


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Typical voltage level: 1000-2000 V Typical max short circuit current capability: 100-200 kA Power supply: normally by MV grid

LV – HP laboratory scheme

power supply

power transformers

MV/LV

MV bus-bar system

LV test bay

Picture 38 - LV – HP laboratory scheme Source: DeMEPA analysis


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Typical voltage level: ≤ 40,5 kV Typical max short circuit current capability: ≤ 100 kA Power supply: by HV grid or short-circuit generator Testing method: direct

MV– HP laboratory scheme

generator

grid

power transformers

HV/MV

power transformers

MV/MV MV bus-bar

system MV test bay

Picture 39 - MV – HP laboratory scheme Source: DeMEPA analysis


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Voltage level: 1) ≤ 40,5 kV (direct testing) 2) ≤ 245 kV (synthetic testing)

Short circuit current capability: ≤ 63 kA Power supply: by HV grid or short-circuit generator Testing method: direct and synthetic

MV/HV – HP laboratory scheme

generator

grid

power transformers

MV/MV

power transformers

HV/MV

MV bus-bar system

MV test bay

voltage circuit

synthetic test bay

Picture 40 – MV/HV – HP laboratory scheme Source: DeMEPA analysis


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Voltage level: ≤ 40,5 kV Short circuit current capability: ≤ 250 kA Power supply: by HV grid or, most likely, short-circuit

generator Testing method: synthetic

Generator circuit breaker – HP laboratory scheme

generator

grid

power transformers

MV/MV

power transformers

HV/MV

MV bus-bar system

voltage circuit

synthetic test bay

Picture 41 – Generator circuit-breaker – HP laboratory scheme Source: DeMEPA analysis


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Voltage level: ≤ 1200 kV Short circuit current capability: ≤ 100 kA Power supply: short-circuit generators Testing method: synthetic

HV/EHV – HP laboratory scheme

generator

power transformers

MV/MV

MV bus-bar system

voltage circuit

synthetic test bay

Picture 42 – HV/EHV – HP laboratory scheme Source: DeMEPA analysis


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Chapter 5.3 Synthetic circuits

Industrially introduced into the electromechanical market at the early 1970s, at present the use of the synthetic circuits is the only method available for the tests of the HV circuit-breakers.

Basically studied for the tests of single pole circuit-breakers, nowadays the standards consider also circuits for 3-phase synthetic tests of GIS circuit-breakers with three poles in one enclosure.

There are several synthetic circuits with different characteristics that wholly or partly satisfy the standard requirements. The capacity to design and construct a HP laboratory based on the synthetic methods is limited to Engineering Companies which have got experience in: HP testing electromechanical components, particularly CBs design of special laboratory components


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Picture 43 Current injection circuit Source: IEC 62271-101

The circuit shown in the figure is the most common synthetic circuit used all over the world. It is the only circuit that fulfills the standard requirements in terms of thermal stress applications: this is the reason why it is the only circuit that must be used for the short-line fault tests.


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Picture 44 Voltage injection circuit Source: IEC 62271-101


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Picture 45 Combination of current and voltage injection circuits Source: STL Guide to IEC 62271-101


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Picture 46 Combination of current and voltage injection circuits Source: STL Guide to IEC 62271-101


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Chapter 5.4 Re-engineering of HP laboratories

100-120 M€ is the investment related to a new laboratory for direct and synthetic testing of the main of T&D system equipment at the maximum V and I levels (e.g.1200kV 150kA, 50/60 Hz). Approx. 30% of this investment is covered by the short-circuit generators only. It is clear that this figure is not suitable, neither at present

nor in the (near) future!

As a consequence, to stay in the testing market, i.e. the European and North America markets, the most feasible solution for HP laboratories is:

re-engineering


110 /118 Taiwan Research Institute (TRI) Taipei, October 5th, 2011


Re-engineering is much more consistent with the current situation as

costs are significantly reduced improved business results are often expected

This is why, in the considered areas, due to the presence of commercial and manufacturer laboratories, re-engineering is the most widespread adopted solution.

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Case 1 Starting status: MV lab able to test directly up to 36 kV – 25 kA CB, fed

by network (or short-circuit generator) Final status: MV/HV lab able to test synthetically up to full pole 245 kV – 50 kA CB

Main investments Voltage circuit HV test bay Auxiliary circuit-breaker Re-ignition circuits


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Case 2 Starting status: MV/HV lab able to test up to 500 kV – 63 kA CB, fed by one short-circuit generator Final status: MV/HV lab able to test MV and HV CBs up to 1200 kV – 100 kA

Main investments: 2° generator 2° voltage circuit New test bay


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Chapter 6. A way to verify quality & performances of electromechanical equipment

Contents

1. Framework 2. Possible solutions 3. Tests performed in the

Manufacturer premises 4. Test facilities not

adequate for the requested tests (i.e.: limited power). Taiwan Research Institute (TRI)


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Chapter 6.1 Framework

A lot of Utilities/buyers do not ask the manufacturers to perform tests in internationally recognised Third Part Laboratories or STL member Laboratories.

This may happen for many reasons:

• Cultural • Technical • Economical • Timing

This may create a serious problem to the Utilities about

quality and the performances of the products

to be installed in their network.


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Chapter 6.2 Possible solutions

... therefore it can happen that

tests are performed within the Manufacturer premises test facilities are not adequate for the requested tests (i.e.:

limited power) As a consequence, it is reasonable to expect that,

in the above cases, the Utilities will greatly benefit from the technical support of

Consulting & Engineering Companies experienced in testing activities, international standard (IEC, ANSI, STL) and Power Systems.


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Chapter 6.3 Tests performed in the Manufacturer premises

Consulting & Engineering Company experts are present during the tests

act as “third party”

guarantee the Utility on the correctness of the test results (standard requirements)

support the utility in case of “critical events” during tests

The Expert may propose alternative solutions to the laboratory (repetition of tests, changes in the procedure, etc.) and, if need be, he can suggest feasible modifications to the design of the apparatus.


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Chapter 6.4 Test facilities not adequate for the requested tests

Typical inadequacies are mainly related to: tests on components requiring ratings higher than those of the

existing Laboratories in terms of High Voltage and/or High Power (e.g. 1000 kV GIS and Circuit Breaker)

tests on components hard to transport (e.g. Power Transformers)

In all the cases similar to those above, an “ad hoc procedure” for the quality assessment of the equipment to be purchased may be adopted. This procedure is firstly based on advanced models of the equipment, in terms of:

mathematical model digital model

physical model geometrically reduced & scaled model A reduced physical model will therefore be able to be tested within the existing test facilities


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Chapter 6.4 Test facilities not adequate for the requested tests

Working with physical and/or digital models of the equipment allows the simulation of a mix of experimental activities.

An accurate modeling approach can lead to very good results in terms of quality and accuracy, which are fully comparable with those achievable by means of tests on the full scale equipment.

This approach requires a deep skill about the physics of the phenomena, the availability of appropriate software, the compared utilisation of the results coming from all the models, etc. In some cases, it can be the only way to reach the goal.


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