cement additives
DESCRIPTION
knowledge about cementTRANSCRIPT
Additives1
Dowell
Dowell
Cement Additives
Additives2
Dowell
Well Conditions
PROBLEM
Well control over pressure and weak formations
Temperature
Permeable formations
Mud removal Friction pressure Mixability/Pumpability
Lost circulation
Abnormal and specialized conditions:Strength retrogression Foamers
Foam
Density
Thickening time
Fluid Stability Fluid loss control
Plugging/Bridging properties Density
Hydration product Stabilized foam capability
Foaming tendency
SLURRY PARAMETER
Rheology
ExtendersWeighting agents
Accelerators Retarders
FLAC
Dispersants Gelling Agents
Silica Foaming agent &
stabilizers Anti foamers
LCM Extenders
ADDITIVE CATEGORY
SOLUTIONS
{
Additives3
Dowell
Cement AdditiveslAccelerators and Retarders
n Change thickening time
n Alter rate of compressive strength development
lExtendersn Reduce slurry density
n Increase slurry yield
lWeighting Agentsn Increase density
lDispersantsn Improve mixability
n Reduce friction pressure
Additives4
Dowell
Cement Additivesl Fluid Loss Control
l Lost Circulation Material
lSpecialty:n Antifoam/defoamer additivesn Bonding agentsn Expansive additivesn Gas migration control additivesn Gelling and suspending additivesn Foaming additives
Additives5
Dowell
Conductors
lPrevents washing out underrig
lShort rig downtime
lQuick setting cement - rapiddevelopment of compressivestrength
lAccelerated slurries, e.g..:n Neat cement + NaCl (D44) 3-5%
n Neat Cement + CaCl2 (S1) 2-4%
n Neat cement + seawater
l Lightweight slurries
Additives6
Dowell
Surface Casingsl Unconsolidated zones
l BOP support
l Protect surface waters
l Prevent fluid flow
l Very large volumes of slurry
l Light weight slurries
l Strong slurry at shoe (accelerated)
l Extended lead with neat tail, e.g..:n Prehydrated bentonite 2-3% 12.8 ppg
n Neat cement + 0.5-1% S1 15.8ppg
Additives7
Dowell
Thickening & Setting TimelControl to
n Reduce WOC (reduce rig-time)
n Reduce chance for fluid/gas flow
n Allow time to complete job
lAffected byn Temperature
n Pressure
n Cement type (class and grind)
n Mixing and placement methods
n Accelerators and Retarders
n Other additives (salt, dispersant, fluid loss additives)
Additives8
Dowell
AcceleratorslApplications
n Shallow casings (conductor, surface)
n Low temperature conditions
n Offset retarding effects of other additives
lAdditivesn Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) - 1-4%
n Sodium Chloride (NaCl) - <15%
n Other salts (carbonates, silicates, nitrates, etc..)
n Organic chemicals (formates, oxalic acid, etc..)
lReduced water
Additives9
Dowell
Calcium Chloride
lS1, S2, D77n Most active accelerator
n Range 1-4%
n Effect on Thickening Time
Thickening Time (h:mn)CaCl2
(%BWOC)91oF 103oF 113oF
0 4:00 3:30 2:322 1:17 1:11 1:104 1:15 1:02 0:58
Additives10
Dowell
Compressive Strength
Compressive Strength at Temperature(psi)
60oF 80oF 100oFCaCl2(%)
6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr
0 NS 60 415 45 370 1260 370 840 17802 125 480 1510 410 1020 2510 1110 2370 39504 125 650 1570 545 1245 2890 1320 2560 4450
Additives11
Dowell
Secondary Effects of CaCl2l Increased temperature
n Heat of solution of CaCl2n Additional accelerating effect (on surface?)
n Casing expansion
l Increased rheology (gelation)
lPossible permeability increasen Reduced sulfate resistance
Additives12
Dowell
Sodium Chloride
Tim
e to
rea
ch 1
00 B
c (h
r)
l Sodium Chloride (D44) as an acceleratornNot very efficient nActs as an accelerator < 15% BWOWnPreferred range is 3 - 5 % BWOW
136°F (58°C)
154°F(68°C)
179°F (81°C)
210°F (99°C)
8
6
4
2
00 5 10 15 20 25 30
NaCl in Mix Water (% BWOW)
Effect of Salt concentration:
Additives13
Dowell
Retardation of Cement SystemslApplications
n Intermediate and production stringsn Surface and conductor casings (long pumping times)n Squeeze and cement plugsn High temperature and depth
lChemical Classes of Retardersn Lignosulphonates (D13, D81, D800, D801)n Hydroxycarboxylic acids (D109, D110, D45)n Inorganic compounds (D93, D74)n Cellulose derivatives (D8)n Blended retarders (D28, D150, D121)n Special materials (D161)n (Blend of above components)
Additives14
Dowell
Mechanisms of Retardationl Factors affecting mechanism of action
n Chemical nature of retardern Chemical composition of cement
l Theories of mechanism of actionn Adsorption theoryn Precipitation theoryn Nucleation theoryn Complexation theory
lPossible negative effects on slurriesn Gelationn Dispersionn Increased fluid lossn Incompatibility
Additives15
Dowell
Cement Retarders
D13/D81
D13/D81 with Dispersant
D800/D801
D800/D801 with D93/L10
D110
D110 with D93/L10
D28/D150
D28/D150 with D121
D28/D150 with D93
D74 - for RFC only
D161
BHCTBHCT ooFFRetarder
100 200 300 400
140
100 185
125 250
250 310
300175
300 375
220 300
350300
400300
100 140
450250
100
Fresh Sea 37% NaCl
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Additives16
Dowell
Lignosulfonates
l Low to mid temperature usen D13 (D81) <185oF
n D800 (D801) 140o - 220oF
lPulping by-productn Variable performance
lEfficiency improved 150o - 175oF
l Tendency to gel at higher concentrations
lMay require dispersion
Additives17
Dowell
Hydroxycarboxylic Acid
lPowerful retardersn D110 (D109) - 175o - 325oF
n D45 (salt dispersant)
lDetrimental effect with lattices
lSome dispersion
lRecommended retarder for silicate extended slurry
Additives18
Dowell
Inorganic Retarders
lRetarder aid - D93n Has no retarding capacity by itself
n Extends temperature range for other retarders
n Detrimental effect on fluid loss
lSodium Chloride (D44)n Retards at concentrations over 20%
n May over-retard at low temperatures
lD74 - Retarder for RFC (D53 version)
Additives19
Dowell
Cellulose
lCMHEC (D8) - Diacel LWLn Sometimes used for retardation
n Viscosifying
n Effective to 250oF
n Some fluid loss control
lOther fluid loss additivesn D59, D60, D112
Additives20
Dowell
Blended Retarders
lGenerally lignosulfonate with other materialn D28 (D150) - 220o - +300oF
n D121 - 250o - 350oF
lDispersing action as well, especially at highconcentration
lD121 erratic below 300oF
lD121 may overdisperse
Additives21
Dowell
D161
lHigh Temperature Retarder (>250oF)
lRapid Strength Developmentn Lengthens Dormant Period; not Hydration Rate
lReduced Sensitivity ton Concentration Error
n Temperature Error
lEffective in Fresh Water, Seawater, and Salt Water
l Liquid
Additives22
Dowell
ApplicationslCementing Long Liners and Casing
n Single Stage vs. Two-Stage Jobs
n Single Slurry Replacing a Lead and Tail Slurry
lSqueeze Cementing
lKick-off Plugs
lCoiled Tubing Applications
Additives23
Dowell
D161 Setting Characteristics
Thickening Time @ 350oF
Rat
io o
f T
TR
50
psi
@ 3
20oF
to T
T @
350
oF
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Conventional
D161
Rat
io o
f T
TR
50
psi
@ 3
20oF
to T
T @
350
oF
Additives24
Dowell
CS to TT Ratio
D161 D121/D28 D93/D110D66 (%BWOC)D47 (gps)D158 (gps)Disp (% or gps)
350.050.50.06
350.050.51.00
350.050.51.00
350.050.50.06
350.050.50.06
Retarder (% or gps)D93 (%BWOC)
1.25---
1.50---
2.00---
0.240.40
0.400.40
Thickening Time (hr:min) at 350oF:5:27 3:32 4:12 4:12 8:53
Compressive Strength (hr:min) at 320oF:TTR 50 psiTTR 500 psi
8:1810:10
19:0321:48
25:4628:59
35:5238:45
30:1333:27
Ratio of TTR 50 psi @ 320oF toTT @ 350oF1.5 5.4 6.1 8.5 3.4
Dyckerhoff Red Label at 16.0 ppg
Additives25
Dowell
Compressive Strength Development
02468
10121416182022
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Thickening time @ 350°F (hr)
Tim
e to
rea
ch c
om
pre
ssiv
e st
ren
gth
at
320°
F (
hr)
3000 psi
500 psi
50 psi
Additives26
Dowell
Slurry DensityCHANGING OF SLURRY DENSITY
LIGHTER
MORE WATER*
ABSORBENT LIGHT
MATERIAL
LOWER
DENSITY
* D124 and Foamed Cement are exceptions
Neat Cement15.6 Class A 15.8 Class G 16.4 Class H
Additives27
Dowell
Cement Extenders
Bentonite
LITEPOZ* 3 D35
LITEPOZ 7 D61
TXI Lightweight Cement
Diacel D D56
Expanded Perlite D72
Gilsonite D24
KOLITE* D42
Sodium Metasilicate D79
Sodium Silicate D75
LITEFIL* D124
Foamed Cement
Microsilica
LiteCRETE* Cement
Slurry Density (lb/gal)Extender orLightweight System 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
1512 14.7
10.8 13.6
12 14.2
11 14.5
10.6 13.8
12 15
11 14.5
9 12
156
1511
14.511.5
11.5
12 15
10.5 12.5* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives28
Dowell
Classification of ExtenderslWater “absorbing” extenders
n Clays (Bentonite) - D20, D128
n Chemical extenders (Silicates) - D75, D79
l Low density solidsn Pozzolans (Fly ashes) - D35, D56, D61, D602
n KOLITE* and gilsonite - D42, D24
n Expanded perlite - D72
n Silica fume (Microsilica) - D154, D155
lVery low density materialsn Nitrogen - Foamed Cement
n Ceramic microspheres - D124 (LITEFIL*)
* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives29
Dowell
Bentonitic Extenders
• General properties:•
BENTONITE CLAY
BENEFICIATED (PEPTIZED) NON - TREATED
MONTMORILLONITE - D20
(FRESH)ATTAPULGITE - D128
(SEA)
nn Water based extendernn SG = 2.65nn Dry blended or pre-hydratednn Concentration range, 0-20% BWOCnn Density range, 11.5 - 15 ppg
nn
nn
nn
nn
nn
Economical and widely availableDecreases compressive strength,increases permeabilityViscosifies slurries
nnnn Provides fluid loss control
nnnn nnnn
nnnn
Additives30
Dowell
Bentonite (D20)l Allow addition of extra water, yet control free water
n Optimum water content must be determinedn Starting point - 5.3% additional water per 1% bentonite
l Additional water meansn Reduced cost (increased yield)n Reduced strengthn Increased permeabilityn Reduced resistance to chemical attack by brines
l Viscosifies slurries (requires dispersant >6% D20)l Slurry stabilizer (free water and sedimentation)l High concentrations (>12%) provide fluid loss control (<400
mL/30 minl May be prehydrated (1% prehydrated = 4% dry)l Inhibited by salt
Additives31
Dowell
Chemical ExtenderslSilicates
n React with cations in cement system (Ca2+, Mg2+)n Form viscous, gelatinous silicate gel - Capable of binding extra water - Low free water separationn Low rheologies for turbulent flown Better properties and mixing than bentonite slurriesn No inherent fluid-loss controln Relatively low concentrations requiredn Ca - Silicate formed acts as acceleratorn Use D110 (or D109) retarders
lD79, Sodium Metasilicate - dry
lD75, Sodium Silicate - liquid
Additives32
Dowell
Point of Departure
2068
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200Time (min)
Co
nsi
sten
cy (
Bc)
470* 468*
245* 170*
* 24 hr compressive strength (psi) of slurry removed and cured at 170oF
Class G + 2% D79 (12.5 ppg)
Schedule 4g6 (118oF)
Point of Departure is the time at which the slurry begins to increase in consistency.
Additives33
Dowell
D75 Slurries
Shear 24 hr Compressive Strength(min) (psi)
20 65090 640140 470260 200
POD is 90 minutes - plateau of 40 Bc at 150 minutes
Class G + 0.28 gps D75 @ 12.5 ppg
D109 POD Time to 70 Bc(gps) (hr:mn) (hr:min)
0 1:50 +4:000.04 2:00 3:150.07 4:10 5:35
Class G + 0.24 gps D75 @ 13.0 ppg
Tests at 118oF
Test at 131oF
Additives34
Dowell
Silicate Slurry Design
lPoint of departure is the thickening timen Optimize D75/D110
lUse D110 (D109) as retarder (erratic behavior withlignosulfonates)
lCalcium chloride has little effect on compressivestrength
lMixingn Do not mix D75 with any other liquid additive
n Add CaCl2, then D75, then D110 if using fresh water
n Keep water/D75 solution agitated (keep gel suspended)
Additives35
Dowell
Lightweight AggregateslPOZZOLANS: Fly Ash( D35), Volcanic Ash and
Diatomaceous Earth (D61, D602)n React with calcium hydroxide in cementn Corrosion brine resistancen Low permeabilityn Thermal resistance
lEXPANDED PERLITE (D72)n Inert material and does not affect thickening timesn Normally add 2 - 6% BWOC bentonite to prevent floatationn Gives reduced cement permeabilityn Bridging action at higher concentrations
lMICROSILICA (Silica Fume, D154, D155):n Pozzolanic materialn Good slurry properties
Additives36
Dowell
PozzolanslNaturally occurring
n Volcanic ashes
n Diatomaceous earth (D61)
lArtificialn Fly ashu Type F (D35, D48) - most common
u Type C (D132) - more reactive (cementitious)
lKey Propertiesn React with Ca(OH)2
u Contribute strength
u Reduce permeability
n Increased brine resistance
Additives37
Dowell
Microsilica (silica fume)l Amorphous sub-micron spheresl Pozzolanic properties (reactive)l Low bulk density (<15 lb/ft3)l Provides some slurry stabilityl Frequently blended with other lightweight additives (HiLITE -
blend with D124)l Bulk blending is difficult with dry materiall Liquid can be stored with minimal agitationl Concentration up to 20%l Dispersant is required to effectively disperse in water and
prevent gelationl Additives
n D154 - dryn D155 - liquid
Additives38
Dowell
Ultra-Lightweight Extenders
lCeramic microspheres, LITEFIL* D124n Ceramic or glass microspheres
n Inert
n Specific gravity 0.7 - 0.8
n Fragile - pressure limitation of 5,000 psi
n Density range: 8.5 lb/gal to 14.5 lb/gal
n Enhanced strength and permeability
l Foamed cement systemsn Nitrogen injected into slurry with foamer
n Very low densities > 6.0 lb/gal
n Good mechanical properties* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives39
Dowell
Lost Circulation Control
lReduce density
lReduce friction pressure
lAdd LCMnGranular
nFlake
Additives40
Dowell
Granular Lost Circulation MaterialslD42 - KOLITE* additive
n Ground coaln SG - 1.3n Concentration - 5 - 25 lb/skn Slurry stability is key
lD24 - Gilsoniten Ground asphaltinic materialn SG - 1.07n Similar to D42n Temperature limitation of 300oF due to softening
lMechanismn Bridgingn Mixing difficulties at high concentrations
Additives41
Dowell
Flake Lost Circulation Materials
lD29 (Cellophane flake)n Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk
lD130 (Polyester flakes)n Concentration - 1/8 to 1/2 lb/sk
lMechanismsn Form “mat” on fractures, vugs, etc..
lHandlingn Mixing difficulties at high concentrations
Additives42
Dowell
Intermediate Casingsl Protect weak or sensitive
formations (production)
l May be 2 stage
l Low cost
l Extended lead and neat tail
l Most slurries are retarded
l May require fluid loss control
l May require special properties(e.g.. gas migration control)
Additives43
Dowell
Production Casingsl Isolate production zones
l Smaller diameter casings
l Cost less important
l Good bonding
l Fluid loss control is usuallyrequired
l Low friction pressures
l Mud removal is important
l 15.8 ppg or more slurries
l All slurries to be retarded
Additives44
Dowell
Dispersants
l Cement slurry rheologyn Volume of particles / total volumen Particle interactionsn Aqueous phase rheology
Change with dispersants
l Why dispersants ?n Reduce viscosity and yield pointn Reduce friction pressuresn Improve cement slurry mixabilityn Reduced water slurries (density up to 18.0 lb/gal)n Improve efficiency of fluid loss additives
Additives45
Dowell
Dispersantsl TIC* Additive
lSuperplasticizersn PNS - D65, D80, D604M, D604AM
n PMS - D145
lPlasticizersn Cement retarders (D13, D81, D800, D801)
n Mud thinners
l Organic salts and acidsn D45
n D121
* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives46
Dowell
Dispersant Action
• Amount of dispersant adsorbed depends on concentration
• Cement grain surfaces become uniformly negative• Like signs repel one another ---> dispersion
CEMENT
DispersantMolecule
SO3
SO3
C2SH- -03S+Ca+
+Ca+ -03S C2SH-
Additives47
Dowell
Use of TIC D80 in ETD
Note: ETD Cement at 185°F
Yie
ld V
alue
(/1
00ft2 )
20
15
10
5
5
10
15
20
30
5
10
15
20
30
25
0.00 0.05 0.15 0.250.200.10
D80 (gal/sk)
25
Overdispersed
Yield value
Free water
ViscosityPlastic Viscosity(Cp)
Free Water(%)
Underdispersed
Acceptable Range
Additives48
Dowell
Use of TIC D604M in ETD
Note: ETD Cement at 185°F
Yie
ld V
alue
(lb
/100
ft2 )
20
15
10
5
5
10
15
20
30
5
10
15
20
30
25
0.00 0.05 0.15 0.250.200.10
D604M (gal/sk)
25 Yield value
Free water
Viscosity
Plastic Viscosity(Cp)
Free Water(%)
Underdispersed
Acceptable Range
Additives49
Dowell
Fluid Loss in Cement SlurrieslDefinition:
n Filtrate lost to the formation
n Filter cake deposited at formation face
n Cement particles left in annulus
lWhy cement loses water:n Differential pressure
n Permeable medium (formation)
l Fluid loss stages:n Dynamic
n Static
Additives50
Dowell
Dynamic vs. Static Fluid LosslDynamic
n Placement
n Loss is proportional to time
n Filter cake reaches pseudo-stable thickness
n Density increases
n Slurry properties change
lStaticn After placement
n Loss is proportional to square root of time
n Cake grows
n May result in annular restrictionsu Causes loss of hydrostatic pressure
Additives51
Dowell
Effect of Fluid Loss
lDamage to some formations by filtrate
lGas migration through thick filter cake and throughpoor quality cement
lOther properties:
Slurry yieldFree waterThickening timeSettlingBulk ShrinkageMud removal efficiency (?)
REDUCED
Bondingnnnn
INCREASEDnn Hydrostaticnn Slurry densitynn Plastic viscositynn Yield pointnn Compressive strength
nn
nn
nn
nn
nn
nnnn
nnnn
nnnn
nnnn
nnnnnnnn
Additives52
Dowell
Thickening Time versus Density
THICKENING TIME
THICKENING TIME
YIELD VALUEYIELD VALUE
160
40
16.415.6
Th
icke
nin
g T
ime
(min
)
Yie
ld V
alu
e
Slurry Density (ppg)
Additives53
Dowell
Mechanisms of Fluid Loss Control
lReduce cement filter cake permeabilityn Particulate materials to fill voids
n Polymer particles to plug pores
n Change cement particle distribution with dispersants
l Increase viscosity of aqueous phasen Water soluble polymers
n Small effect compared to permeability reduction
Additives54
Dowell
Mechanisms
Particle Plugging Polymer Plugging
Additives55
Dowell
FLAC* AdditiveslParticulate -
n Gel - D20n Latex - D600 (MT,M-HD,L) D134(HT,HD,L)n Microgels - D300, D500(AD,LT,L)
lWater Soluble Polymersn Cellulose DerivativeuD60, D59(MT,ND,S) D112(MT,LD,S)
n Non-Ionic PolymeruD127(LT,S) B30(LT,S) D159(L-MT,AD,L) D160(L-MT,AD,S)
n Anionic PolymeruD603(MT,ND,L) D143, D158(M-HT,HD,L), D156(LT,AD,S)
n Cationic Polymer - D73.1(M-HT,ND,L)n FLAC Enhancer - D136 (below 200oF)
* Mark of Schlumberger
Additives56
Dowell
Dispersant Effect on Fluid LossMechanism of action• Disperse cement grains and improve packing --> reduced permeability
• Flocculate w/salt ---> plugging action
•
•
FILTER CAKE
RANDOM PACKING
HIGH PERMEABILITY
WITHOUT DISPERSANT WITH DISPERSANT
ORDERED PACKING
LOW PERMEABILITY
Additives57
Dowell
Acceptable Fluid Loss LimitslGas zones 30 - 50 mL/30 min
l Liner < 50 mL/30 min
lCasing 200 - 300 mL/30 min
lHorizontal well <50 mL/30 min
lHigh density slurries: <50 mL/30 min
lSqueeze :n Formation with K < 1 md 200 mL/30 min
n Formation with K 1 md - 100 md 100 - 200 mL/30 min
n Formation with K > 100 md 35 - 100 mL/30 min
Neat cement = +1000 mL/30 min
Additives58
Dowell
Slurry Density
Less Water
Changing Slurry Density
Lighter HeavierMore
Water* Less
Water
Absorbent LightMaterial
HeavyMaterial
Dispersant
LowerDensity
HigherDensity
* D124 and Foamed Cement are exceptions
Neat Cement15.6 Class A 15.8 Class G 16.4 Class H
Additives59
Dowell
Weighting AgentslRequirements
n High specific gravityn Compatible particle size and distribution (settling)n Low water adsorption (efficiency)n Availability and acceptable costn Purity and consistency of productn Inert
lCommonly used weighting agents
Code Agent SG Additional water
D31 Barite 4.33 0.024 gal/lbD76 Hematite 4.95 0.0023 gal/lbD157 MicroMax 4.80 0.0011 gal/lb
Cement 3.15 0.049 gal/lb
Additives60
Dowell
Strength RetrogressionAbove 230oF cement undergoes:
n Reduction in strengthn Increase in permeability
l Due to crystalline changes in CSH gelCSH gel ---------> alpha dicalcium silicateamorphous crystallinestrong, impermeable weak, permeableC/S = 1.5 C/S = 2.0
l Prevented by addition of 30 - 40% BWOC silica (reduces C/Sratio of C-S-H gel)
CSH gel + silica ---------> TobermoriteC/S = 0.8
Tobermorite ---------> Xonotlite + GyroliteC/S + 1.0 C/S + 0.8
Care should be given to production temperatures
Additives61
Dowell
D30 Silica Sand & D66 Silica Flour
Particle size US Mesh
Additional Water Specific gravity Applications: High density Low density Settling Problems Mixing Problems (Rheology) Use above 300°F
NAME D30 D66SILICA SAND SILICA FLOUR
70 - 200
±10% 1.12 gal/sk
2.63
Preferred
Alternative
Alternative
Preferred
Alternative
Alternative
Preferred
Preferred
Alternative
Preferred
> 200
+ 12% 1.34 gal/sk
2.63
Additives62
Dowell
Antisettling Agent D153lControls free water and/or sedimentation
lCompatible with all Dowell products and cements
lNo significant effects on slurry properties, exceptrheology
lDry-blend or prehydrated (preferred), fresh or seawater
l Temperature range: less than 302oF (150oC)
lConcentration: 0.1 to 1.5%BWOC (depending ondensity)
Additives63
Dowell
Slurry Stability
Additives64
Dowell
Antifoam AgentslPurpose
n Prevent slurry gelationn Allow true slurry density to be mixed and pumpedn Prevent pump cavitation (due to aeration)
lMechanism of action:n Lower surface tensionn Reduces film and causes rupture
l Types of antifoam agentsn Polyglycol ethers Solid : D46 (0.2 lb/sk) Liquid : D47 (0.05 gal/sk)n Silicones Liquid : D144 (0.01 - 0.02gal/sk) Liquid : M45 (0.05 gal/sk)