cellular technology with embedded linux - coscup 2016
TRANSCRIPT
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SZLIN➔ Taiwan Industrial Grade Linux Distribution➔ Debian Maintainer➔ Blog: https://szlin.me
About Me
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Prepare Cellular Interface
Enable device driver and cellular utility
Get proper Cellular Module
and SIM card
4321
Steps to Build Your Own IoT
Hands-on Experience
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Analog Cellular
- AMPS
-TACS
- NMT
* 14.4 kbps
Digital
NarrowBand
Circuit Data
- GSM
- D-AMPS
- PHS
* 9.6/ 14.4 kbps
Packet Data
- GPRS
- CDMA2000 1xRTT
- EDGE
* 171.2 kbps
Digital
Broadband
Packet Data
- UMTS
- CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
* 3.1 Mbps
Digital
Broadband
Packet Data
- HSPA+
- LTE
- WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16e)
* 14.4 Mbps
Digital
Broadband
Packet Data
* All IP network
- LTE Advanced
- WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16m)
* Cat. 6: 300/50 Mbps
1G2G
3G
4 G
Cellular Network Generation
2.5/2.75G
3.5/ 3.75/ 3.9 G
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Analog Cellular
- AMPS
-TACS
- NMT
* 14.4 kbps
Digital
NarrowBand
Circuit Data
- GSM
- D-AMPS
- PHS
* 9.6/ 14.4 kbps
Packet Data
- GPRS
- CDMA2000 1xRTT
- EDGE
* 171.2 kbps
Digital
Broadband
Packet Data
- UMTS
- CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
* 3.1 Mbps
Digital
Broadband
Packet Data
- HSPA+
- LTE
- WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16e)
* 14.4 Mbps
Digital
Broadband
Packet Data
All IP network
- LTE Advanced
- WiMAX
(IEEE 802.16m)
* Cat. 6: 300/50 Mbps
1G
2G
3G
4 G
Cellular Network Generation
2.5/2.75G
3.5/ 3.75/ 3.9 G
Taiwan is phasing out 2G cellular on 2017-6-30 to make way for more 4G bandwidth
ref: http://www.ncc.gov.tw/chinese/print.aspx?table_name=news&site_content_sn=8&sn_f=33421
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Prepare Cellular Interface
Get proper Cellular Module
and SIM card
4321
Steps to Build Your Own IoT
Enable device driver and cellular utility
FAQ
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BANANA
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BANANA
SoC Built-in cellular function
Board buit-in Mini-PCIe slot
Mini-PCIe to USBConnector
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SoC Built-in Cellular Function
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Board Built-in Mini-PCIe Slot
USB signal
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Mini PCI-E to USB Adapter With SIM Card and Case Slot
USB signal
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Prepare Cellular Interface
Get proper Cellular Module
and SIM card
4321
Enable device driver and cellular utility
Hands-on Experience
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LTE frequency bands
➢ 3GPP Release 8 defines 5 LTE user equipment categories depending on maximum peak data rate and MIMO capabilities support [1] ➢ CAT 3, CAT 4 modules took up a dominant
share of cellular market so far
➢ Some new modules start to support CAT6
LTE Category
➢ The definition is in 3GPP TS 36.101
➢ The available band might be different in different country
Get Proper Cellular Module
Module PIN definition
➢ Make sure the PIN definition between slot and module are the same
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LTE frequency bands [11][15]
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LTE category [9]
Aggregating up to 40 MHz of bandwidth
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Prepare Cellular Interface
Get proper Cellular Module
and SIM card
4321
Enable device driver and cellular utility
Hands-on Experience
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Data Path Interface
Control Path ProtocolBANANA
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Control Path Protocol Data Path Interface
1. AT commands
2. QMI (after kernel v3.4 )
3. MBIM (after kernel v3.8)
1. ppp (ttyUSB or cdc-acm)
2. RNDIS (cdc-ecm)
3. QMI (cdc-wdm)
4. MBIM (cdc-mbim)
* This table only lists information which I have handled
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Control Path Protocol Data Path Interface
1. AT commands
2. QMI (after kernel v3.4 )
3. MBIM (after kernel v3.8)
1. ppp (ttyUSB or cdc-acm)
2. RNDIS (cdc-ecm)
3. QMI (cdc-wdm)
4. MBIM (cdc-mbim)
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AT commands - Hayes command set [2][3]
❏ Developed by Dennis Hayes❏ A series of short text strings which can be combined to produce commands for operations
• dialing• hanging up• changing the parameters
❏ “AT” meaning 'attention’
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AT commands - Hayes command set [2][3]
Standard format of AT commandsAT+
Proprietary format of AT commandsAT!, AT^ or AT$ etc..
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AT commands - Utility
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Control Path Protocol Data Path Interface
1. AT commands
2. QMI (after kernel v3.4 )
3. MBIM (after kernel v3.8)
1. ppp (ttyUSB or cdc-acm)
2. RNDIS (cdc-ecm)
3. QMI (cdc-wdm)
4. MBIM (cdc-mbim)
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Dial-up by using PPP [5]Not a Recommended way
6+ steps to dial up with ppp
1. Install the packages in Debian/ Ubuntu ➢ apt-get install netbase ifupdown ppp
2. Create a file /etc/ppp/peers/gprs with this content
3. Edit /etc/ppp/chap-secrets4. Edit /etc/ppp/pap-secrets 5. Edit /etc/network/interfaces6. ifup gprs
7. !@#$%^&*()_
ref: https://c1.staticflickr.com/5/4150/5067471752_1fa8a4ab15.jpg
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Dial-up by using wvdial [6]
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1. apt-get install wvdial2. edit /etc/wvdial.conf3. wvdial
Dial-up by using wvdial [6]
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Get IP by using DHCP
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Control Path Protocol Data Path Interface
1. AT commands
2. QMI (after kernel v3.4 )
3. MBIM (after kernel v3.8)
1. ppp (ttyUSB or cdc-acm)
2. RNDIS (cdc-ecm)
3. QMI (cdc-wdm)
4. MBIM (cdc-mbim)
serial interface
Non serial interface
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Ethernet Networking Control ModelCDC_ECM + RNDIS - Ethernet over USB [16]
Vir
tual
In
terf
ace
RNDIS
Vir
tual
In
terf
ace
…
Cellular Module – Router mode
IPTABLES - NATIP Stack
DHCPDNS➢ RNDIS - Proprietary protocol developed by Microsoft
➢ “virtual Ethernet” functionality
➢ Support USB high speed○ Not suitable for the module which
are for more than CAT 6
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Ethernet Networking Control ModelCDC_ECM + RNDIS - Ethernet over USB
Vir
tual
In
terf
ace
RNDIS
Vir
tual
In
terf
ace
…
Cellular Module – Router mode
IPTABLES - NATIP Stack
DHCPDNS
Vir
tual
In
terf
ace
RNDIS
Vir
tual
In
terf
ace
…
Cellular Module – Bridge mode
IPTABLES - NATIP Stack
DHCPDNS
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Ethernet Networking Control ModelDriver option in Linux kernel
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Ethernet Networking Control ModelCDC_ECM + RNDIS
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Control Path Protocol Data Path Interface
1. AT commands
2. QMI (after kernel v3.4 )
3. MBIM (after kernel v3.8)
1. ppp (ttyUSB or cdc-acm)
2. RNDIS (cdc-ecm)
3. QMI (cdc-wdm)
4. MBIM (cdc-mbim)
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➔ LTE baseband market with 65% [17]
➔ Obsolete AT command and serial interface• Compatibility• Logical Bandwidth
➔ Propose unique value proposition
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QMI (Qualcomm MSM Interface)
◆ Linux Kernel 3.4• qmi_wwan
◆ Define network services• NAS (network access)• PDS (gps location)• UIM (user identity module)• WDS (wireless data)• DMS (device management)• …
◆ Binary protocol
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QMI (Qualcomm MSM Interface)
Device Driver Owner User-space
GobiSerial
GobiNet
qcserial
option
qmi_wwan
Qualcomm
Open Source Community
GobiAPI
•Sierra Wireless SDK
•…
libqmi (freedesktop.org)
uqmi (openWRT)
ofono (INTEL)
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QMI (Qualcomm MSM Interface)drivers/net/usb/qmi_wwan.c
➢ Net Driver dependence
➢ Related information
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QMI (Qualcomm MSM Interface)drivers/usb/serial/qcserial.c & drivers/usb/serial/option.c
➢ Serial Driver dependence
qcserial option
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QMI (Qualcomm MSM Interface)When to use option instead of qcserial
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QMI (Qualcomm MSM Interface)Move qcserial to option
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Control Path Protocol Data Path Interface
1. AT commands
2. QMI (after kernel v3.4 )
3. MBIM (after kernel v3.8)
1. ppp (ttyUSB or cdc-acm)
2. RNDIS (cdc-ecm)
3. QMI (cdc-wdm)
4. MBIM (cdc-mbim)
➔ extends cdc-ncm (Network Control Model)
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Mobile Broadband Interface Model (MBIM)
◆USB-IF Standard (Extends NCM)• Microsoft• Intel• HP• …
◆Linux Kernel 3.8• cdc_mbim
◆Binary protocol◆Raw IP◆MBIM could embedded different protocols
• QMI• …
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Mobile Broadband Interface Model (MBIM)
➢ MBIM extends the NCM as a protocol with the difference that devices transfer raw IP packets instead of packets with 802.3 headers
➢ NCM○ 802.3 headers
➢ NCM/ MBIM○ Raw IP○ Control path
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Mobile Broadband Interface Model (MBIM)
Device Driver Owner User-space
cdc_mbim Open Source Community libmbim (freedesktop.org)
umbim (openWRT)
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Prepare Cellular Interface
Get proper Cellular Module
and SIM card
4321
Enable device driver and cellular utility
Hands-on Experience
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ref: http://www.safetysign.com/products/p3249/warning-read-manual-label
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ref: http://www.safetysign.com/products/p3249/warning-read-manual-label
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Use command “dmesg” to find out the idVendor and idProduct of cellular module.
Use command “grep -r "1199" drivers/net/usb/” to find out which driver does it use.
Lazy is the greatest motivation behind progress
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Hands-on Experience – FAQDial-up failed !
Check steps one by one• Check the band of SIM card is matched with cellular module
• Check SIM card is ready or not (Make sure PIN code is correct)
• Check cellular signal is good enough
• Make sure SIM card's supporting band is the same with the cellular module
• Make sure the firmware of cellular module is the same with the ISP
• Make sure cellular module is connected properly to your antenna (MAIN/ AUX)
• Make sure the mode of module firmware is configured properly
• Make sure wireless disable function is OFF
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Hands-on Experience – FAQMy connection is disconnected !
Check steps one by one• Check cellular signal from base station
• Make sure cellular module is not in idle mode
• Make sure MTU is configured properly
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Internet
Ping
eth0
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Internet
Open browsereth0
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Hands-on Experience – FAQMake sure MTU is configured properly
This forces the packet to be fragmented, and the fragmented packets are not be re-assembled.
M2M IoT Network Usage Guidelines [25]
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Conclusion
Enable LTE-A module require more fundamental knowledge➢ Band, carrier, firmware, antenna, etc…
1
2
3Future Prospects➢ MBIM➢ 3GPP Rel. 12
○ LTE-U ➢ 3GPP Rel. 13
○ LTE-LAA
Fault tolerance mechanism➢ We cannot control status of base station and carrier
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Thank you
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References1. E-UTRAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-UTRA2.海斯命令集https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E9%9B
%863. Hayes_command_sethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayes_command_set4. Wvdialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WvDial5. Modem3G https://wiki.debian.org/Modem/3G6. Wvdial - githubhttps://github.com/wlach/wvdial7. modem-cmdhttps://github.com/imZack/modem-cmd8. E-UTRAhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-UTRA9. LTE UE Category & Class Definitions http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/cellulartelecomms/lte-long-term-evolution/ue-cat
egory-categories-classes.php10. Qualcomm Gobi devices in Linux based systemshttp://www.lanedo.com/documents/Qualcomm%20Gobi%20devices%20on%20Linux.pdf
11. LTE band
http://niviuk.free.fr/lte_band.php
12. Cellular network
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_network
13. 1g 2g 2.5g 3g 3.5g 4g comparisons, peak speed, real speed, carriers
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_3k5Iic4pWI
14. Project mangOH
http://source.sierrawireless.com/blog/2016/3/next-on-mangoh/
15.長期演進技術
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E6%BC%94%E9%80%B2%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93
16. RNDIS
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNDIS
17. Qualcomm news
http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/abi-research-reports-qualcomm-maintains-clear-leadership-in-the-lte-baseband-market-with-65-share-but-faces-mounting-captive-market-competition-300222968.html
18. Mobile broadband modem control protocols
http://www.lanedo.com/users/amorgado/talks/FOSDEM2013%20-%20Mobile%20broadband%20modem%20control%20protocols.pdf
19. Qualcomm Gobi devices in Linux based systems
http://www.lanedo.com/documents/Qualcomm%20Gobi%20devices%20on%20Linux.pdf
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References20. libqmi
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/libqmi/
21. uqmi
http://git.openwrt.org/?p=project/uqmi.git;a=summary
22. ofono
https://01.org/zh/ofono?langredirect=1
23. Linux Kernel
https://www.kernel.org
24. USB: qcserial/option: make AT URCs work for Sierra Wireless MC73xx
https://patchwork.ozlabs.org/patch/433374/
25. M2M_IoTNetworkUsageGuidelines
https://m2mdeveloper.verizon.com/portals/M2M_Management_Center_Help/images/a/a2/M2M_IoTNetworkUsageGuidelines.pdf
26. libmbim
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/libmbim/
27. umbim
http://lxr.mein.io/source/umbim/
28. LTE-U與LAA發展趨勢介紹http://www.ttc.org.tw/userfiles/file/20151104/20151104090423_
39805.pdf29. Special thanks to Glen Chiang