cellular respiration cp
TRANSCRIPT
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Cellular Respiration
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What is link from the energy in food to ATP?
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What is link from the energy in food to ATP?
• Much of the energy in a breakfast is stored in organic compounds (proteins, carbohydrates, and fats).
• Before you can use this energy it has to be transferred to ATP.
• Cellular respiration allows organisms to transfer energy from organic compounds to ATP.
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The Basics of Cellular Respiration
• Cell Respiration – Breaks down glucose– Requires oxygen– Makes energy (ATP)
• The equation for cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucoseglucose ATP
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What kind of organisms carry out cellular respiration?
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PlantsPlants and and AnimalsAnimals
• Plants are Plants are AutotrophsAutotrophs: they are producers.
• Animals are Heterotrophs: they are consumers.
•BOTH PLANTS and ANIMALS carry out cellular respiration
• All organisms need energy!
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Where does cellular respiration take place?
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• Remember: cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria inside of cells.
Innermembrane
Outermembrane
Innermembrane space
MatrixCristae
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What are the stages of cellular respiration?
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The Stages of Cell Respiration
• Stage 1: – Glycolysis
• Stage 2:– The Krebs Cycle– The Electron Transport Chain
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Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell outside the mitochondria.
• Glycolysis involves breaking down glucose.• Glucose is a six-carbon sugar.• Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon
sugar called pyruvate during glycolysis– Think ‘glyco’= sugar ‘lysis’= splitting– ‘sugar splitting’
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Diagram of Glycolysis
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What does glycolosis look like?
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Animation of Glycolysis
• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/glycolysis.html
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What do you get at the end of glycolysis?
• 2 three-carbon sugars (pyruvate)
• 2 electron carriers (NADH)
• 2 molecules that store energy (ATP)
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More ATP is Made by Aerobic Respiration
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Stage 2: Krebs Cycle
• The next part of cellular respiration is the Krebs cycle.
• The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondrial matrix
• The pyruvates must go from the cytoplasm into the mitochondrial matrix
• In the process, a the three-carbon pyruvate loses a carbon (as CO2) and becomes a two carbon Acetyl-CoA
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The Krebs Cycle
• Two-carbon Acetyl CoA bonds to a four-carbon sugar to make a six-carbon compound
• CO2 is released from the six-carbon compound forming a five-carbon compound
• CO2 is released from the five-carbon compound forming a four-carbon compound
• As the six-carbon compound is ‘recycled’ back to a four-carbon compound NADH, FADH2 and ATP are formed along the way
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See Diagram Handout
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Diagram of the Krebs Cycle
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What does the Krebs cycle look like?
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Animation of the Krebs Cycle
• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/krebs.html
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What do you get at the end of the Krebs cycle?
• 2 molecules that store energy (ATP)
• 6 electron carriers (NADH)
• 2 other electron carriers (FADH2)
• NADH and FADH2 now contain much of the energy that was previously in glucose.
• 4 carbon dioxides (CO2)
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Stage 2: Electron Transport Chain
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Electron Transport Chain
• Remember: NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers.
• The purpose of the electron transport chain is to generate ATP from NADH and FADH2
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Electron Transport Chain
• While the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along the chain, H+ are pumped into the inner membrane space.
• H+ wants to diffuse back into the matrix but it can only do so through a specific membrane protein. (This is facilitated diffusion!)
• When H+ diffuses through the membrane back into the matrix ATP is made from ADP and a phosphate group.
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Electron Transport Chain
• The electrons are passed along until they are accepted by oxygen forming H2O.
• The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen!
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What does the electron transport chain look like?
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Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
NADH+ H+
ATPSynthase
1H+ 2H+ 3H+
higher Hhigher H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
ADP + ATP
lower Hlower H++
concentrationconcentration
H+
(Proton Pumping)
P
E T C
NAD+2H+ + 1/2O2 H2O
Inner membrane SpaceInner membrane Space
MatrixMatrix
InnerMitochondrialMembrane
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Animation of the Electron Transport Chain
• http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/Bio231/etc.html
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What do you end up with after the electron transport chain?
• 34 molecules that store energy (ATP)
• You get 3 ATPs from every NADH and 2 ATPs from every FADH2
• The electron transport chain is where you get all the energy ‘payoff’ from the ‘investment’ in electron carriers
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Summary of Cell Respiration
• Glycolysis breaks glucose down
• The Krebs cycle makes ATP and the electron carriers (FADH and NADH2)
• The electron transport chain converts all of the electron carriers made from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to ATP
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2 Main Types of Respiration
• There are two main types of cellular respiration:1. Aerobic Respiration - this occurs with
O2
2. Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation) - this occurs with out O2
* Both begin with Glycolysis.
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Can cells produce energy without oxygen?
• Remember: oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.
• Cells can not carry out the electron transport chain without oxygen.
• Energy (ATP) is a product of glycolysis and this can occur without oxygen.
• Fermentation is when glycolysis occurs without oxygen.
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Where does fermentation occur?
• Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm
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What are the two types of fermentation?
• Alcoholic fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation
What is the main point of fermentation?
• Fermentation allows cells to produce more of the electron carrier NADH.
• This is necessary to make ATP!
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Alcohol FermentationAlcohol Fermentation
• This process occurs in some plants & This process occurs in some plants & some unicellular organisms (Yeasts)some unicellular organisms (Yeasts) AlcoholAlcohol
glucose
Glycolysis
CCCCCC
CCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CC
2 Ethanol2 Ethanol2CO2CO22
releasedreleased
2NADH 2 NAD+
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Alcohol Fermentation
• The end products:• 2 ATP• 2 CO2
• 2 ethanol
• The alcohol accumulates and can be commercially harvested. • (Examples: beer, wine, sauerkraut)
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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation• This process occurs in animals & This process occurs in animals &
some unicellular organisms some unicellular organisms Lactic Lactic AcidAcid
2 Lactic2 Lactic acidacid
2NADH 2 NAD+
CCC
Glucose
GlycolysisCCC
2 Pyruvic acid
2ATP2ATP2ADP+ 2
2NADH
P
2 NAD+
CCCCCC
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Lactic Acid FermentationLactic Acid Fermentation• End Products: Lactic Acid FermentationEnd Products: Lactic Acid Fermentation
* 2 - ATP
* 2 - Lactic Acids
• Lactic acid will make muscles tired and sore muscle fatigue after strenuous exercise
• Lactic acid is transported to liver where converted to glucose
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ALCOHOLIC
Glucose
Glycolysis
Carbon Dioxide
+Alcohol
+2 ATP
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glucose
Glycolysis
[Krebs Cycle][ETC]
Carbon Dioxide
+Water
+38 ATP
LACTIC ACID
Glucose
Glycolysis
Lactic Acid+
2 ATP