cellular respiration
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Getting energy to make ATP
Cellular RespirationThe process by which mitochondria break
down food molecules to produce ATP is called cellular respiration. There are 3 stages of cellular respiration.1. Glycolysis (anaerobic)2. The citric acid cycle3. The electron transport chain. (aerobic)
![Page 2: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Glycolysis
Energy used and made in glycolysisTakes 2 ATP to start glycolysisOnly 4 ATP are produced
4-2= 2 ATP gained (not very effective)Glycolysis uses an electron carrier called NAD+.NAD+ forms NADH which it accepts 2 electrons.
![Page 3: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is a series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.
Glucose 2 pyruvic acidGlucose is a 6 carbon molecule.Pyruvic acid is a 3 carbon molecule.
![Page 4: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Glycolysis
• Before citric acid cycle and electron transport chain stages begin, pyruvic acid undergoes a series of reactions in which it gives off a molecule of CO2 and bines with a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
![Page 5: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The citric acid cycle
• Occurs in the mitochondria Citric acid cycle also called Krebs cycleFor every turn of the cycle, 1 ATP molecule of ATP and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide are produced.NAD+ and FAD+ (electron carriers) form NADH and FADH2 (carry electrons to electron transport chain)
![Page 7: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Electron Transport chain
• Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
• Energized electrons are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the top of the chain.
• The electrons are passed from protein to protein within the membrane, slowly releasing their energy in steps. Some of that energy is used directly to form ATP.
![Page 9: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Electron Transport Chain
• The final electron acceptor at the bottom of the chain is oxygen, which reacts with four hydrogen ions (4H+) and four electrons to form two molecules of (H2O). This is why oxygen is so important to our bodies.
• Without oxygen, the proteins in the electron transport chain cannot pass along the electrons.
![Page 10: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Electron Transport Chain
• If a protein cannot pass along an electron to oxygen, it cannot accept another electron. Very quickly, the entire chain becomes blocked and ATP production stops.
• Overall, the electron transport chain add 32 ATP molecules.
• Aerobic process of ATP is very effective.
![Page 11: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Other ways to make ATP
FermentationFermentation occurs after glycolysis.
Is a process of making ATP when there is no oxygen present. (Anaerobic process)Ex. Happens during heavy exercise, when your cells are without oxygen for a short period of time.
![Page 13: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fermentation
• There are two major types of fermentation
1. Lactic acid fermentation2. Alcoholic fermentation
![Page 14: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Lactic acid fermentation
• Lactic acid fermentation is one of the processes that supplies energy when oxygen is scarce.
• Two molecules of pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis use NADH to form two molecules of lactic acid. This releases NAD+ to be used in glycolysis, allowing 2 ATP molecules to be formed for each glucose molecule.
![Page 15: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Lactic acid fermentation
• The soreness feeling you get after you workout is due to the build up of lactic acid in the muscles cells.
• The lactic acid is transferred from muscle cells, where it is produced during strenuous exercise, to the liver that converts it back to pyruvic acid.
![Page 16: Cellular respiration](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052823/55503a80b4c9059f318b5489/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Alcoholic fermentation
• Is used by yeast cells and some bacteria to produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol.
Ex. When making bread, yeast cell produce CO2 that forms bubbles in the dough.