Cellular processesUnit 3

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Title: Cellular Processes, Enter in table of content]

Energy ConversionUnit 3: Cellular Processes

4B

Examine and explain cellular processesEnergy conversion (photosynthesis, cellular respiration, fermentation)

9B Compare the reactants (what you start with) and products (what you end with) of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy and matter

Energy Conversions

Giveslight

energy to

Givechemicalenergy to

Givechemicalenergy to

Energy Conversion

• Photosynthesis – uses sunlight to make glucose (aka starch or high-energy sugar). Location: plants

• Cellular respiration – uses glucose to make ATP, the chemical cells of all organisms need to function and grow. Location: every cell of every organism

Why learn about Photosynthesis?

Energy transformation /conversion

• What are the similarities between solar energy production and photosynthesis?

• Can understanding photosynthesis help make solar power generation more efficient?

WHAT organisms go through photosynthesis?PLANTS, ALGAE, and some PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

WHERE does photosynthesis take place?In the Chloroplast of the leaf cells.

How was photosynthesis discovered?

Jean Baptist van Helmont’s Experiment (1648)

Driving question How does a plant grow?

Does it “grow” by taking in “stuff” from soil in the ground?

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Driving question: What is in the air? How do I keep that flame burning?

Jan Ingel-Hauz Experiment(1779)Driving question: Does sunlight have any effect on the ability of plant to “keep the flame burning”?

Which part of the plant contributes to “keeping the flame burning”?

Emil Godlewski (1873)Driving question: what is the role of sunlight and what does it make?

The Photosynthesis Equation

Plants take in water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and Sunlight to build Glucose (C6H12O6), releasing O2 (as a waste product (Oxygen).

______ + _______ +____________ ________ + _________

Reactants (what goes in)

Products (what comes out)

What are the reactants and the products?

The Photosynthesis Equation

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Reactants (what goes in)

Products

(what comes out)

+ + +

Cellular Respiration• Cellular respiration is the process of making energy in

the form of ATP from sugar (glucose)

GLUCOSE ATP (ENERGY)

• This occurs in the mitochondria of ALL eukaryotic cells – That means plants and animals!!!

WHAT organisms go through cellular respiration?ALL EUKARYOTIC organisms

WHERE does cellular respiration take place?In the Mitochondria of cells.

Why learn about Cellular respiration?

Energy transformation /conversion

• What are the similarities between hydrogen car mechanics and cellular respiration?

• Can understanding respiration help make more efficient car models?

The Cellular Respiration Equation

To perform cellular respiration, plants and animals break down glucose (C6H12O6) using Oxygen (O2). This produces water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and ATP (energy)

______ + _______ + ________ + _________ + __________

Reactants (what goes in)

Products (what comes out)

What are the reactants and the products?

The Cellular Respiration Equation

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Reactants (what goes in)

Products

(what comes out)

+ ++

Cellular Respiration is the Reverse of Photosynthesis

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Sunlight C6H12O6+ 6 O2

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

6 H2O + 6 CO2 + Sunlight C6H12O6+ 6 O2

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Photosynthesis Review• Takes place in the chloroplast.• Equation:

6CO2 + 6H20 + light energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

Carbon dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen

Photosynthesis Overview: ( warm up) fill in the blanks

CO2 + H2O O2 + glucose Light energy

CO2

(carbon di-oxide gas)

H2O(water)

O2(oxygen gas)

C6H12O6(glucose)

Light energy

Photosynthesis Overview: Key

Carbohydrate – a Macromolecule

• Glucose is a type of sugar. Also called a “high energy sugar.”

• A chain of glucose is starch.

• Starch is a carbohydrate.

Starch

Glucose

Photosynthesis location: chloroplast

CO2 + H2O O2 + glucose

Light Energy

Chloroplast

CO2 + H2O Sugars + O2

Light energy

Chlorophyll

• Pigment – a molecule that absorbs light from the sun• Chlorophyll is the pigment most common in plants. • It absorbs all the light in the spectrum except green.

The green is reflected and that’s why plants look green.

Electrons in Photosynthesis

• Sunlight “excites” the electrons in chlorophyll.• The excited electrons then “carry” the energy from the sun

with them.• Electron carriers – protein molecules that carry the excited

electrons; NADP+ becomes NADPH when an electron is added and is the final electron acceptor

H2O is Split into H+ and O2

• Excited Electron split the water molecule• Oxygen is released• Happens in the Thylakoids ( the discs or sac like structure)

Light

H2O

Chloroplast

P+

ATP

NADPH

O2

Light Reactions

ChloropIast

CO2 Enters the Cycle

Energy Input

5-CarbonMoleculesRegenerated

Sugars and other compounds

6-Carbon SugarProduced

Calvin Cycle

The Calvin Cycle• The NADPH and ATP are used as the source of energy

for this cycle.• Six CO2 molecules are used in a series of steps to make

a 6-carbon sugar (high energy sugar, AKA glucose).• Note: A 3-carbon sugar is produced in the stroma, and

then 2 of the 3-carbon sugars are combined in the cytoplasm to make glucose.

Light

H2O

Chloroplast

LightReactions

NADP+

PADP

i+

ATP

NADPH

O2

CalvinCycle

CO2

C6H12O6

(glucose)

PhotosynthesisStep Location Product

PhotosynthesisStep Location Product

Absorption of light to split

water

Thylakoid mem- branes

O2, NADPH, ATP

Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin

Cycle)

Stroma ADP, NADP, 3 carbon

sugar

Cytoplasm 6 carbon glucose

Factors that Affect the Rate of Photosynthesis• Water – extremely low water amounts reduce or stop

photosynthesis. Too much water kills the plant.• Temperature – temperatures below 32OF and above

95OF slow down photosynthesis.• Light intensity – increasing intensity increases

photosynthesis up to a certain point, then it levels off and can’t increase any further.

See the relation between Respiration and Photosynthesis ?

Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration

• Cells use O2 to turn food (a sugar called glucose) into energy (ATP). CO2 and water are the wastes given off in the process.

• ATP – adenosine triphosphate• Equation:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - Nucleotide

Adenine = nitrogenous base

Ribose = sugarPhosphate = phosphorous

and oxygen

Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

ADP ATPEnergy

EnergyAdenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Partiallychargedbattery

Fullychargedbattery

Comparison of ADP and ATP to a Battery

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) only has 2 phosphates and is like a partially charged battery. ATP has 3 phosphates and is like a fully charged battery.

Pg. 203

Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Glucose

To the electron transport chain

 Glycolysis

2 Pyruvic acid

• Why would we need to break down glucose in the cytoplasm first before we use it in the mitochondria? (think transport)

GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Krebs Cycle

The uncontrolled reaction of hydrogen with oxygen to form water is explosive: too much energy at one time. The ETC breaks the “fall” of electrons into a series of smaller steps and stores some of the released energy in a form that can be used to make ATP.

GlucoseGlycolysis

Cytoplasm

Pyruvic acid

Electrons carried in NADH

Krebs Cycle

Electrons carried in NADH and

FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

Mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration: An Overview

Mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration

Step Location (An)aerobic Products

Glycolysis Cytoplasm An-aerobic Pyruvic acid/ Pyruvate, NADH, 2

ATP

Krebs Cycle Mitochondria(Matrix)

Aerobic CO2, NADH, FADH2, 2 ATP

Electron Transport

Chain

Mitochondria(Inner

membrane)

Aerobic H2O, NAD, FAD, 32 ATP

Importance of Oxygen

• During aerobic respiration, where do the electrons (H+) end up as they are passed from protein to protein?

• They end up in the loving arms of oxygen.• When oxygen accepts electrons, water is made.• If oxygen wasn’t there to accept the electrons, the

Electron Transport Chain would get backed up, and no energy would be produced.

• What type of respiration happens when there is no oxygen? …and where does it happen?

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Pyruvic acid + NADHNAD+

lactic acid2 ATP

*Lactic acid is what makes your muscles sore when you exercise.

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration

• AKA: fermentation• An anaerobic process (does not

require oxygen)• Two types of fermentation:

• Alcohol fermentation• Lactic acid fermentation

• Both take place in the cytoplasm.

http://www.schmohz.com/images/beer-fermenter.jpeg

Alcohol Fermentation

Pyruvic acid + NADHNAD+ +alcohol +

CO2 +2 ATP

Cellular respiration

Aerobic• Requires Oxygen• Produces 38 ATP from

glucose• Glucose+ 02-> 6CO2+6H20+ 38 ATP

• 3 steps –Glycolysis, Kreb cycle and ETS

• Takes place in cytoplasm & mitochondria

• Result – More energy

Anaerobic• Does not require Oxygen• Produces 2 ATP from

glucose• Glucose-> Lactic Acid +2 ATP

• 2 steps – Glycolysis, Lactic Acid formation

• Takes place in cytoplasm

• Result- Sore muscles, tired

Organisms that do alcohol fermentation

• Yeast perform alcohol fermentation in the absence of oxygen.

• The alcohol produced is the type that we drink.

• The CO2 produced is used to make bread rise.

http://www.utoronto.ca/greenblattlab/images/a/yeast%201.jpg

Organisms that do lactic acid fermentation• Humans (and other animals) - when

they are exercising and their muscles aren’t getting enough O2 to keep up with the energy demand.

• The build up of lactic acid is what makes your muscles start to burn.

http://www.donlemmonsknowhow.com/img/exercise-session.jpg