cells structure and function. what we will learn how were cells discovered? what are the basic...
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Cells
Structure and Function
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What We Will Learn
• How were cells discovered?
• What are the basic differences between types of cells?
• How are cells structured?
• What are the functions of different cell structures – how do they work?
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Cellular Basis of Life
• Cell– Smallest living unit of any organism– Capable of carrying out all life functions
• Uni-cellular life – single cell• Multi-cellular life – many cells with different functions
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History of Cell Discovery
• Most cells too small to see with naked eye
• Invention of microscope enabled scientists to discover and study cells
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Scientists and Cell Study
Leewenhoek:– Simple microscope– Observed organisms in pond
water, blood cells, bacteria
Hooke: – Crude compound microscope– Observed cell walls of cork – Coined term “cells”
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Schleiden: (Botanist) – Stated all plants are made of cells
Schwann: (Zoologist) – Stated all animals made of cells
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Virchow: – Stated all cells come from pre-existing cells
Brown:– First to identify an internal cell structure (nucleus)
From this research and observation of living things a scientific theory was developed (took over 200 years!)
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Cell Theory
1. All living things made up of cells
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
2. New cells come from existing cells
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Exceptions to Cell Theory
Viruses: – Need host cell to carry out life processes
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Exceptions to Cell Theory
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts:– Organelles that reproduce inside cell– Have own unique genetic material – Can’t survive outside of cell
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Exceptions to Cell Theory
The First Cell
• Where did it come from?
• What was it like?
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2 Basic Types of Cells
• Prokaryotes• Eukaryotes
Both Types:– Contain DNA– Are surrounded by cell (plasma) membrane– Carry out all life functions
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– No nucleus
– Lack internal membrane bound organelles
– DNA in cytoplasm
– Metabolic functions take place in cytoplasm
– Smaller, simpler more primitive cells
• Ex: bacteria
Prokaryotes
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– Nucleus encloses DNA
– Specialized membrane bound organelles (more compartmentalized)
– Larger, more complex
• Ex: protists, plants, animals, fungi
Eukaryotes
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Cell Structure and Organelles
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The Cell as a Factory
• Each organelle carries out a specialized function.
• Ex:– Oversee cell activities– Provide energy– Produce products– Get rid of wastes
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Cell as Factory
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Cell Membrane
• Also called “plasma membrane”
• Separates inside of cell from outside environment
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• Made of lipid and protein bi-layer • Called the “fluid mosaic model”• Controls substances going in and
out of cell (selectively permeable)
http://youtu.be/Rl5EmUQdkuI
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Channel Proteins:
allow for selective movement of materials in and out of cell membrane
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Hydrophilic = “water loving” end
Hydrophobic = “water fearing” end
Phospholipids: molecules that line up in a bi-layer (two layers) to make cell membrane
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Cell Wall• Found in plants, fungi,
some bacteria and protists
• NOT in animal cells
• Inflexible structure
• Made of cellulose fibers woven together– In fungi made of chitin
• Protect cell and give it support and shape
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CytoplasmLiquid, gel-likesubstance insidecell membrane (75% water)
Many substancesdissolved in it
Most chemicalreactions take placehere.
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“Cyclosis”: the movement of
materials through cytoplasm
http://youtu.be/7jw-N82tHjc
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Cytoskeleton• Internal framework
inside cytoplasm
• Made of fibrous rods– microfilaments– microtubules
• Maintains cell shape
• Supports and moves organelles
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Images of Cytoskeleton
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Nucleus
• Directs cell activities
• Eukaryotic Cells ONLY!!
• Control center for metabolic functions and reproduction
• Provides instructions for making proteins and other molecules for the cell
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Structure of the Nucleus
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Nuclear envelope: membrane surrounding nucleus
Nuclear pores: allow materials to leave or enter
Nucleolus: dark inner area. Ribosomes formed here
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Chromatin:
• coiled DNA, in the nucleus
• contains instructions for building proteins
• unwound and spread out
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• Communicates with rest of cell by movement of molecules through nuclear pores
• During cell division, chromatin condenses to form chromosomes that replicate and divide
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)
• Channels to move materials inside cell
• Highly folded (increases surface area)
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Rough ER:
“bumpy” with ribosomes
attached to surface
Smooth ER:
doesn’t have ribosomes
on surface
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Ribosomes
• Site of protein synthesis
• Small round structures • Cell has a lot of them
(needs proteins!)
• May be free floating in cytoplasm or attached to the “rough” E.R.
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Golgi Bodies• Stack of
membranes (like pancakes)
• Involved in modifying, packaging, storing and releasing products
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Vesicles:
packages containing proteins that are pinched off to be used inside cell or transported out.
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Lysosomes
• Membrane enclosed vesicles
• Hydrolytic digestive enzymes
• Breaks down food and worn out cell parts
• Formed by Golgi Bodieshttp://youtu.be/ekdIEpSf-1I
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Vacuoles• Stores water, food,
wastes
• Much larger in plant cells– Used to help give cell
shape, structure
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• Food Vacuoles: merge with lysosomes to digest food
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Contractile Vacuoles:
– Found in single celled freshwater organisms like paramecium
– “contract” to pump out excess water from cell
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Energy and the Cell
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Mitochondria
• Powerhouse of the cell
• Site of cellular respiration
• Makes usable energy
(ATP)
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• Simple sugars are broken down to release energy as ATP
• The more energy a cell needs the more mitochondria it has!
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Cristae:
Highly folded inner membrane that allows for increased surface area for cellular respiration reactions
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Chloroplasts
• FOUND IN PLANT CELLS ONLY!!
• Site of photosynthesisLight energy is transformed to
chemical energy in the form of sugar
• Chlorophyll: (green pigment) that captures sunlight
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• Grana: Inner membranes in “coin” stacks containing chlorophyll
• Stroma: enzyme filled fluid surrounding grana
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Endosymbiotic Theory
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts have own DNA and can reproduce on their own.
• Perhaps they were a primitive type of prokayotic cell that became incorporated into another
• Symbiotic relationship = both cells benefit
Evolution of Complex Lifehttp://youtu.be/q71DWYJD-dI
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Centrioles
• FOUND IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY!!
• Pair of small cylindrical organelles found near nucleus
• Function in cell division to pull chromosomes apart
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Cell Movement
• Cilia: short hair like projections used for locomotion
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• Flagella: long whip-like tail used for locomotion
• http://youtu.be/QGAm6hMysTA
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• Pseudopods: “false foot”
• Projections of the cell membrane
• Used for locomotion
• Used to surround and engulf food
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Limitations of Cell Size
• Size is limited by the cell’s need to intake nutrients and excrete wastes
• Smaller the cell is, the closer all parts are to the external environment.
• Surface area to volume ratio
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• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnNAcLJNc3s&feature=share&list=ULrnNAcLJNc3s
• http://youtu.be/LP7xAr2FDFU
• Passive transport• http://youtu.be/JShwXBWGMyY• Osmosis• http://youtu.be/XclGRjnilsk• Membrane• http://youtu.be/GW0lqf4Fqpg
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Cellular Organization
• In multicelluar organisms cells are just the start of how things are organized.– Cells– Tissues: groups of cells that function together
to perform an activity– Organs: groups of tissues performing one
main function– Organ Systems: organs working together– Organism