Cells of E. coli bacteria

Purpose:•Allow cells to respond to changes in their environment

•Only make proteins when they are needed

Regulation of Gene ExpressionProkaryotic

The Operon

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/lacoperon.html

Two ways to turn of genes

http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife.html

So, what to proteins do?

http://www.molecularmovies.com/movies/berry_apoptosis.html

Differentiated Cells of Humans

Regulation of Gene ExpressionEukaryotic

Purpose:•Allow cells to respond to changes in their environment

•Only make proteins when they are needed

•Cell differentiation for specialized structure and function

The genes for “housekeeping” enzymes, such as those involved in glycolysis, are active in all metabolizing cells. In contrast, the genes for specialized proteins are turned on only in particular types of cells.

In summary, the particular genes that are active in each type of differentiated cell are the source of its particular function and structure.

Levels of Gene Expression Control

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/mecp2-lg.mov

Levels of Gene Expression Control

Transcription Factors

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/p53-lg.mov

http://www.dnai.org/a/index.html

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/ppar-gamma-lg.mov

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/ppar-delta-lg.mov

Levels of Gene Expression Control

Alternative Splicing

Levels of Gene Expression Control

Post-translational control

http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/media/proteasome-lg.mov

Levels of Gene Expression Control

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120080/bio31.swf

Cell-cell communicationSignal Transduction

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Immunology/Flash/MAPK.html

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/cellcom/