cells
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CELLS. QSR #2. 1. The SHAPE of a cell greatly depends on the ________ of that cell. 2. Use nerve cells (which are long, skinny) and skin cells (flat) to explain #1. 3. Cells differ in both shape and _____. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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1. The SHAPE of a cell greatly depends on the ________ of that cell.
2. Use nerve cells (which are long, skinny) and skin cells (flat) to explain #1.
3. Cells differ in both shape and _____.
4. True or false…larger cells are more efficient at meeting their own needs than smaller cells. EXPLAIN!!!!!!!
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Van ______________ was the first scientist to observe cells using a _______ light microscope◦ It had ______ lens
____________ light microscopes use a series of lenses to magnify objects◦ Can magnify up to 1500 times
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Robert _________ used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead cells of oak bark◦ Box-shaped structures◦ Called these __________
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1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells◦ A. __________ – bacteria, certain algae and fungi◦ B. ___________ - all plants and animals
2. The cells are the basic unit of ______ 3. Cells originate from other __________
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1.EVERY LIVING THINGIS MADE OF ONE ORMORE CELLS.A POLAR BEAR IS MULTICELLULAR
2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFEEX: FAT CELLS ARE ANIMAL CELLS THATPROVIDE ENERGY AND INSULATION
3. ALL CELLS COME FROM OTHER CELLSEX: THESE CUBS BEGAN AS ONE LIVING CELL
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NOT ALL BACTERIA IS BAD!!!!!! MOST IS GOOD ACTUALLY
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THE FROG AND WATERLILLIES AREMUTICELLULAR
JUST A FEW OF THE UNICELLULARORGANISMSIN THIS POND(75X)
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1. List the 3 parts to the cell theory: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________
2. Which type of cells hardly ever make new cells?
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Prokaryotes Lacks internal
membrane-bound organelles
No nucleus Most are
unicellular Bacteria/Blue
Green Algae
Eukaryotes Have true
membrane bound organelles
Have nucleus Most are
multicellular
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Prokaryotes Pro: Very simple
make-up Con: Non-
specialized – don’t have different compartments that can do different things
Eukaryotes Con: Complex to
build Pro: Very
specialized
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1. ________ was the first person to coin the term “cells” after observing _____ cells under a compound light microscope.
2. Plant and bacterial cells are similar in that they both contain a _______ _______.
3. List 3 differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.◦ A._____________________________◦ B._____________________________◦ C._____________________________
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Also called Plasma membrane◦ 1. Separates the cell’s contents from the
materials outside the cell◦ 2. Regulates what moves into and out of the cell◦ 3. Maintains __________________
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Is Selectively permeable******◦ Means that it will allow certain materials
in while others cannot pass 2 Types of organic molecules make
up the cell membrane:◦ Proteins◦ Phospholipids
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Made of 2 layers of phospholipids: ◦PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
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Has 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate molecule head attached to it
Phosphate◦ Head region◦ polar
Fatty acid◦ Tail region◦ Nonpolar region
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1. The cell membrane, also called the ______ membrane is made of____ layers of phospholipids.
2. Draw a phospholipid. (Use these terms to label it: polar, nonpolar, fatty acid tails, phosphate head)
3. The _________ region of the membrane loves water, so it’s called___________ while the _________ region does not and is called ____________.
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The membrane is flexible – constantly in motion – “FLUID”◦ Ex: like a bubble
Proteins embedded in the membrane also move along the phospholipids – “MOSAIC”
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http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/cell_model.htm
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A. Organelles:◦ “cell organs”◦ Perform specific functions
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Jelly-like substance that fills the inside of the cell and holds all the organelles
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Contains a cell’s DNA or chromosomes Only found in EUKARYOTIC cells Enclosed in a double membrane– a nuclear
envelope Is filled with pores. Why?
____________________________
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Dense center inside the nucleus JOB: make ribosomes
◦ Some ribosomes are found on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
◦ Some float around in the cytoplasm◦ Ribosomes link together ______ ______s to make
proteins
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ER: thin folds of membranes found right outside the nucleus
◦ 4a.Smooth ER: contain no ribosomes (has a smooth appearance)
◦ 4b.Rough ER: house ribosomes The ER makes up a highway for moving
material throughout the cell
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Transfers energy from ORGANIC MOLECULES to ATP – which supplies the cell with energy!!!
Bean-shaped Makes its own DNA (separate from nuclear DNA) **************************************************
**
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1. List four levels of organization that combine to form an organism.
2. _________ is a dense area of DNA found inside the nucleus in which ________(s) are made.
3. Ribosomes are important since they are the sites for ___________ synthesis.
4. Ribosomes leave the __________ and attach to the ____ ____, or the highway of the cell.
5. The mitochondria contains its own ________ and turns the energy from ________ molecules into ________ that will then supply the cell with ______.
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A. Another system of flattened membranous sacs
B. processes, packages, and stores proteins – can fix them if necessary
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“little taxis” Carry molecules where they need to go (don’t copy) After a protein is made, part of
the ER pinches off to form a vesicle surrounding the protein◦ This is how it gets to the Golgi
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Think “Vacuum”◦ Bigger in plants
sac for storage– mostly water Central Vacuole: only in plant cells takes up most of space in a plant cell What causes plants to wilt?
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Contain enzymes – “clean up crew” Defend the cell against invading bacteria
and viruses Break down damaged cell parts ****NOT found in plant cells****
(Look at animation under awe sci teachers)
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Network of thin tubes and filaments that give shape to the cell ◦ Ex: tent poles
Types: ◦ 1. cilia – short, hair-like extensions◦ 2. flagella – long, whip-like tail used for movement◦ ****not found in PLANT CELLS****
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Organelles that carry out photosynthesis Are filled with chlorophyll—green pigment Also contain their own DNA– like what other
organelle?___________________
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Structure and support **Not found in animal cells**
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1. What are 2 main purposes for the golgi apparatus?
2. ___________ are vesicles that repair damaged cell parts and keep out invading bacteria and viruses.
3. Draw a diagram showing how a ribosome gets from the nucleus to the golgi.
4. The _______ vacuole, located inside plant cells, is much larger because ______________.
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Cytoplasm - icing Nucleus – Reese cups ER – rough and smooth – twizzlers, nerds on a rope Ribosomes - nerds Golgi Apparatus – air heads Vesicles – skittles, M&Ms Mitochondria – Mike n Ikes, hot tamales Vacuole (Central Vacuole for plants) – air heads Lysosomes – jelly beans cilia and flagella(only in animals)- twizzlers Chloroplast (plants) – mike n ikes Cell Wall (plants) – sour straws Cell Membrane – sour straws
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A. Solutes: the substance that’s being dissolved B. Solvent: the substance that DOES the dissolving
◦ Ex: kool-aid – what is the solute and what is the solvent?
1. Concentrated Solution is high in solutes! 2. Diluted solution is low in solutes, high in solvent
◦ Ex: Urine
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1. What are 2 main purposes for the golgi apparatus?
2. ___________ are vesicles that repair damaged cell parts and keep out invading bacteria and viruses.
3. Draw a diagram showing how a ribosome gets from the nucleus to the golgi.
4. The _______ vacuole, located inside plant cells, is much larger because ______________.
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Passive Transport:◦ Movement of molecules across a membrane
WITHOUT the use of energy2 Types:
1. Diffusion2. Osmosis
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Movement of particles from high concentration to lower concentration
DOWN the concentration gradient Until equilibrium is reached!!!!!
◦ Ex: O2 diffuses from blood to muscle cells
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The diffusion of WATER molecules through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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1. ___________ are responsible for making proteins.
2. ________ are little cell taxis that transport protein and other material throughout the cell.
3. ________stores and packages proteins until they are needed.
4.______ is the main energy source for cells. 5.Vesicles form when a piece of the
________ pinches off. 6.________ is just the diffusion of water from
an area of _____ concentration to an area of ____ concentration
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3 Types of solutions:
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When a solution has the same concentration of solutes as the cell
Equal amounts of water move in and out
Cell stays same size
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Solution has a HIGHER conc of solutes than the cell
Causes cell to shrink or even DIE How will the water move along the: into or
out of the cell?
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Solution has a lower concentration of particles than the cell
Where is there more water and how will it move?
Cell expands and can burst!!!! Example: You place an egg in salt water…
how will the water move? And what will happen to the size if the egg?
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Diffusion across a membrane by use of a transport protein
“Facilitated” means to make easier still passive transport– no Energy
required!!! Why is facilitated diffusion necessary at
times?
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Requires the use of cell’s energy because molecules go from LOW to HIGH concentration (backwards)
Uses proteins pumps by expending ATP
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1. Endocytosis: Process of taking in liquids or large materials into a cell by ENGULFING them in a membrane◦ A. Phagocytosis: type of endocytosis
“cell eating”– ex: white blood cells– engulf bacteria and destroy them
***Again, through the use of ATP
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2. Exocytosis: Opposite of endocytosis, it’s the release of material out of the cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane
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