BY: BRITANI G.

Biology: Cell Structures

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Ideal Age Group for this Book

For young adults who understand intermediate science and want to learn more about animal and plant cell structures using visuals.

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Table of Contents Page 1 2 3 4 5 7 11 14 15 16 17

Book Title Age Group Table of Contents Cell Introduction Cell Structure Animal Cell Plant Cell Quiz Answer Key Glossary About the Author

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Cell Introduction Cell Theory

1.  Every organism is composed of one or more cells

2.  The cell is the smallest unit of life 3.  The continuity of life depends on the growth

and division of cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells There are two different kinds of cells, prokaryotic

and eukaryotic. A prokaryotic cell does not have an organized nucleus while a eukaryotic cell does. A eukaryotic cell also contains organelles.

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Cell Structure A cell is made up of three parts:

1.  The cell membrane 2.  The fluid region called cytoplasm 3.  The DNA storing region called the

nucleus

Cell Division Surface area refers to the outside area of a cell while

volume refers to everything inside the cell. The volume increases faster than the surface area does by a ratio of 3:2. This means that the volume is demanding oxygen and food to keep the cell alive and in doing this the cell also produces waste. If the cell’s volume is too much for the surface area and the cell is no longer getting what it require, it will die off. To avoid dying the cell will divide itself in half producing two identical daughter cells.

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Cell Structure Cell Membrane

The cell membrane is made up of fats called a phospholipid bilayer. The heads of the fats are hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic, causing the membrane to be selectively permeable.

Another characteristic classifying the cell membrane is its “fluid mosaic”. The phospholipids move around freely giving the word fluid its meaning. Then, the membrane is scattered with transport, receptor, recognition, and adhesion proteins. Showing that it is made up of diverse materials is where the term mosaic comes from.

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Animal Cell Nucleus

The nucleus of an animal cell is made up of chromatin, a nucleolus, a nuclear

membrane, nuclear pores, and chromosomes.

Nucleus – DNA containing region Chromatin – make ribosomes Chromosomes – DNA and protein wrapped together Nucleoplasm – Fluid interior Nuclear Membrane – selects what can enter and leave the nucleus Nuclear Pores – Where RNA leaves the nucleus

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Animal Cell Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm makes up the bulk of the cell. It is filled with organelles, which are structures in the cytoplasm with a job.

Organelles Ribosomes – where proteins are made Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) – folded membrane system that transports ribosomes to vesicles Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) – folded membrane system involved in making fats Vesicle – temporarily stores ribosomes and carries them to the golgi body Golgi Body – Perfects proteins and sends them out to specific regions Mitochondria – Where aerobic respiration happens Centrioles – pull apart chromosomes when a cell divides Lysosomes – contain digestive enzymes to break down waste or unwanted materials 8 Britani G.

Animal Cell

Cell Membrane The cell membrane of the cell provides

structure and stability.

Cytoskeleton – provides shape, allows the cell and organelles to move Microtubules and Microfilaments – make up the cytoskeleton Cell membrane – selects what can and cannot enter the cell

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Animal Cell

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Plant Cell

Plant Cell While plant cells are similar to animal cells, there are still some differences. A plant cell

has a cell wall, a central vacuole, and a chloroplast. All three of these organelles are

not found in an animal cell.

Cell Wall – rigid, rectangular structure that provides safety to the cell Central Vacuole – Fills and stores water necessary for plant survival

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Plant Cell Chloroplast

The chloroplast is an organelle in plants where photosynthesis occurs. It contains chlorophyll and other pigments known as plastids. There are also

two parts making up the chloroplast, the thylakoid membrane and the stroma.

Chlorophyll – pigment that traps sunlight in photosynthesis Chromoplasts – seen when no chlorophyll is present in plants; shows up red or yellow Amyloplasts – plastid that stores starch Thylakoid Membrane – where chlorophyll is found; starts photosynthesis Stroma – makes glucose; finishes photosynthesis

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Plant Cell

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Quiz

1.  What is the Cell Theory? 2.  Can you find a chloroplast in an animal cell? 3.  What is the purpose of the nuclear membrane? 4.  What is the volume to surface area ratio? 5.  What two structures make up the cytoskeleton? 6.  What kind of proteins make up the fluid mosaic?

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Answer Key 1. The Cell Theory is:

1.  Every organism is composed of one or more cells 2.  The cell is the smallest unit of life 3.  The continuity of life depends on the growth and

division of cells 2. No, you cannot find a chloroplast in an animal cell 3. The purpose of the nuclear membrane is to keep the DNA in side the nucleus 4. The volume to surface ratio is 3:2 5. Two structures that make up the cytoskeleton are microtubules and microfillaments 6. The proteins that make up the fluid mosaic are called transport, receptor, recognition, and adhesion proteins

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Glossary �  Adhesion Proteins – sticks together substances to form tissues �  Aerobic respiration – reaction that occurs in the mitochondria to produce

usable energy �  Enzymes – proteins that speed up reactions

�  Hydrophilic – water loving materials

�  Hydrophobic – water fearing materials �  Photosynthesis – reaction that occurs in the chloroplast that produces

usable sugar and oxygen �  Receptor Proteins – receive directions

�  Recognition Proteins – tell the cell what the substance is

�  Selectively Permeable Membrane – membrane specialized to allow only certain materials to pass

�  Starch – stored energy in plants �  Transport Proteins – move molecules across cell membrane

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About the Author

My name is Britani and I live in the United States. I like to practice ballet and make crafts. I also enjoy reading in any spare time I can find. Science is my favorite subject.

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