cell structure chapter 4. 2 cell theory cells were discovered in _______________ __________________....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Structure
Chapter 4
![Page 2: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
Cell Theory
Cells were discovered in _______________
__________________.
Early studies of cells were conducted by
- Mathias Schleiden ____________(1838)
- Theodor Schwann ____________(1839)
Schleiden and Schwann proposed the Cell Theory.
![Page 3: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Cell Theory
Cell Theory
1. ________________________________.
2. Cells are _________________________.
3. Cells ____________________________.
All cells today represent a _______________________ from the _____ living cells.
![Page 4: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Cell Theory
Cell ___________________.
-As cell size ________, it takes _______ for material to ______ from the cell membrane to the interior of the cell.
Surface area-to-volume ratio:__________
___________________________________
___________________________________
![Page 5: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Cell Theory
![Page 6: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Cell Theory
___________ are required to visualize cells.
Light microscopes can resolve structures that are ______ apart.
Electron microscopes can resolve structures that are _______ apart.
![Page 7: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Cell Theory
All cells have certain ___________________.
1. genetic material – ____________________
2. cytoplasm – ________________________
3. plasma membrane – _________________
![Page 8: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells ____________________ nucleus.
-genetic material is present in the nucleoid
Two types of prokaryotes:
-_____________________
-_____________________
![Page 9: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cells possess
-genetic material in the ___________
-cytoplasm
-plasma membrane
-_________________l
-_______________________
-___ membrane-bound organelles
![Page 10: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Prokaryotic Cells
![Page 11: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Prokaryotic Cells
Prokaryotic cell walls-___________________________________
Bacterial cell walls-_________ composed of peptidoglycan -may be Gram positive or Gram negative
Archaean cell walls _________________.
![Page 12: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Prokaryotic Cells
Flagella
-present in _______ prokaryotic cells
-used for _________________
-rotary motion propels the cell
![Page 13: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Prokaryotic Cells
![Page 14: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic cells
-________ a membrane-bound nucleus
-are ____________ than prokaryotic cells
-___________________ many cellular functions within organelles and the endomembrane system
-possess a cytoskeleton for___________
___________________________________
![Page 15: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 16: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 17: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus
-stores the genetic material of the cell in the form of ________________________
-___________________a nuclear envelope composed of ______________
__________________________________
-__________________ – DNA is organized with proteins to form chromatin
![Page 18: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Eukaryotic Cells
![Page 19: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Eukaryotic Cells
Ribosomes
-the ______________________ in the cell
-composed of ribosomal RNA and proteins
-found ________________of the cytoplasm and ______________ to internal membranes
![Page 20: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Endomembrane System
Endomembrane system-a _________________ throughout the cytoplasm-divides cell into compartments where
__________________________________1. endoplasmic reticulum2. Golgi apparatus3. lysosomes
![Page 21: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Endomembrane System
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
-membranes that create a network of channels ____________ the cytoplasm
__________________________________gives a rough appearance
-___________________ to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane
![Page 22: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
Endomembrane System
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
-relatively few ribosomes attached
-functions:
-synthesis of membrane lipids
-calcium storage
-detoxification of foreign substances
![Page 23: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Endomembrane System
![Page 24: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Endomembrane System
Golgi apparatus
-____________________ of interconnected membranes
-_________________________________ to different parts of the cell
-synthesis of ______________________
![Page 25: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
![Page 26: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Endomembrane System
Lysosomes
-membrane bound vesicles containing
___________________________________
___________________________________
-________________________________
___________________________________________________________
![Page 27: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
Endomembrane System
Microbodies
-membrane bound vesicles
-contain ________
___________ of the endomembrane system
-glyoxysomes in _______ contain _____
_______________________________________
-peroxisomes contain___________________
_______________________________________
![Page 29: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
Endomembrane System
Vacuoles-membrane-bound structures with various functions _________________________
There are different types of vacuoles:-central vacuole in _______ cells-contractile vacuole of ________________-vacuoles for _______________
![Page 30: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
-organelles present in all types of eukaryotic cells
-contain oxidative metabolism enzymes for transferring the energy within macromolecules to ATP
-found in all types of eukaryotic cells
![Page 31: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
Mitochondria
-surrounded by __ membranes-_____________ membrane-_______________ membrane with
layers called cristae-matrix is ________________________-intermembrane space is located
___________________________________-contain their _______________-
![Page 32: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Mitochondria
![Page 33: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
Chloroplasts
Chloroplasts-organelles present in cells of ____________________other eukaryotes-contain ___________________________-surrounded by __ membranes-thylakoids are membranous sacs _____
_______________________ membrane-grana are ________________________
![Page 34: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Chloroplasts
![Page 35: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Endosymbiosis
-proposal that eukaryotic organelles _________ through a _________ relationship
-one cell ________ a second cell and a symbiotic relationship developed
-________________________ are thought to have evolved this way
![Page 36: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Much evidence supports this endosymbiosis theory.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts:-have __ membranes-possess ______________________-are about the size of a ___________ cell-divide by a process similar to _________
![Page 37: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
![Page 38: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
-_____________________________ found in ___ eukaryotic cells
-___________ the shape of the cell
-keeps ____________________ locations
-helps _______________________ the cell
![Page 39: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
Cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton fibers include
-actin filaments – responsible for________________, crawling, “pinching”
-microtubules – ______________ to the cell and move materials ________ the cell
-intermediate filaments – _____________
_______________________________
![Page 40: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Cytoskeleton
![Page 41: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Cell Movement
Cell movement takes different forms.
-__________is accomplished via actin filaments and the protein myosin.
-Flagella ________ to move a cell.
-Cilia can be _______________ on the surface of a eukaryotic cell to propel a cell forward.
![Page 42: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Cell Movement
The cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells have a similar structure:
-9-2 structure: ________ of microtubules that surround ____________ microtubules
-Cilia are usually _______________ than flagella on a cell.
![Page 43: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Cell Movement
![Page 44: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Extracellular Structures
Extracellular structures include:
-cell walls of _______________________
-extracellular matrix surrounding________
_____________-
![Page 45: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
Extracellular Structures
Cell walls
-present surrounding the cells of plants, fungi, and some protists
-the ___________ present in the cell wall _____ depending on the cell type:
-plant and protist cell walls - ________ -fungal cell walls -____________
![Page 46: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Extracellular Structures
Extracellular matrix (ECM)
-surrounds animal cells
-composed of ___________ and fibrous proteins such as _____________
-may be __________________________ via integrin proteins present in the plasma membrane
![Page 47: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Extracellular Structures
![Page 48: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
![Page 49: Cell Structure Chapter 4. 2 Cell Theory Cells were discovered in _______________ __________________. Early studies of cells were conducted by - Mathias](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649e445503460f94b38807/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49