cell structure and function -...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cell Structure and Function
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Cells • Smallest living unit • Most are microscopic
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Discovery of Cells • Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
– Observed sliver of cork – Saw “row of empty boxes” – Coined the term cell
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Cell theory • (1839)Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
• (50 yrs. later) Rudolf Virchow “all cells come from cells”
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Principles of Cell Theory
• All living things are made of cells
• Smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms is the cell
• All cells arise from preexisting cells (this principle discarded the idea of spontaneous generation)
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Cell Size
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Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio
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Characteristics of All Cells
• A surrounding membrane • Protoplasm – cell contents in thick fluid • Organelles – structures for cell function • Control center with DNA
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Cell Types
• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic Cells
• First cell type on earth • Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
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Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus • Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration • Organelles not bound by membranes
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Eukaryotic Cells • Nucleus bound by membrane • Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells • Possess many organelles
Protozoan
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Representative Animal Cell
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Representative Plant Cell
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Organelles • Cellular machinery • Two general kinds
– Derived from membranes – Bacteria-like organelles
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Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Derived from symbiotic bacteria
• Ancient association
• Endosymbiotic theory – Evolution of modern cells from
cells & symbiotic bacteria
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Plasma Membrane
• Contains cell contents • Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
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Phospholipids
• Polar – Hydrophylic head – Hydrophobic tail
• Interacts with water
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Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
• A few molecules move freely – Water, Carbon dioxide, Ammonia, Oxygen
• Carrier proteins transport some molecules – Proteins embedded in lipid bilayer – Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of
a lipid bilayer with proteins
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Membrane Proteins
1. Channels or transporters – Move molecules in one direction
2. Receptors – Recognize certain chemicals
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Membrane Proteins 3. Glycoproteins
– Identify cell type 4. Enzymes
– Catalyze production of substances
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Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists • Surrounds plasma membrane
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Cell Wall Differences • Plants – mostly cellulose • Fungi – contain chitin
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Cytoplasm • Viscous fluid containing organelles • components of cytoplasm
– Interconnected filaments & fibers – Fluid = cytosol – Organelles (not nucleus) – storage substances
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Cytoskeleton • Filaments & fibers
• Made of 3 fiber types – Microfilaments – Microtubules – Intermediate filaments
• 3 functions: – mechanical support – anchor organelles – help move substances
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A = actin, IF = intermediate filament, MT = microtubule
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Cilia & Flagella
• Provide motility • Cilia
– Short – Used to move substances
outside human cells • Flagella
– Whip-like extensions – Found on sperm cells
• Basal bodies like centrioles
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Cilia & Flagella Structure • Bundles of microtubules • With plasma membrane
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Centrioles • Pairs of microtubular structures • Play a role in cell division
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Membranous Organelles • Functional components within cytoplasm • Bound by membranes
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Nucleus
• Control center of cell
• Double membrane
• Contains – Chromosomes – Nucleolus
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Nuclear Envelope
• Separates nucleus from rest of cell
• Double membrane
• Has pores
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DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes – DNA – Protiens – Form for cell division
• Chromatin
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Nucleolus
• Most cells have 2 or more • Directs synthesis of RNA • Forms ribosomes
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types – Rough endoplasmic reticulum – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Ribosomes attached to surface
– Manufacture protiens – Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
• May modify proteins from ribosomes
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
• No attached ribosomes • Has enzymes that help build molecules
– Carbohydrates – Lipids
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Golgi Apparatus • Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall • Packaging & shipping station of cell
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Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi
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Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents
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Lysosomes • Contain digestive enzymes • Functions
– Aid in cell renewal – Break down old cell parts – Digests invaders
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Vacuoles
• Membrane bound storage sacs • More common in plants than animals • Contents
– Water – Food – wastes
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Bacteria-Like Organelles
• Release & store energy
• Types – Mitochondria (release energy) – Chloroplasts (store energy)
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Mitochondria • Have their own DNA • Bound by double membrane
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Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose – Fatty acids
• Release energy – ATP
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Chloroplasts
• Derived form photosynthetic bacteria • Solar energy capturing organelle
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Photosynthesis • Takes place in the chloroplast • Makes cellular food – glucose
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Review of Eukaryotic Cells
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Review of Eukaryotic Cells
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Molecule Movement & Cells
• Passive Transport
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis (phagocytosis & pinocytosis) • Exocytosis
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Passive Transport
• No energy required
• Move due to gradient – differences in concentration, pressure, charge
• Move to equalize gradient – High moves toward low
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Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion
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Diffusion
• Molecules move to equalize concentration
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Osmosis
• Special form of diffusion
• Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
• Often involves movement of water – Into cell – Out of cell
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Solution Differences & Cells • solvent + solute = solution • Hypotonic
– Solutes in cell more than outside – Outside solvent will flow into cell
• Isotonic – Solutes equal inside & out of cell
• Hypertonic – Solutes greater outside cell – Fluid will flow out of cell
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Facilitated Diffusion
• Differentially permeable membrane
• Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
• Channels usually are transport proteins (aquaporins facilitate the movement of
water) • No energy is used