cell respiration. the cell needs something in order to eat, breathe, reproduce, move, and much...
TRANSCRIPT
Cell Respiration
Mitochondria
The cell needs something in order to
eat, breathe, reproduce, move, and much
more……..
ENERGY!How do the cells get the energy they
need?• Chemical compounds we call
FOOD!
MITOCHONDRIA
MITOCHONDRIA Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use Has 2 membranes- Inner membrane- Lots of FOLDS (cristae)= INCREASE surface area= more ATP being produced- Outer membrane In Animal AND Plant cells Nearly all come from the ovum You get your mitochondria from your mom!
ATPAdenosine Triphosphate: nucleotide with two extra groups• Nitrogenous base- adenine • Sugar- ribose • 3 Phosphate groups- bound to ribosome, phosphate tail holds usable energy • Body’s currency for energy
Partially charged that can be fully charged by the
addition of a
phosphate group.
> Even if the equation looks simple, Cellular respiration is done in a series of
steps.
1. When energy is needed somewhere in the cell2. Chemical energy stored in glucose is released and used to
produce adenosine triphosphate, ATP3. ATP, is used for short term energy storage and transport in the
cell4. Energy is transferred from Glucose to ATP5. Then ATP delivers the energy to the places in the cell that need
it. 6. This is all done by a long and complicated process called Cell
Respiration.
High-Energy Electrons • High energy electrons
produced in these processes are highly reactive and require a special “carrier.”• Think of it like a hot potato
straight from the oven. • If you had to take it out of the
oven, you would get a mitt—a carrier—to transport it.
NADP+: accepts and holds 2 high-energy electrons, a long with a hydrogen ion.
This converts NADP+ to NADPH This is one way in which energy
from the sun can be trapped in chemical form and transferred to other parts of the cell.
FAD and FADH2 are also electron carriers
Cellular Respiration process by which cells release the energy stored in the bonds of food molecules. From sugars, fats, amino acids, and nucleotides. However, GLUCOSE is the most important source of energy in cells. Aerobic process- requiring oxygen
Glucose 2 Pyruvic Acid
CO2 +NADH +
FADH2
H2O + 36 ATP
Glycolysis Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport
Chain
Glycolysis • Occurs in CYTOPLASM
• NO OXYGEN After Glycolysis occurs: • 2 Pyruvic acids enter
the Krebs Cycle• 2 NADH goes to
Electron transport chain
• 4 ATP produced• (Net gain of 2 per
glucose, since it took 2 ATP to start glycolysis)
Glycolysis
• Occurs in the MATRIX• Also known as citric
acid cycle because Citric acid is the first compound formed
As Krebs Cycle Occurs: • 3 CO2 is formed and
released into the air • 2 ATP molecules formed • Electron carriers:
NADH and FADH2 continue to Electron Transport Chain
• Reminder: Two pyruvic acids enter the Krebs Cycle, so all of the above are doubled
• Hint: The 4 carbon compound that is initially in the process comes from the citric acid being broken down from a 6 carbon to a 5 then 4 carbon compound.
Krebs Cycle
Krebs Cycle
ETC• Occurs in Cristae (inner
membrane) • Uses the high-energy
electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP.
• For every 2 Electrons that travel down the chain, their energy helps transport hydrogen ions across into the intermembrane space
• Charge difference forces Hydrogen ions through ATP synthase channels which makes the enzyme spin.
• With each rotation, the enzyme grabs an ADP and attaches a phosphate group, making ATP.
• For every 2 Electrons= 3 ATP
Electron Transport Chain
Site of Cell Respiration: requires oxygen (AEROBIC)
“Cell Respiration Song”Three stages:1. Glycolysis
1. Makes some ATP (4 to be exact)
2. Oxygen NOT needed3.Location: CYTOPLASM
2. Kreb’s Cycle1. Makes some ATP2. Oxygen needed3.MATRIX OF
MITOCHONDRIA3. Electron Transport Chain
1. Makes ALOT of ATP 2. Oxygen needed3.Location: Inner membrane
of Mitochondria(CRISTAE)
Aerobic VS. AnaerobicAerobic“in air” REQUIRES OXYGEN Krebs cycle and
Electron Transport Chain
Anaerobic “without air”DOES NOT
REQUIRE OXYGENGlycolysis Fermentation
NO OXYGEN= FERMENTATION-If there is no oxygen available, cell switches to
fermentation-Fermentation is Glycolysis over and over again- Happens in cytoplasm- Makes some ATP, but can do so quickly-Alcohol Fermentation
- Bacteria and Fungi- Such as yeast
- Produce ethyl alcohol and CO2- Lactic Acid Fermentation
- In humans and mammals- After exercising, you feel really sore- It’s the lactic acid build up in your muscles
Yeast is a one-celled fungus that converts sugar and starch into carbon dioxide bubbles and alcohol.
Review Cell Respiration
Cells get energy by:
Hete
rotr
op
h • Obtain food by consuming other living things
• Consumers: • Herbivores• Omnivores• Carnivores• Decomposers • detritivores• Scavengers
Au
totr
op
h • Make their own food
• Producers
Chloroplasts•Plant and bacteria cells only (NEVER in animal cells) •Captures energy from the sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Two membranes:> inside has large
stacks of other membranes that contain chlorophyll
Chloroplast Cellular organelle where photosynthesis occursDouble membrane
Outer membrane Inner membrane
Stroma (fluid filled space)Granum (stack of thylakoids)
Innermembrane space Thylakoids
Contains CHLOROPHYLL
Contain chemical compound called chlorophyll-gives plants their green color
Structure of Chloroplasts1. Stomata (PLANT)
1. Small pores in the underside of leaves that release water and oxygen and take in carbon dioxide
2.Guard cells (PLANT)1. Control the opening and closing of
stomata depending on environment3.Stroma (CHLOROPLAST)
1. Thick fluid enclosed by the inner membrane
4.Thylakoids (CHLOROPLAST)1. Disc-like sacs suspended in the stroma2. Has membrane that surrounds inner
thylakoid space5. Grana (sing. Granum)
(CHLOROPLAST)1. Stacks of thylakoids
Photosynthesis
Does this equation look familiar?
VS.
EVERYTHING IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE SUN AND THE PROCESS OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS! • Energy from the sun travels to the earth
in the form of light. • Sunlight, “white light” is actually a
mixture of different wavelengths. • Our eyes see the different
wavelengths of the visible spectrum as different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
• Plants gather the sun’s energy with light-absorbing molecules called PIGMENTS.
• Plant’s principle pigment is CHLOROPHYLL• Chlorophyll a & Chlorophyll b absorb light in
the blue-violet and red regions. • DOES NOT absorb light well in the green
region, it reflects that color which is why we see plants as green.
Chlorophyll continued-Carotene
- Secondary plant pigment- Red and orange pigments- Absorb light in other regions
of the spectrum - So it reflects orange and red
back to us
Photosynthesis: 2 Main StagesLight-Dependent Reaction1. use energy absorbed
from chlorophyll and to produce ATP and NADPH
Light-Independent Reaction1.CALVIN CYCLE2.Series of reactions
that form glucose from CO2 and Water.
Lyn Margulis, American Biologist said that chloroplasts descended from prokaryotes
Organelle DNA• Mitochondria and
Chloroplasts contain their own genetic information
• In a form of small, circular DNA molecules
Endosymbiotic Theory Ancient Prokaryotes from way back in the day had a symbiotic
relationship with the ancient eukaryotes What is symbiosis?
• A relationship of mutual benefit or dependence.•The prokaryotes lived inside the eukaryotes•There were prokaryotes that used oxygen to make energy (ATP)• Mitochondria
• There were prokaryotes that used photosynthesis to get energy• Chloroplasts
AGAIN, DO YOU SEE THE
SIMILARITIES?