A study by:Cameron DayleyCameron Boehning

Stephanie MonsonStephanie Beswick

Cell Phones and Anxiety Among BYU-I Students

Study Completed For Comm 280: Research Fundamentals

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Table of Contents

Public Relations Plan

Abstract............................................................................................................................

Literature Review..............................................................................................................

Meta-Question.................................................................................................................

Methods...........................................................................................................................

Findings...........................................................................................................................

Discussion of Findings....................................................................................................

Bibliography.....................................................................................................................

Appendix

Survey...............................................................................................................................

Additional Charts..............................................................................................................

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Abstract

Background: Recent studies have shown that when mobile devices are in use there seems to be a correlation to anxiety levels that college aged students feel. While the studies have shown the correlation seems to increase the anxiety there is no definitive answer to know if mobile devices actually creates the anxiety.

Methods: To test to see if mobile devices play a role in anxiety levels for students at attend BYU-Idaho a survey was sent out to 300 students emails and asked for them to answer the questions about their mobile device use and anxiety levels.

Results: It seemed to be that anxiety levels were the same among students who have smartphones versa regular phone. The anxiety levels increased when the amount of time spent on the internet while on the mobile device. While women have a higher baseline anxiety level, men suffered from more anxiety in short term while waiting for a return text message.

Conclusion: There is a relationship between mobile devices and anxiety levels, but the correlation comes from amount of time spent on device and what is being done.

Keywords: Mobile device, anxiety, smartphone

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Research has been conducted to learn what effects mobile devices have on users, and if anxiety is involved. One study was observed undergraduate students who were allowed to chat from any computer with internet access, including their personal computers and school computers on campus. The study was broken into different times where students were asked to surf the web.

After their mandated session, the students completed surveys and had one-on-one interviews with the researchers. The results of the research were readily apparent. The results stated that when students were chatting on the internet with others, their emotional levels were raised. After the conversation was over, their emotional levels digressed at exponential rates.

However, the overall finding was that the internet does not cause depression or low self-esteem. Researches stated that although the results were negative, outside variables could have caused a lack of results. As the internet progresses in depth, researches believe that these emotional levels will be affected and cause participants’ health levels to decrease.

Texting is a simple way for people to become confident behind a screen. Studies show that those who text more intimately rather than briefly, with the intentions to plan events, tend to be more anxious. Loneliness and anxiety correlate to a degree, but aren’t necessarily mutually exclusive. The data showed that those who prefer texting to talking aren’t necessarily always lonely. This is an interesting finding because the results indicate that those who talk more were actually lonelier overall.

Social anxiety is the combination of fear, apprehension and worry people experience when they anticipate being unable to make a positive impression on others, particularly in encounters with strangers in public settings. Texting allows a person a way to communicate with people without the fear of immediate approval.

When people text, they have the ability to reflect on what they want to say before they say it. This plays well to those who are socially anxious. They can say what they need to without directly dealing with another person. Cell phones are a great tool for people, but they can be detrimental to them if they don’t learn to control their emotions.

Another study explored cell phone addiction, particularly the many characteristics that make cell phones so attractive to adolescents. When adolescents possess a cell phone, it gives them a sense of freedom and identity. It becomes a source of fun and entertainment and actually helps them develop and maintain relationships. Cell phones, especially smartphones, are capable of doing so much, they fascinate the youth of today.

Cell phones can be a positive thing; but if their use is uncontrolled, they can become a negative thing. Some of the negative side-effects of cell phones can include social, behavioral, and mental problems. Some of the most common symptoms of cell phone dependence are: a disconnect parents due to extensive use; high costs due to overusage; interference with school or personal activities; and the cell phone is used frequently to satisfy emotional needs, to feel connected while alone.

Literature Review

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The research indicates that dependency on cell phones can change the attitude of a person and invade time during the day. Abuse of cell phones creates a lack of impulse control and has made it necessary to find a cure for this addiction.

The research of this study was based on a group of young adults 20-24 years of age. The group members each completed a survey that investigated how cell phones affected stress levels, what amount of sleep lost due to phone usage, and personal perceptions of cell phone use. The results provided information confirming that high cell phone usage creates higher stress levels and depression in young adults. A year after the initial survey, the students were contacted and surveyed. The results of the second survey indicated that the risk for mental health problems was highest among those who constantly needed the assistance of cell phones to function.

Not only did the young adults need their cell phones to function, they contributed to a loss of sleep during the night due to alerts. They also started show that the cell phone was an addiction for them and a cause of depression. This research provided results indicating that there is a relationship with cell phone use and mental health problems that is rising in today’s culture. Technology is starting to take over and making it hard for the upcoming generation to function. Because of this, there are more cases showing up of mental health problems, depression, and stress due technology dependence.

Another study was conducted to examine how cell phone use is related to interpersonal motives for using cell phones, including face-to-face communication and loneliness. The introduction to the study discussed another study that found that cell phones fulfill users’ various needs better than other forms of media, such as emails, IMs, and landline telephones.

One of the studies observed that people used cell phones to enhance existing interpersonal communication, to communicate with other people within already established interpersonal networks. One of the studies identified “carrying a cell phone as being ‘connected’ and ready to communicate with others.” Another identified that the desire for“‘perpetual contact’ (i.e., the pursuit of the ideal of communication) is the motive for the people’s use of communication technology.”

There are a number of motives for carrying a cell phone ranging from mobility, immediacy, fashion, and status. The study also demonstrated “similar motives: information-seeking, social utility, affection, fashion and status, mobility, and accessibility.” This study found that people “still spend about 90% of their time making phone calls when using cell phones.” It also found that “loneliness did not have a direct relation to cell-phone use. Instead, the participants with higher levels of loneliness were less likely to engage in face-to-face social interaction, which led them to use cell phones less and to be less motivated to use cell phones for interpersonal purposes.”

Another study was designed to assess Internet and cell phone use among college students and to what level they were dependent upon those technologies. In addition to assessing cell phone usage, this study was designed to evaluate if students were addicted to the technology. In the beginning of the report, the researchers stated that there is “evidence of association between

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internet overuse and anxiety, depression, social isolation, low self-esteem, shyness, and lack of emotional and social skills.”

Another factor that the study discussed was that full-time students are more likely to be addicted to the Internet due to the “unlimited access and flexible time schedules.” The discussion in the research indicated that “the main objective of the study was to identify the presence of pathological Internet and cell-phone usage in the studied sample, as well as psychological, behavioral and health correlates.”

One of the first findings of the study was that there was little to no correlation between substance abuse or dependence and pathological Internet usage. Some limitations were named in the study that included the lack of ability to assess any other disorders of participants, any potential explanation for participants lying or being affected by biases, among others. Another finding showed that there was a correlation between cell phone usage and depression (clinical or non-clinical). The studies referenced in this one also show some evidence that people have an emotional dependence with their technological devices as evidenced by the “thought that users could not live without their cell phone. Something that was not frequently referenced, but is relevant is how different methods digital communication, such as texting and instant messaging (IM) influence social anxiety and communication between teens. The study that was done took included the responses from 280 high school students. Teens reported on how frequently they used cell phones to text message and access social media sites. The finding was that 24% of teens used a cell phone in this way for 1-4 hours a day. Another finding from this study is that female teenagers use cell phones and social media more frequently than their male counterparts. The study discovered that there is a correlation between having social anxiety and talking with others via online or with text. Earlier in the study, it was discussed that females used cell phones more frequently. This study was also able to establish that females naturally have more social anxiety than do males. It is interesting to note that this study did take great measures to also define social anxiety as we know it.

For the purpose of this study, anxiety was defined as “being uncomfortable with face-to-face communication”. Teens that have a natural tendency to experience social anxiety use cell phones, texting, and social networking more frequently. Two major benefits of this study come from the technological implications of our world of communication amongst developing teens, and the vital gender differences that exist between teenage male and females. At the end of the study, females said they felt more comfortable with text messaging than did males. A study was done to distinguish the difference between anxiety and the personality trait of shyness. Whereas many do experience shyness and find it unappealing to draw attention to themselves, anxiety has a physical reaction and causes panic.

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The article found that 33% of teens owned a cell phone in 2005. It also found that females tend to use their cell phones more frequently than males. Teens stated that the use of text messaging is preferable because of the level of control it gives them over a conversation. They have more influence over the length of the conversation and the quality of conversation, due to the fact that there is an unlimited amount time to respond.

In order to measure the level of anxiety that young adults experienced, the blood pressure of each young adult was measured during two weeks. During that time, social technology was either restricted or allowed to be used at a normal rate. Another item measured was autonomy, or how independently detached from others the college students seemed to be. This was measured by observing the physical and mental stress levels each student experienced. The study found that restricting social technology does have an impact on the levels of anxiety a young adult feels. It was also found by the researchers that social technology does not have an impact on students’ autonomic activity, or how they act in a non-dependent and isolated manner.

The purpose of this study was to discover how technology impacts the amount of sleep, the quality of sleep and the depression or anxiety that could result from a lack of sleep. These were compared with the amount of time college students are awake due to the use of technology.

The study asked 236 college students to complete a questionnaire and keep a sleeping journal for about a week. The study found that 47% of students reported waking up in the night to answer a text message and 40% reported waking up to answer a phone call. A correlation was found between technology use and sleep quality. Higher technology usage correlated with poorer sleep quality. Those with poorer sleep quality were found to have higher levels of depression and anxiety.

The findings in this survey showed that quality of sleep can regulate the effects of technology on a college student’s level of depression or anxiety. The researchers indicated that it would be interesting to see how college students who have poor sleeping boundaries are psychologically affected after a long period of time.

In this study, no findings were found to be gender-specific in terms of technology use. No findings were gender-specific as to the levels of depression or anxiety a college student would feel. Lastly, researchers examined how college students’ use of technology to communicate with parents is associated with the quality of their parental relationships, as well as their type of attachment and levels of loneliness. A survey was conducted to distinguish the levels of communication. The survey consisted of three sections where participants selected responses to describe their communication patterns with each of the three types of people: (a) best friend; (b) romantic partner or, if not currently in a relationship, another close friend; and (c)closest family member.

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The results were quite different in the different communication channels. For instance, Results indicated that more frequent use of a SMS (text) to communicate with a parent or friend was linked to greater loneliness. More frequent phone communication was associated with more positive qualities about the parental/friend relationship: greater satisfaction, intimacy, support, and instrumental aid. Also, college students who report more supportive, satisfying, and emotionally intimate parental relationships talk to their parent on the phone more often. But those who use a SMS (text) to communicate with parents report higher levels of loneliness and anxious attachment, and conflict within the parental relationship. Technology is a great tool, but it also has negative effects depending on the use.

All the research suggested that there is a correlation between anxiety levels and mobile device use. In order to find how or if this was also a correlation on the BYU-Idaho Campus the meta-question “Do mobile devices increase anxiety levels” was developed into a survey and sent out for research to be found.

Meta-Question

“Do mobile devices increase anxiety levels?”

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A survey was distributed to 300 BYU-Idaho students that set out to discover if a corelation between cell phone usage and anxiety existed. Of the 300 surveys sent out, 68 were completed and returned.

In order to obtain results that were as unbiased as possible, the survey was distributed randomly to 300 students’ school email addresses from a pool of all students at BYU-Idaho. It was determined that a survey would be the most effective way to obtain answers to the anxiety question.

Survey questions, such as the ones used in this survey, need to be specific enough so that people understand the question and answer it in a accurate manner.

The first questions in the survey were designed to gather demographic information such as: are you male or female? Do you own a smartphone? How old are you? How anxious wold you rate yourself on average (scale from 0 to 100)? These questions helped to give more definitive answers about what gender and age use smartphones more and to what degree the usage influences anxiety.

Many of the questions used a Likert scale. The Likert scale works by giving a statement and asking the student to what degree they agree with or disagree with the statement. The selections are between strongly agree and strongly disagree.

This method of questioning provided answers with how the students really felt about different statements. This worked better in this case than asking the students to answer with their own answers because this allowed conclusions to be drawn more easily.

More questions were developed about what students use their phones for, how often they use their phone each day, if they experienc anxiety when they are away from their phone and if their phones are a distraction to them. This wide range of questions allowed the survey to help find how much anxiety cell phones cause BYU-Idaho students, if any.

After the questions were developed, the survey was distributed.After some responses were received, an additional invitation was sent to students to encourage those who hadn’t completed the survey to do so.

Methods

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Findings

Finding OneStudents use their Cell Phones/Tablet for: The survey was a random survey where N=68 students, Texting (27%), Social Media (20%), Homework (15%), Surfing the Web (13%), Talking (13%), and Other (13%). The survey results indicate that the majority of students use their cell phone for texting. Anxiety is caused by many different variables. This finding allows one to categorize where anxiety falls based on ownership of a smartphone or tablet. Social media is the second most area spent on a smartphone or tablet. One must understand that this is not a causation of anxiety by itself meaning one could not eliminate 20% of their social media intake and it would automatically decrease their anxiety level by that percentage. If one were to eliminate one of these selected areas it would only transfer their attention to one of the other areas stabilizing their anxiety levels. This finding is to categorize specific percentages spent on their smartphone or tablet. The survey indicates two specific areas where most time is spent on ones smartphone or tablet while the other areas have equal or close to equal percentages. However, Surfing the web has one of the lowest percentages in the given areas with a 12.9% usage of time spent on a smartphone or tablet it has the highest R^2 value of.30. The percentages we see here are only indicators of how students spend their time on their device. It is not a direct correlation to anxiety levels.

Finding TwoWomen report themselves more anxious overall than men. The survey results read as follows; Women report themselves at a baseline anxiety level of 45% out of 100%, while men are at 34% out of 100%. Average baseline anxiety presents itself as a feeling that occurs throughout all hours of any given day. Men are at average 11% less anxious than women are at any given time. This information was a presented randomly in a survey where N=68 students. 32 males and 36 females participated in the survey allowing adequate information to accurately depict the differences in men and women throughout the day. The R^2 value shown in the graph below for females is .58 which is significantly higher than the males R^2 value of .12. We can observe the differences in the two genders and anxiety allowing one to see how different variables, when added can affect the anxiety levels. These variable would be tasks such as texting, surfing the web, social media, and talking. In the graph below we see that the majority of women have a higher level of anxiety when they are in the ages of 18-21 (#1, Female Chart) , where men have the highest level of anxiety when they are 27+ (#4, Male Chart). A contributing factor to these percentages are whether or not males or females owned a cell phone. N=68 students, 25 females own a smartphone or tablet giving us a strong percentage of 69%. Males were at 71% when it came to owning a smartphone or tablet. Furthermore, the 69% of females who owned a smartphone or tablet had higher levels of anxiety and the same was with the 71% of males. Ownership of a smartphone or tablet correlates with higher baseline anxiety levels.

27%  

20%  

15%  

13%  

13%  

13%  

What  do  students  do  with  their  cell  phones?  

Tex,ng/Email  

Social  Media  (Facebook,  Twi@er,  Others)  

Homework  

Surfing  the  Web  

Talking  on  the  Phone  

0  

20  

40  

60  

80  

100  

Females   Males  

Average  Baseline  Anxiety    (addi2onal  charts  in  appendix)  

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Finding ThreeThe more time users spend surfing the web correlates with higher anxiety. The R^2 value to support this is .30. A linear regression equation was done to determine the R^2 value. This equation depicts the average percentage surfing the web resulted in an increase of anxiety. Surfing the web as we can see from the graph above in the first finding has a mode percentage of 12.9, but has the highest R^2 value when finding origins of anxiety. The survey presented to a group of N=68 students. As the chart increases in percentage one can see a steady incline of students and time spent surfing the web. The R^2 value of .30 shows the viewers that a strong correlation between anxiety and web surfing. This finding can be beneficial when finding the origins of anxiety. The student outlier said they spend 100% of their time on their smartphone or tablet surfing the web. On the other side of the spectrum three student said they spend 0% of their time surfing the web. The survey produced adequate information suggesting that 30% of anxiety is affected by surfing the web. It is important to note that anxiety is correlated with surfing the web. The R^2 value suggests a correlation between the two not causation. The linear regression equation helps denote whether or not the survey gave adequate informational results to depict if surfing the web has an affect on our anxiety levels, and the R^2 of .30 suggests it does.

Finding FourThe survey results indicate that men are more anxious when away from their phone in the short-run (< 1 hour). Whereas the results for females indicate that women are more anxious when they are away from their phone in the long-run (1 hour+). As time elapses one can see that women fall at 60% after 24-hours of being away from their phones. Men are at 38% anxiety level when they are away from their phone for more than five minutes. The results show a vast leap for women. A 24% anxiety increase in women when we compare five minutes (36%) to 24-hours (60%). The results show that women are more comfortable with being away from their phone for a longer period of time than men are. Men have a more steady anxiety level no matter if it has been five minutes or 24-hours showing only a 16% increase. The survey indicates that men after a one hour time lapse in being away from their phone has a 1% increase. At one hour men have an anxiety level of 56% and an anxiety level of 57% after 24 hours. Furthermore, women have a greater level of anxiety between one hour and 24 hours with a percentage increase of 4%. One can observe the differences of anxiety between men and women as time elapses. Men have a more constant level of anxiety based on the information given and women have more of an increase as time elapses (see chart below for more information).

y  =  0.0343x  -­‐  0.2475  R²  =  0.30439  

-­‐1  0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  

0   10   20   30   40   50   60   70   80   90   100  

How  many  hours  each  day  do  you  use  your  smart  phone  or  tablet  surf  the  web?  

0  

1  

2  

3  

4  

5  

5  Min   30  Min   1  H   24  H   5  Min   30  Min   1  H   24  H  

Anxiety  based  on  .me,  by  gender  

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Finding FiveYounger students are more likely to own a smartphone or tablet than older students. The percentage who own, by age: 18-20 (71%), 21-23 (78%), 24-26, (60%), 27+ (67%). The R^2 value resulted with a .27 for the percentage of students who own a smartphone or tablet by age. The study was done to observe how age correlates with ownership of a smartphone or tablet. In linear regression analyses, anxiety, attachment, and relationship indices were regressed on the amount of use of each device while including participant gender, age, and the frequency of face-to-face contact as covariates (see table below). However, when looking at the chart we can see the line digressing which would make you assume there is no correlation with age and ownership of the device. This thought would be false. The R^2 value of .27 allows one to observe the survey results had some correlation between age and ownership of some smart device. The linear regression allows us to speculate that the older the student is the less likely the student will be an owner of one of these two devices. The highest percentage of students owning a smartphone or tablet fell in the age group of 21-23 years of age. The survey indicates that students between the ages of 21-23 had the highest percentage of ownership of a smartphone or tablet at 78%. However, in other findings we see that students in the age category of 27+ had the highest levels of baseline anxiety indicating that baseline anxiety is not caused by a smart device by itself.

y  =  -­‐0.0308x  +  0.7663  R²  =  0.2695  

0%  10%  20%  30%  40%  50%  60%  70%  80%  90%  

18-­‐20   21-­‐23   24-­‐26   27  or  <  

Percentage  who  own  a  smartphone  or  tablet,  by  age  group  

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Discussion of Findings

In exploring the question, “Does mobile device ownership and use increase anxiety”, several conclusions can be drawn. First, the meta-question must be addressed. Two crucial things to consider are the ownership of a mobile device or smart phone, and the baseline anxiety of survey participants. The second finding shows that on average men are 11% less anxious than women at any given time. Additional research indicates that overall, women feel more comfortable texting than men (Pierce 2009). This may be an explanation for the interesting anxiety patterns discovered in this research study. The finding shows that men experience a more drastic increase (3%) in anxiety levels during the first hour of being away from their mobile device. After the first hour, the increase levels off. Women, on the other hand, experience negligible rises in anxiety during the first hour and a 4% increase from their baseline anxiety after that time.

It is possible that women feel the increase in anxiety after the first hour due to the fact that they are more comfortable with texting than men. It would also explain why men have a higher rise of anxiety during the first hour. Similarly, it is interesting to note that women naturally feel more anxious than men by 11%. There could be a multiplicity of reasons for this. A common assumption is that many women feel cultural pressures, such as body image, that cause them to feel more anxious at any given time. Another potential cause for this is a woman’s body may contain a higher percentage of anxiety-inducing hormones and chemicals. Additional research would be required to find a solid correlation. Regardless of the speculations, it is clear that there is a correlation between mobile device usage and anxiety. The next matter to address is whether or not a specific mobile device function is contributing to the anxiety more than other functions.

It was discovered through this research study that the most common use of a mobile device is texting, followed by Social Media. The assumption was made that perhaps texting is the culprit of this rise in anxiety. However, this was not the case. Upon further examination of the data it was determined that time surfing the web had the strongest connection to anxiety. The longer a user spent time surfing the web, the more anxious the user would begin to feel. The R^2 value to support this finding was a .30. It is likely that surfing the web includes Social Media, seeing as this was the second most common use for mobile devices. This connection to web surfing may also account for some of the additional findings.

The percentage of students who own a smart phone by age are as follows: 18-20 (71%), 21-23 (78%), 24-26, (60%), 27+ (67%). It is likely that the reason18 to 23-year-old students more frequently own smartphones is because they have financial support from parents. Beyond the age of 23, most students are financially independent and may not be able to afford a smart hone. You can see this in the drop from ages 24-26. Then we see a rise in smartphone ownership with the 27+ age group. Most mobile device owners have a career in which they make enough money to afford a smartphone. However, this same age group of 27+ has the highest baseline anxiety. This would indicate that smartphone ownership itself does not contribute to anxiety. However, perhaps web surfing is a factor in this just as it was a factor in the first correlative finding.

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To be clear, mobile device use does increase anxiety levels as it facilitates surfing the web. Further research could clarify many of the lingering questions. Future researchers may want to investigate the baseline anxiety in younger generations exposed to more technology versus older generations. Further research may also include further study on the most common web surfing activities to differentiate between Social Media, entertainment and information gathering. A separate study for gender differences may be enlightening as to why women naturally feel more comfortable texting than men. This could be a contributing factor to women having a naturally higher baseline anxiety. One last topic of research to consider would be the effect of texting on baseline anxiety levels. This analysis could review, not only the quantity of the messages but the content within them. Those who have higher anxiety may be found to receive more negative text messages. Methods suggested for future research would include: surveys, focus groups, textual analysis, and experiment.

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Shaw, Lindsay H.Gant, Larry M. 2002. “In Defense of the Internet: The Relationship between Internet Communication and Depression, Loneliness, Self-Esteem, and Perceived Social Support.” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 5, no. 2: 157-171. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection.

Reid, Donna J.Reid, Fraser J.M. 2007. “Text or Talk? Social Anxiety, Loneliness, and Divergent Preferences for Cell Phone Use.” Cyberpsychology & Behavior 10, no. 3: 424-435. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection

Jenaro, Cristina, Noeila Flores, Maria Gomez-Vela, Francisca Gonzalez-Gil, and Cristina Caballo. “Problematic internet and cell-phone use: Psychological, behavioral, and health correlates.”Addiction Research and Theory. no. 3 (2007): 309-320.

Pierce, Tamyra. “Social anxiety and technology: Face-to-face communication versus technological communication among teens.” Computers in Human Behavior. no. 6 (2009): 1367-1372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2009.06.003 (accessed October 23, 2013).

Chóliz, Mariano. “MOBILE PHONE ADDICTION: A POINT OF ISSUE.” Addiction 105, no. 2 (February 2010): 373-374. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2013).

Jin, Borae, Park, Namkee. “In-Person Contact Begets Calling and Texting: Interpersonal Motives for Cell Phone Use, Face-to-Face Interaction, and Loneliness.”CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR, AND SOCIAL NETWORKING. no. 6 (2010): 611-618.

Thomée, Sara, Annika Härenstam, and Mats Hagberg. “Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - a prospective cohort study.” BMC Public Health 11, no. 1 (January 2011): 66-76. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 21, 2013).

Durocher, John J., Kelly M. Lufkin, Michelle E. King, and Jason R. Carter. 2011. “Social technology restriction alters state-anxiety but not autonomic activity in humans.” American Journal Of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative & Comparative Physiology 70, no. 6: R1773-R1778. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed October 23, 2013).

Gentzler, Amy L.Oberhauser, Ann M.Westerman, DavidNadorff, Danielle K. 2011. “College Students’ Use of Electronic Communication with Parents: Links to Loneliness, Attachment, and Relationship Quality.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking 14, no. 1/2: 71-74. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection

Adams, Sue K., and Tiffani S. Kisler. 2013. “Sleep Quality as a Mediator Between Technology-Related Sleep Quality, Depression, and Anxiety.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking 16, no. 1: 25-30. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost(accessed October 23, 2013).

Bibliography

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1. Are you: __ Male __ Female

2. How old are you? __ 18-20 __ 21-23 __ 24-26 __ 27 or older

3. On average, how anxious do you feel on a daily basis? Scale from 0-100 4. Do you own a smart phone or a tablet? __ Yes __ No

5. How many hours each day do you use your smart phone or tablet to do the following? __ Homework __ Social Media (Facebook, Twitter, Others) __ Texting/Email __ Talking on the Phone __ Surfing the Web __ Any other

6. Rate your anxiety level if someone doesn’t respond to your virtual outreach within:

7. To what extent do you agree with the following statements?

8. About how many texts do you send each day?

9. To what extent do you agree with the following statements?

Survey

Very Unanxious

Somewhat Unanxious

Neutral Somewhat Anxious Very Anxious

5 Minutes30 Minutes1 Hour24 Hours

Very Unanxious

Somewhat Unanxious

Neutral Somewhat Anxious

Very Anxious

I sometimes purposely wait to respond to a text message to avoid appearing overly anxious.I feel anxious when I am away from my phone.

Very Unanxious

Somewhat Unanxious

Neutral Somewhat Anxious

Very Anxious

I wish texting was not such a prominent part of communication today.Texting is an inconvenience

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R²  =  0.57555  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

1   2   3   4  

Anxiety  Among  Women,  by  Age  

1. 18-202. 21-233. 24-264. 27 or <

1. 18-202. 21-233. 24-264. 27 or <

Additional Charts

R²  =  0.12474  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

1   2   3   4  

Anxiety  Among  Men,  by  Age