CELL ORGANELLES CELL ORGANELLES & FEATURES& FEATURESChapter 7, Section 3Chapter 7, Section 3

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1.1. Name at least 3 organs in your body Name at least 3 organs in your body and body and how they help you survive and body and how they help you survive (Fill in #’s 1,2,3 on your sheet).(Fill in #’s 1,2,3 on your sheet).

2.2. How are organelles in a cell like organs How are organelles in a cell like organs in your body?in your body?

PLASMA MEMBRANE (p.175)PLASMA MEMBRANE (p.175) Membrane Membrane

LipidsLipids Membrane Membrane

ProteinsProteins Cholesterol (lipid)Cholesterol (lipid)

in animals prevent in animals prevent membrane membrane freezing in low freezing in low tempstemps

Phospholipid BilayerPhospholipid Bilayer = designed so = designed so that the fatty acid tails (that the fatty acid tails (the part that the part that doesn’t doesn’t like waterlike water) are in the middle and ) are in the middle and the phosphate group heads (the phosphate group heads (the part that the part that likeslikes water water) face the inside & outside of ) face the inside & outside of the cellthe cell

Membrane ProteinsMembrane Proteins 1. Integral Proteins1. Integral Proteins = proteins = proteins

embedded in membraneembedded in membrane Surface markersSurface markers Receptors for chemical signalsReceptors for chemical signals Transport ProteinsTransport Proteins = move substances & = move substances &

waste materials through the plasma waste materials through the plasma membranemembrane

2. Peripheral Proteins2. Peripheral Proteins = lie on one side = lie on one side of membrane, of membrane, not embeddednot embedded

Fluid Mosaic ModelFluid Mosaic Model Phospholipid Bilayer behaves more as a Phospholipid Bilayer behaves more as a

fluidfluid rather than a solid rather than a solid Proteins & Lipids can move laterallyProteins & Lipids can move laterally Constantly changing “mosaic” patternConstantly changing “mosaic” pattern Membrane is Membrane is selectively permeableselectively permeable, ,

letting only certain materials in & outletting only certain materials in & out http://www.susanahalpine.com/anim/Life/

memb.htm

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3. What is in the nucleus of the cell and 3. What is in the nucleus of the cell and why is it so important?why is it so important?

NUCLEUS & CELL NUCLEUS & CELL CONTROL (P.180)CONTROL (P.180)

Nucleus Nucleus = houses and protects cell’s = houses and protects cell’s genetic info/blueprints, DNAgenetic info/blueprints, DNA

ChromatinChromatin = period of non-division DNA = period of non-division DNA in a threadlike formin a threadlike form

Chromosomes Chromosomes = during division DNA = during division DNA condensescondenses

Nuclear EnvelopeNuclear Envelope = = 22 lipid bilayer lipid bilayer membranesmembranes surround nucleus surround nucleus covered with covered with nuclear poresnuclear pores (allows RNA in (allows RNA in

and out)and out) NucleolusNucleolus = concentrated DNA, area = concentrated DNA, area

within within nucleusnucleus, where , where ribosomesribosomes are are mademade RibosomesRibosomes = site of protein production = site of protein production

CytoplasmCytoplasm = fluid = fluid cytosolcytosol and and organellesorganelles

Assembly, Transport , Assembly, Transport , & Storage (p.181)& Storage (p.181)OrganellesOrganelles are suspended within the are suspended within the cell’s cell’s cytosolcytosol

ENDOPLASMIC ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUMRETICULUM

Site of cellular Site of cellular chemical reactionschemical reactions Series of folded membranes, folding Series of folded membranes, folding

allows it to better fit in a small spaceallows it to better fit in a small space 2 types,2 types, rough rough & & smoothsmooth

1. Rough ER 1. Rough ER Covered with Covered with Ribosomes Ribosomes Produces proteins & phospholipids (makes Produces proteins & phospholipids (makes

digestive enzymes)digestive enzymes) 2. Smooth ER2. Smooth ER

Lacks ribosomesLacks ribosomes Builds lipids (cholesterol, estrogen, Builds lipids (cholesterol, estrogen,

testosterone)testosterone)

GOLGI APPARATUSGOLGI APPARATUS System of flattened, membrane sacsSystem of flattened, membrane sacs Modifies proteins Modifies proteins Packages proteins in Packages proteins in vesiclesvesicles to be sent to be sent

to other locations in the cellto other locations in the cell Vesicles get modified as they travel Vesicles get modified as they travel

through Golgi apparatusthrough Golgi apparatus

VACUOLESVACUOLES VacuoleVacuole = =

compartments for compartments for storage (food, storage (food, enzymes, etc.)enzymes, etc.)

Vacuoles are mainly Vacuoles are mainly found in plant cells found in plant cells

LYSOSOMESLYSOSOMES LysosomeLysosome = =

organelles containing organelles containing digestive enzymes digestive enzymes

Digest worn out Digest worn out organelles, food, organelles, food, viruses & bacteriaviruses & bacteria

Energy Transformers Energy Transformers (p.184)(p.184)

CHLOROPLASTSCHLOROPLASTS Found in plantsFound in plants A type of A type of plastidplastid ChlorophyllChlorophyll = green = green

pigment in pigment in chloroplasts, traps chloroplasts, traps light energylight energy to be to be converted into converted into chemical energychemical energy

MITOCHONDRIAMITOCHONDRIA Organelles that Organelles that

transfer energy transfer energy from organic from organic molecules to molecules to ATP ATP

ATPATP = = adenosine adenosine triphosphatetriphosphate, , stores energy in stores energy in structurestructure

Highly active cells (muscle cells) have Highly active cells (muscle cells) have more mitochondriamore mitochondria

Has Has 2 membranes2 membranes Outer MembraneOuter Membrane = separates mitochondria = separates mitochondria

from cytosolfrom cytosol Inner MembraneInner Membrane = shaped into folds to fit in = shaped into folds to fit in

a small space, where chemical reactions to a small space, where chemical reactions to produce energy occurproduce energy occur

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4. Compare mitochondria and chloroplast.4. Compare mitochondria and chloroplast.5. Contrast mitochondria and chloroplast. 5. Contrast mitochondria and chloroplast. 6. 6. Which cells contain mitochondria? Which cells contain mitochondria? 7. Which cells have chloroplasts?7. Which cells have chloroplasts?

Organelles for Organelles for Support & Support & LocomotionLocomotion(p.185)(p.185)

CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON Network of tubes & filaments crisscrossing Network of tubes & filaments crisscrossing

cytosol cytosol Gives shape to cellGives shape to cell Acts as “highway system” to move materials Acts as “highway system” to move materials

throughout the cellthroughout the cell MicrotubulesMicrotubules = thin, hollow cylinders made of = thin, hollow cylinders made of

proteinprotein MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments = smaller, solid protein fibers = smaller, solid protein fibers

Cilia & FlagellaCilia & Flagella = = hairlike structures, hairlike structures, extend from cell extend from cell body, movementbody, movement

CentriolesCentrioles = 2 short = 2 short cylinders of cylinders of microtubules, found microtubules, found in animal cells, in animal cells, organize organize microtubules during microtubules during cell division cell division