Cell Organelles Aims: Must be able to state the names and roles of the main cell organelles. Should be able to describe and draw the structure of the main cell organelles. Could be able to relate the structure of the organelles to the roles they perform. Mitochondrion (ia) ROLE: Production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (Aerobic Respiration). Inner Matrix contains enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation. Also contains DNA, RNA and ribosomes capable of duplication. Inner membrane contains the electron transfer chain. Site of attachment of the stalked particles responsible for the production of ATP. ROLE: Protein synthesis. FREE ribosomes produce cytoplasmic proteins. Ribosomes bound to ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Produce proteins for packaging and export. Composed of two sub-units Sub-unit is made of RNA and globular proteins. Ribosomes Endoplasmic Reticulum Large envelopes of membrane. ROUGH Ribosomes are attached to the surface. Transport and Modification of proteins produced by the ribosomes. SMOOTH No Ribosomes present. Involved in membrane synthesis. Also involved in steroid production. Made from modified SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. Like a stack of circular sacs. Involved in final modification and packaging of proteins. GLYCOPROTEINS and GLYCOLIPIDS are formed here. Involved in the formation of LYSOSOMES and PEROXISOMES. Golgi Body (Apparatus) Lysosomes Membrane bound vesicle (stain very dark). Cause AUTOLYSIS cell destruction. Act in the cell to destroy foreign macromolecules, bacteria, viruses. Contain mixture of proteases, lipase, DNAase involved in INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION. Membrane bound vesicle. Contains enzymes which generate Hydrogen Peroxide (powerful oxidising agent which destroys bacteria). Also contains enzymes which destroy Hydrogen Peroxide. Peroxisomes Microtubules, Microfilaments Make up cytoskeleton. Microtubules are composed of tubulin, molecules usually arranged in highly ordered manor. Microfilaments are often composed of actin and are involved in intercellular transport. Microtubules are found in the spindle formed during cell division. Only found in Animal Cells. Occur in pairs. Composed of 9+2 microtubules. Involved in the organisation of the mitotic and meiotic spindle which pulls chromosomes apart. Responsible for cell polarity in Animals, determine the direction cell divides. Centrioles Chloroplasts Involved in photosynthesis: Boundary is a double membrane Inner extends to form a system of membranous sacs (LAMELLA / THYLAKOIDS), several together form GRANA. Location for Light Dependent reactions of photosynthesis. STROMA, semi-fluid substance between grana, contains enzymes needed in Light Independent reactions of photosynthesis. ROLE: Control of cellular activities. Distinct spherical structure encased by a double membrane (EUKARYOTIC CELLS). PROKARYOTIC CELLS have no membrane surrounding genetic material. Contain one or more large inclusions NUCLEOLI Aggregation of RNA. Nucleus