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Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Cover Page(see guidelines on page 21)

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Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Front Page

At the end of this unit I will:

Be able to classify the categories of organic compounds Identify the difference between organic and inorganic compounds, and the elements

essential to life. Describe how organic compounds are separated and formed. Define lipids and explain the functions of three lipid polymers. Identify the monomers that build each of the lipid polymers. Explain, draw, and label the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Describe the similarities and differences between the active and passive transport systems

of membranes and classify the various types of transport. Know the function of different types of membrane proteins. Explain tonicity and how it affects the movement of water in osmosis.

Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes I will understand are:

Biochemistry: carbo-, hydro-, mono-, poly-, -synthesis Lipids and Phospholipids: phospho-, tri-, -philia, -phobia, -glycerine Cell Membrane and Transport: permeo-, iso-, hyper-, hypo-, endo-, exo-, -lysis, -tonic

The terms I can clearly define are:

Biochemistry: Carbohydrate, Protein, Nucleic acid, Lipid, Dehydration synthesis, Polymerization, Hydrolysis, Organic Compounds, Inorganic Compounds, Monomers, Polymers

Lipids and Phospholipids: Phospholipid, Triglyceride, Sterol, Hydrophilic, Hydrophobic Cell Membrane and Transport: Selective Permeability, Fluid-Mosaic Model, Isotonic,

Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Passive Transport, Active Transport, Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion, Protein Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis, Concentration Gradient, Plasmolysis, Marker Proteins, Channel Proteins

The assignments I will have completed by the end of this unit are: Biochemistry, Lipids, and Phospholipids notes (pages 116 - 120) Checking for Understanding Lipids/Phospholipids (pages 121 - 122) Cell Membrane & Transport Notes (pages 123 - 126) Crossing the Membrane (page 134) Different Types of Solutions (page 132) Real Life Application of Cell Transport (page 140) Egg Osmosis Demo (pages 137 - 138) Plasmolysis Lab (pages 142 - 144) Cell Membrane Study Guide (pages 145 – 143)

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Organic Compounds

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What indicator would one use to test for the presence of Lipids?

_______________________ __________________

What are the functions of Lipids?

What elements make up Lipids? ________, ________, and _________

Lipids Proteins

Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids

Polymerization : A bond is formed and a water molecule is lost (removal of a water molecule to form a new bond).

: A bond is broken when a water molecule is added.

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Introduction to Biochemistry Notes

What is

biochemistry?

What elements are

essential to life?

What is the difference

between organic and

inorganic chemistry?

Organic compounds contain high numbers of ________________ bonded to

_______________________.

Organic compounds are usually biological in origin, while inorganic compounds

are minerals, salts, or metals.

Why is carbon

considered the

“element of life”?

A carbon atom can create short, strong, and stable bonds with ________ other

atoms.

This allows carbon to form chains, rings, branches, and isomers.

What are the four

categories of organic

compounds?

1. C

2. L

3. P

4. N

How are organic

compounds formed

and separated?

Organic compounds are formed and separated in similar ways

1. Formation (Polymerization):___________________________________

2. Separation: ________________________________________________

What is

polymerization?

The forming of large organic ________________________________ by the

joining of smaller repeating subunits called ___________________________.

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Lipids & Phospholipids Notes

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Lipids & Phospholipids Notes

What is a lipid?A lipid is any molecule that DOES ________ mix with water.They are ____________________________ (hydrophobic)

What are the functions of lipids?

Lipids function in:– ___________________ (E) storage– and as chemical messengers

ex. ____________________________________– forming _________________________________________

What elements are they made of?

Made up mostly of C_____________ and H______________ (with a few O________________)

Name the three polymers of lipids and their monomer composition.

1. Fats (Triglycerides) Monomers: ___________ + 3 ___________ ____________ Fatty acids w/no double bonds = _______________ (solid) Fatty acids w/ double bonds = _______________ (liquid)

Double bonds cause the fatty acid tails to bend and the lipids take up more space.

2. Sterols Lipid whose carbon skeleton consists of four fused rings. Includes: ___________________ , ______________________,

______________________ Make up cell membranes.

3. Phospholipids Monomers: _____________w/ ______________ Head + ____Fatty

Acid Chains

What are some characteristics of phospholipids?

o _________________ “both lover”

hydro__________ phosphate head

hydro ____________ tail

o forms ____ layers in water

o makes up _______ ___________________

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Checking for Understanding: Lipids

1. Looking at the structure of the ________-glyceride above, do you think this lipid is a large or a small

organic compound?___________________________________________

2. According to the structure above and what we have discussed about bonds, what do you think is one

of the major functions of lipids in living systems?

___________________________________________________________________

3. Without gaining or losing any atoms, how could you make this structure take up more space?

4. Draw what you think that structure would look like below.

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Checking for Understanding: Phospholipids

Follow your teacher’s instructions to draw a “flirtatious” phospholipid and water droplet in the space below.

1. Which part “likes” water?

2. What is the term for “water-loving”?

3. Which part doesn’t like water?

4. What is the term for “water-hating?”

5. How would a group of phospholipids arrange themselves if placed in water? Draw this type

of arrangement below.

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Cell Membrane & Transport Notes

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Cell Membrane & Transport NotesAside from phospholipids, what else can be found in the plasma membrane?

Define selectively permeable.

What types of cells have a cell membrane?

_____________________________ cells have a cell membrane, including___________________________________________________________________________

Why is the cell membrane referred to as the “fluid mosaic model”?

The phospholipids that make up the cell membrane are fairly__________________________. They do not stick to the neighboring phospholipids, which gives the membrane a fluid-like appearance.

Based on membrane properties, what can and can not pass through the membrane?

CAN PASS THROUGH

CAN NOT PASS THROUGH

What are the three types of solutions?

What is an isotonic solution?

• [Water] inside cell = [Water] outside cell

• Cell is at ____________________– Molecules are equally distributed in the end.

• The amount of water entering the cell = the amount of water leaving the cell

What is a hypotonic solution?

• A solution that has_____________ water, and ________ solute

• The cell can lyse or burst if left in a ______________________ solution

What is a hypertonic solution?

• A solution that has _________ water and _____________ solute

• The cell will _______________________________Choose the best answer: What direction does water flow?

a) Water doesn’t flow at all.b) Water flows from an area of low concentration to an area of

high concentration.c) Water flows from an area of high concentration to an area of

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low concentration.

Active vs. Passive Transport

Use the terms below to fill in the blanks:

Active Transport Passive Transport DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion ATP (Cell Energy)

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Cell Membrane & Transport NotesFill in the T-chart to contrast passive and active transport Passive Transport Active Transport

What are the 3 types of passive transport? Define them.

What are 3 examples of active transport?

What is a protein pump? Protein pumps use ___________________ to pull or pump materials into

or out of the cell to _______________________ or _________________

substances the cell needs.

What is endocytosis? Endocytosis occurs when a particle is ________________ into the cell.

What are the 2 types of endocytosis and explain the difference

1.

2.

What is exocytosis?Endocytosis occurs when a ___________________ carrying a substance

fuses with the _______ ______________________ and releases the

substance out of the cell.

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Different Types of Cell Membrane Proteins

1. What are the four general types of proteins found anchored in the cell membrane?

_____________________,________________________, ________________________and ________________________

2. The ______________________ protein identifies the cell type and to whom the cell belongs.

3. ______________________ found in cell membranes help speed up the rate of reactions. For

instance, converting one substance into another.

4. The ______________________ protein receives information from outside the cell and passes it into

the cell.

5. The ______________________ protein is a passageway through the cell membrane.

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Y

TRANSPORTERS RECEPTORS ENZYMES SIGNAL/RECOGNITION

Checking for Understanding: Types of Solutions

Use your notes to label each of the types of solutions in which the cells are submerged in below.

A. ________________ ____ B. C.

This is a type of passive transport, but since it specifically is focused on the transport of water, what

type of passive transport is this?

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WANTED!

The Cell Membrane(a.k.a., “The Plasma Membrane,”

“Selectively Permeable Membrane”“Semipermeable Membrane,”

“Phospholipid Bilayer” and “Fluid Mosaic Model”)

Wanted for aiding and abetting certain molecules across the membrane. For this, the cell membrane has earned its alias, “’Selectively ‘ or ‘Semi’ permeable Membrane.” Only certain molecules are allowed across the membrane, while others are not.

Height: Between 3 and 10 nanometers. If you are on the lookout, be warned: You will need an electron microscope to see the membrane.

Known Accomplices: The cell membrane was last seen surrounding every living cell. It is known to surround bacterial cells, as well as plant and animal cells. In addition to making up the outer membranes of cells, phospholipids surround every membrane-bound organelle.

Identifying Features: The cell membrane primarily consists of Phospholipids, always arranged so that the hydrophobic (water-“fearing”) tails of the phospholipid face another tail from another phospholipid. The phospholipids are fairly slippery, and do not stick to neighboring phospholipids. This property gives a “plasma-like” or “fluid” appearance to the membrane. Embedded within the membrane (which is mostly made up of phospholipids) are cholesterols (making the membrane less fluid) and large proteins that help with many different functions. Carbohydrate side chains are also often found on the outer surface of the membrane.

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Cell Membrane Reading ComprehensionRead the “Wanted” column on the previous page to answer the questions below.

How did the cell membrane earn each of the following aliases?

1. Plasma membrane:

2. Selectively permeable membrane:

3. Semipermeable membrane:

4. Phospholipid bilayer:

5. Fluid mosaic model:

Use the features listed below to identify the structures that are found in cell membranes:

A. PhospholipidB. Carbohydrate side-chainC. GlycoproteinD. Membrane ProteinE. Inside of CellF. Outside of CellG. Hydrophobic RegionH. Hydrophilic Region

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Different Types of SolutionsRead the passage below and answer the questions that follow.

Whenever the concentration of a dissolved substance is higher on one side of a membrane than on the other, there is a concentration gradient. Movement of water across the membrane depends on this concentration gradient. In osmosis water flows into and out of a cell until the concentration of water molecules is equal on each side of the cell membrane. At this point the flow of molecules into and out of the cell is in a state of equilibrium. In an isotonic solution the concentration of solute outside the cell is the same as that inside the cell. If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the rate of diffusion of water into the cell is exactly the same as the rate of diffusion of water out of the cell. In a hypotonic solution the concentration of solute outside the cell is lower than that inside the cell. Cells placed in a hypotonic solution swell up because water moves from the solution into the cell until the solutions inside and outside the cell are equal in concentration. In a hypertonic solution the concentration of the solute outside the cell is greater than that inside the cell. Cells placed in a hypertonic solution shrivel up and lose their shape because more water flows out of the cells than into them.

The diagrams below represent the three types of solutions: isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic.

1. Indicate which type of solution is shown in each of the three diagrams above.A. _____________________ B. _____________________ C. _______________________

2. Which diagram, A, B, or C, shows no concentration gradient? ________

3. Which diagram, A, B, or C, represents a situation in which the cell will decrease in size and lose its shape? _________

4. In each of the diagrams, use an arrow to indicate if there is a net flow of water into or out of the cell.

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Warm Up:

The image on the left follows the path of particles as they enter and leave the cell. Describe the image using the vocabulary words:

EndocytosisExocytosisPlasma membrane Vesicle

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Crossing the MembraneWhat types of substances are “permitted” across the semi-permeable membrane?

Use the image below the table to help fill in this table. Check your answers with your teacher’s.Can Pass through Membrane Cannot Pass through Membrane

Solubility?

Size?

Charge?

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Membrane Proteins The cell needs substances that cannot pass through he membrane. How does a cell get these substances across a membrane?

1. What structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?

Write the correct number next to the term that corresponds to the numbered images:

______ concentration gradient ______ carrier protein

______ transported molecule ______ channel protein

______ lipid bilayer ______ simple diffusion

______ active transport ______ passive transport

2. Based on the chart you made on page 134 what types of molecules need to pass through

these membrane proteins because they cannot pass through the membrane?

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Egg-Osmosis Demo

ABSTRACT:

In this demonstration, you will observe osmosis, the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane, from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Sketch the set-up that your teacher demonstrates. After a minimum of 24 hours, sketch the results of the experiment, then reflect on why this happened by answering the follow up questions.

BEFORE (Water) BEFORE (Salt Water) BEFORE (Syrup)Starting Mass: Starting Mass: Starting Mass:

AFTER (Water) AFTER (Salt Water) BEFORE (Syrup)

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End Mass: End Mass: End Mass:

Egg-Osmosis Demo

1. Is the water in the beaker hypotonic or hypertonic compared to the egg?

2. Is the salt water in the beaker hypotonic or hypertonic compared to the egg?

3. For the egg set in water, which direction did the water flow? What is the evidence?

3. For the egg set in salt water, which direction did the water flow? What is the evidence?

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4. What happened to the egg placed in syrup? Is the syrup hypotonic or hypertonic to the egg?

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Real Life Application of Cell Transport

A report in the 23 April 1998 issue of The New England Journal of Medicine tells of the life-threatening complications that can be caused by an ignorance of osmosis.

Large volumes of a solution of 5% human albumin (a protein in the blood) are injected into people undergoing a procedure called plasmapheresis.

The albumin is dissolved in physiological saline (0.9% NaCl) and is therefore isotonic to human plasma (the large protein molecules of albumin have only a small osmotic effect).

If 5% solutions are unavailable, pharmacists may substitute a proper dilution of a 25% albumin solution. Mixing 1 part of the 25% solution with 4 parts of diluent (a substance that something else is dissolved in) results in the correct 5% solution of albumin.

BUT, in several cases, the diluent used was sterile water, not physiological saline. SO, the resulting solution was strongly hypotonic to human plasma. The Result: Massive, life-threatening hemolysis (releasing blood into the surrounding body

fluids) in the patient.

Draw a picture of what is happening in a patient’s cells in the space provided below, use arrows to show the net flow of water:

Patient’s red blood cell in physiological saline Patient’s red blood cell in sterile water

Based upon this, what do you think the symptoms of hemolysis would be?

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Understanding Diffusion and Permeability: Plasmolysis Lab

ABSTRACT:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OBJECTIVE: To understand how materials move from areas of greater concentration to areas of lower concentration through diffusion, through a permeable membrane.

MATERIALS:

Microscope glass slide

2 coverslips 2 Elodea leaves

water 6% salt solution

HYPOTHESIS:

If a freshwater leaf is placed in salt water, then water will flow (into or out of) the leaf cells.

PROCEDURE

1. Prepare a wet mount of two elodea leaves on the same slide. Use 2 drops of tap water on one leaf, and 2 drops of salt water on the other leaf. Cover each with a cover slip. Make sure the two liquids on the slide do NOT run together. If they do, discard the leaves and start over.

2. Wait at least 3 minutes.

3. Observe each under both low and high powers. Carefully observe the location of the chloroplasts (the small green structures) in relation to the cell wall of both leaves.

4. Draw a diagram of the normal cell and the plasmolyzed cell in the circles on page 143.

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Understanding Diffusion and Permeability: Plasmolysis Lab

FLOWCHART – (See page 16 for directions)

Title: Elodea leaf, Normal cell Title: Elodea leaf , Plasmolyzed cell

Magnification: Magnification:

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Understanding Diffusion and Permeability: Plasmolysis Lab

ANALYSIS:

Read the following four statements before answering the questions:

a. Elodea cells normally contain 1% salt and 99% water on the inside.

b. Tap water used in this investigation contains 1% salt and 99% water.

c. Salt water used in this investigation contains 6% salt and 94% water.

d. Salt water has a higher concentration of salt than fresh water or Elodea cells.

1. Describe the location of chloroplasts in a normal Elodea cell (in tap water).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the location of chloroplasts in a plasmolyzed cell (in salt water).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Answer the following questions about the cell in tap water:

3. What is the percentage of water outside the cell? ______________

4. What is the percentage of water inside the cell? ____________

Answer the following questions about the cell in salt water:

5. What is the percentage of water outside the cell at the start of this lab? ____________

6. What is the percentage of water inside the cell at the start of this lab? ____________

7. Which way did the water move, from inside the cell to outside, or from outside to inside the cell?

_________________________________________________________________________

8. Describe how the shape of the cell changed after being put in salt water.

_________________________________________________________________________

9. How would you define plasmolysis? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Cell Membrane and Transport Study Guide

Plasma Membrane Structure and Properties:

In the following image below:

1. Draw a box around one phospholipid.

2. Label the brackets as being either hydrophobic region or hydrophilic region.

3. Label all the leader lines with the following terms:

carbohydrate side chain

marker protein

channel protein

4. The plasma or cell membrane is considered __________________ __________________ because it regulates

what enters and leaves the cell.

5. The monomers that make up a phospholipid are ____________ group attached to a ______________

molecule and two _________ __________ tails.

6. The phosphate heads are _________________ (water-loving).

7. The fatty acid tails are _______________ (water-hating)

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8. Because of this property, phospholipids form ____ layers in water, with the hydrophobic tails

facing ____ and the hydrophilic heads facing the ______________.

9. Due to the membrane’s hydrophobic and fatty properties, the cell membrane allows the following

items to pass through:

a.

b.

c.

10. Charged molecules or ________ cannot penetrate the hydrophobic core because it is ________________

(water-loving). Things that are too __________ in size also cannot pass through the core, unless it is

assisted by a _____________ protein.

Cell Transport Methods:

11. Complete the Venn Diagram comparing and contrasting Active vs. Passive Transport. Passive Active

12. List three types of passive transport:

a.

b.

c.

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13. Draw arrows in the diagram to the right, indicating the direction in which the particles move

across the membrane via diffusion.

14. What is osmosis?

15. In the image to the right, draw an arrow indicating the

movement of water molecules through the membrane via osmosis.

16. The glucose in the image to the right is too big to pass through

the membrane. However, if it were to be “assisted” across the

membrane by a channel protein, this process would be called

______________ _______________.

17. List three types of active transport:

a.

b.

c.

18. Which letter(s) to the right best represents active

transport?

19. Which letter(s) to the right best represents passive

transport?

20. The energy that the cell uses for active transport is called ___ ___ ___

21. Why might material need energy to move through the cell membrane?

a.

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b.

22. Draw arrows in the diagram to the right, indicating the

direction in which the particles move across the membrane via

active transport.

23. Name two ways in which a particle that is too large to fit

through the cell membrane can still enter the cell?

a. _______________________________________________

b. _______________________________________________

24. Which diagram to the right represents exocytosis?

25. Which diagram to the right represents endocytosis?

26. Explain what is happening in the diagram through the

process of endocytosis and distinguish between

phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

27. Explain what is happening in the diagram through the process of exocytosis.

28. A cell is soaking in a 20% salt solution. What percent of this solution is water? _____ If the cell

itself has 10% solutes, what percent of the cell is water? ______. This makes the cell (hypo-, iso-,

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A

B

hyper-) tonic compared to the salt solution, which is (hypo-, iso-, hyper-) tonic. Water will therefore

move ________ of the cell, and the cell will _____________ in size.

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Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Concept Cards

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Parent/ Significant Adult Review Page

Student PortionUnit Summary (write a summary of the past unit using 5-7 sentences):

Explain your favorite assignment in this unit:

Adult PortionDear Parent/ Significant Adult:This Interactive Notebook represents your student’s learning to date and should contain the work your student has completed. Please take some time to look at the unit your student just completed, read his/ her reflection and respond to the following

Ask your child to explain the difference between active and passive transport, and write a fact from your conversation below:

Areas my student could improve are:

Parent/ Significant Adult Signature:

Comments? Questions? Concerns? Feel free to email their teachers.

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Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Concept Map(see directions on page 21)

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Cell Membrane and Transport Unit Back Page

The California State Standards I have come to use and understand are:

Cells are enclosed within semipermeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings.

The functions of the nervous system and the role of neurons in transmitting electrochemical impulses.

The kidneys are responsible for the removal of nitrogenous wastes and the liver detoxifies blood maintains glucose balance.

Muscle contractions involve actin, myosin, Ca+2 , and ATP.

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