Cell Division Gone Wrong….

Cancer

Rates of Cell Division

•Inner lining of small intestine – a week or less

•Pancreas – a year or more•Liver – Cell rarely divide unless injured•Skin – Cells will divide to replace cells

▫Healthy skin – lower rate of cell division•Cancer – Greater rate than the

surrounding tissue

What causes Cancer?•A mutation that occurs in a cell’s DNA that increases it’s rate of cell division

What is Cancer?

•A Cancer cell keeps dividing despite messages from the nucleus to stop growing and dividing

Cancer results in a Tumour• Rapidly growing cells that form a lump

• May or may not affect surrounding cells.

Colon Cancer Cells

Benign Tumour•A growth with no serious effects on surrounding tissue except crowding of cells.

Malignant Tumour

• A growth that interferes with the function of neighbouring cells and tissues

• Can destroy surrounding tissue

Secondary Tumours

• A group of cells which breaks away from the original (primary) tumour.

• Metastasis – The process of a cancerous cell travelling through the body to settle in a new location.

Metastatic CancerTumours found in the colon might not be colon cancer.

Most Common Metastasis SitesBladder Bone, liver, lung

Breast Bone, brain, liver, lung

Colorectal Liver, lung, peritoneum

KidneyAdrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, lung

LungAdrenal gland, bone, brain, liver, other lung

MelanomaBone, brain, liver, lung, skin/muscle

Ovary Liver, lung, peritoneum

Pancreas Liver, lung, peritoneum

ProstateAdrenal gland, bone, liver, lung

Stomach Liver, lung, peritoneum

Thyroid Bone, liver, lung

UterusBone, liver, lung, peritoneum, vagina

Lung Cancer

Cancer Video

Mitosis Gone Wrong

Lung Cancer Cell

Prostrate Cancer Cell

Breast Cancer Cell

Cell Division leading to Benign and Malignant Tumours

Causes of Cancer

•Carcinogens – environmental factorstobacco smoke Radiation (x-rays)UV rays (sun, tanning beds)Some virusesChemicals in some plastics

Causes of Cancer

•HereditaryCalled inherited cancer An abnormal gene (piece of DNA) is passed from parent to child that can potentially cause cancerEx. Genes associated with breast and colon cancers

Diagnosing Cancer

Cancer screening – Increase the chance for early detection and treatment.

Cancer Screening•Check to see if inherited DNA is linked to cancer; important with family history of breast or colon cancer.

Colon cancer

Breast Cancer Cells

Cancer Screening•Breast Cancer – regular self examination•Cervical Cancer – regular pap smears•Testicular Cancer – testicular self exam•Prostate Cancer – blood test•Skin Cancer – check moles for “ABCD”Asymmetry, Border, Color, and Diameter

Irregular Mole

Diagnosing Cancer

Imaging Technology•Endoscopy – camera, cable sent into the body to look at tissue and remove tissue samples

Diagnosing Cancer

•X-ray – to view bones/lungs

•Mammogram – to view breast tissue

•Ultrasound – sound waves create a digitalimage

Diagnosing Cancer

•CT or CAT scan – multiple x-rays assembled in an image more detailed than x-rays

•MRI – radio waves create 3D models of images

Diagnosing Cancer

•Biopsy – look at a sample of cells under a microscope.

Treatment for Cancer•Surgery – removal of cancerous tissue

•Chemotherapy• specific drugs to slow/stop cancer division• side effects – hair loss, nausea, fatigue

Treatment for Cancer

•Radiation•damages Cancer DNA• focused beam or implant

Treatment for Cancer

•Biophotonics•uses light energy to diagnose and treat living cells• fewer side effects• accurate target with cancer cells

Radiation Technology

•Video

Reducing the Risk

•Lifestyle choices:Healthy Diet – lots of fruits and vegetables, reduced fatty meat.

Exercise – some cancers are associated with higher body fat.

Reducing the RiskAvoid Smoking - every cigarette feeds your body with chemicals which covert in your body to toxic compounds which change

the DNA of body cells.

Vocabulary!Tumour Benign TumourMalignant TumourMutations UltrasoundCarcinogens EndoscopyCT scan BiophotonicsMRI Chemotherapy

Work!1. What is a tumour?2. What does it mean when a tumour goes

through metastasis?3. Why is important to screen yourself for

cancer?4. What is a carcinogen? Identify two

carcinogens.5. Name two different treatments and

indicate how they work. 6. What can you do to prevent yourself

from getting cancer?