cell cycle review aka.. the story of the life of a cell
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Cycle REVIEW
aka.. The story of the life of a cell.
![Page 2: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What phase does a cell spend most of its time in? Interphase– subphase=G1
What happens in G1?
The cell is metabolically active=
Performing the chemical reactions needed for the cell to do all the jobs in needs to do
![Page 3: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
In G1, What is DNA called and what does it look like? Chromatin
A thin, tangled mass (good for directing protein making to catalyze chemical rxns).
What is the G1 checkpoint checking for:
Is the cell healthy enough and large enough to divide?
![Page 4: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What happens in S phase?
Synthesis of, Replication of, Duplication of:
DNA
Need two copies of the DNA if the cell is going to divide and make two identical cells from the original
![Page 5: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What happens in G2?
The DNA coils and condenses.
Each strand joins to its duplicate at the centromere- now called duplicated chromosome made of two sister chromatids.
Centriole is duplicated, too What does the G2 checkpoint check for?
It checks the DNA to make sure it was copied accurately. If not, repairs can be made or cell can die.
![Page 6: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Now for Mitosis!
What will divide in Mitosis?
The Nucleus!
How many subphases are there in Mitosis?
4= PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
![Page 8: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Describe Prophase.
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Centrioles move to opposite poles
Spindle fibers attach to chromosomes
![Page 9: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What happens in Metaphase?
Spindles move the duplicated chromosomes to the equator (midline)
They line up head to toe in a row
![Page 10: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Anaphase
Duplicated chromosomes are pulled apart
They are now unduplicated
They move to opposite sides (poles)
![Page 11: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Telophase- the last phase of Mitosis
Two nuclei form
The membranes around them form
Spindles break down
![Page 12: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cytokinesis
The cytoplasm is divided and the two separate cells form. They are identical.
In plant cells, a cell plate forms (see above)
In animal cells, the cytoplasm pinches or furrows in (see right).
![Page 13: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Identify the following: chromosomes, chromatids, centromere, centriole, spindle
![Page 14: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
What does the DNA instruct the cell to make? Protein
Specifically, enzymes that:
Catayze reactions including the process of cell division
![Page 15: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Types of DNA (genes) that start or stop cell division: Proto-onco genes= accelerator- they tell the
cell to go ahead and divide (reproduce)
Tumor suppressor genes= brakes that stop the process of cell division
![Page 16: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
What is contact inhibition?
Under normal DNA instructions, contact inhibition stops a cell from dividing when it is touching other cells.
But sometimes, things go terribly wrong!
![Page 17: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mutations- What are they?
Changes in DNA caused by:
Mutagens- factors in the environment- chemicals (tobacco, drugs, cleaning products,
pesticides), energy (radiation, x-rays)
Random mistakes in DNA copied or inherited
![Page 18: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
These can cause cancer, AKA
Uncontrolled cell growth= the cells divide because there are failures in tumor suppressor and proto-onco genes
The cell is in contact with other cells, but proto-onco genes are turned on and the suppressor genes are turned off.
![Page 19: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
How is cancer treated?
1. Surgery– remove the tumor or group of cells that is dividing rapidly
2. radiation- using concentrated radiation to kill cancer cells
3. chemotherapy- chemicals (powerful drugs) that kill cancer cells
![Page 20: Cell Cycle REVIEW aka.. The story of the life of a cell](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070412/5697bf791a28abf838c828ff/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The End
Good luck!