cell biology 16 - intercellular signaling
DESCRIPTION
Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling. Sung Youn Lee, PhD. Student Veterinary collage, Room 320 02 450 3719, 016 293 6059 [email protected]. Cell Signaling. Cell communication : why? Multicellular organism Cell communication : how? A variety messengers - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cell Biology 16Cell Biology 16- Intercellular signaling- Intercellular signalingCell Biology 16Cell Biology 16- Intercellular signaling- Intercellular signaling
Sung Youn Lee, PhD. StudentSung Youn Lee, PhD. StudentVeterinary collage, Room 320Veterinary collage, Room 32002 450 3719, 016 293 605902 450 3719, 016 293 6059
[email protected]@paran.com
![Page 2: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell Signaling• Cell communication : why?
– Multicellular organism• Cell communication : how?
– A variety messengers– Endocrine(hormone), Paracrine, Neurotrans
mitter, Autocrine
![Page 3: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Hormones and Endocrine signaling
• Classification by nature– Steroid, protein, amino acids
• Classification by initial action– The location of receptor– Cell surface (in the membrane) ; protein, p
eptide and catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine),
– Cytoplasm (steroid)– Nucleus (thyroxine)
![Page 5: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hormonal secretion• Regulated exocytosis – special secretor
y vesicle• Ligand and surface receptor binding• Ca2+ rising --> triger the fusion of vesicl
e and plasma membrane
![Page 6: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Steroid hormone• Similar to that of cholesterol
– Adrenal cortex : cortisol & aldosterone– Ovaries : estrogen & progesterone– Testes : testosterone(androgen)– Placenta : estrogen & progesterone
![Page 12: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Neurosecretory cell• Resemble both endocrine cells and neuro
ns (dual properties)• Hypothalamus
– TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone)– GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone)– CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)– GRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)– These reach the pituitary and supress or stim
ulate the release of a secondary hormones.
![Page 14: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Neurosecretory cell• Hypothalamus
– Peptidergic (peptide-secreting) neuroendocrine cells extend axons into the posterior pituitary
• Pituitary p.• Vasopressin - BP△ (by vasoconstriction and water
resorption by kidney)• Oxytocin – uterus contraction and lactation (smoot
h muscle contraction)• Angiotensin II - thirst• Cholecystokinin - eating
![Page 16: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Neurosecretory cell• Pituitary a.
• Growth hormone• ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)• Thyroid-stimulating hormone• Follicle-stimulating hormone• Luteinizing hormone• Prolactin
![Page 17: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci (1508-1509)
![Page 20: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
(A) Detail from the fresco, "Creation of Adam," by Michelangelo Buonarroti, 1508-1512 (B) The contour of the same image is reminiscent of a midline saggital section of the brain and includes the hypothalamus, pituitary and brainstem. (From Toni R., The human hypothalamus: clinical anatomy of endocrine, autonomic and behavioral responses, J. Endocrinol. Invest 2003, in press).
![Page 21: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Adrenal cortex : corticoid (mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid)Adrenal medulla : catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
![Page 26: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Zona glomerulosa -aldosterone (mineralocorticoid)
Zona fasiculata and reticularis - cortisol and cortisone (glucotorticoid)
![Page 27: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Paracrine communication• Do not enter the circulation• Highly localized
![Page 33: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Growth factors• Soluble polypeptides• All cells make polypeptide growth factors• Function : mitogen, trophic factors, chemoattractan
ts• 10-30 kDa, more than 100 (Table 7-2)• Ex, PDGF platelet-dervied growth factor
– Mitogen and trophic factors ; fibroblast & smooth muscle cells
– Chemoattractants ; fibrolasts & macrophages (blood clotting)
![Page 34: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Growth factors
Activates a different signal transduction pathways
Pleotropic response in a single cell
Switch mitogen to trophic stimulus
Blast stage Mature
![Page 35: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Nerve growth factor• Require for survival and differentiation• 50% neurons < die normally (excess innervati
on to target ; why? - Assured)• Nerve growth factors (NGF)
– chemoattractant molecules– Homodimer – two 118 a.a. chains coupled by disu
lfied bond
![Page 38: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
50%< die
![Page 39: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Nerve growth factor• NGF binds to NGF receptors on the growth c
ones of approaching axons.• It is internalized by receptor mediated endocyt
osis and transported retrogradely to the cell body, where it undergoes lysosomal degradation.
• NGF supports the survival of cholinergic nerons.– Alzheimer disease (cholinergic neuron for memory)
![Page 42: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
팀 동료인 베이브 루스와 함께 1 루수를 맡으며 메이저리그 역사상 가장 견고한 1, 2 번을 구축했다는 평을 받는다 . 한 시즌 100 득점 이상을 13 시즌 연속으로 수립하였고 , 150 타점 이상을 7 번이나 기록하였으며 , 1932 년에는 한경기에 4연속 홈런을 때려 20 세기 들어 첫번째 선수가 되는 영광도 누렸다 .역대 타점 랭킹 1, 2 위 선수들이 21-23 시즌에 2200 타점을 넘어섰지만 루 게릭은 단 14 시즌동안 1995 타점을 기록하였다 . 이 외에 12 년 연속 3 할 타율 , 13 년 연속 100 타점 -100 득점 , 최다 400 총루타 5 회 , 사이클링 히트 2 회도 그의 이름을 드높이는 결과이다 .근위축성 측색 경화증 (ALS) 이란 희귀병에 걸려 사망하였는데 , 이후 이 병은 그의 이름을 따 ' 루 게릭병 ' 으로 명명되어 그의 아까운 죽음을 기리고 있다 .
![Page 44: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Nerve growth factor• Lou Gehrig’s disease• = ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)• CNTF (ciliary neurotrophic factor)
– PNS : schwann cell– CNS : astrocyte– Cf. other neurotrophic factors are secreted by targ
et cell (muscle cell)– --> motor neuron ▽--> muscle▽
![Page 45: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
No NGF
50 ng/ml NGF
![Page 46: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Nerve growth factor• Programmed cell death : how?
– Can prevent PCD with protein and mRNA systhesis inhibitor
– Ex, cycloheximide and actinomycin D– ==> autolytic enzyme
![Page 47: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Extracellular matrix• Growth factors
– Most of them are soluble peptides, not all
– There is growth factors that attached to cell membrane or matrix
![Page 49: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
1) Low affinity receptors bind to-free heparin-heparan sulfate chain
2) Comformational change by proteoglycan
3) High affinity receptors
4) Prolongs the resistance of HBGF
5) Regeneration and/or carcinogenesis
![Page 50: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Autocrine• PDGF : cytotrophoblast – placenta• IL-2 : T helper cell• These are mitogen.
![Page 51: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
PDGF
![Page 52: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Histamine• Mast cell reside in the connective tissu
e throughout the body.• They have IgE receptor and histamine in
their secretory vesicle.
![Page 54: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Ecosanoids• Ecosanoid ; 20-carbon polyunsaturated fatty
acids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes, and other active metabolites)
• Highly diffusible through membrane.• Biological effects of PGs
– Smooth muscle contraction / platelet aggregation / uterine contraction / cause inflammation (nociceptor-pain)
– Aspirin, indomethacin and NSAID
![Page 56: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Asprin, Ibupropen, Indomethacin
steroid
![Page 58: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
NO nitric oxide• Highly diffusible through membrane.• Biological effects of NO
– Memory in brain– Relaxation of blood vessel
• Mechanism of vasodilation– Endothelial cell contain NO synthase (Fig 7-16)– Ach binds muscarinic receptor on the surface of endothelial cell– G protein mediated signal transduction– Ca2+ increase– NO synthase
– Nitroglycerin is rapidly converted to NO in the blood
![Page 59: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
![Page 60: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
![Page 61: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Synaptic transmission
![Page 62: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Ach
EpinehprineNorepinephrine
![Page 63: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Ach Ach
![Page 64: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Symphathetic
Parasymphathetic
Ach
Ach Ach-muscarinic-nicotinic
EpinehprineNorepinephrineAch : sweat glands and vasodilation (skeletal muscle)
![Page 66: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
![Page 67: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5
Distribution
Cerebral cortex,
hippocampus
HeartExocrine
glands, GI tract
Neostriatum Substantia nigra
Antagonists
Pirenzepine AF-DX 116 pF-HHSiD
AgonistsXanomeline, CDD-0097
G protein Gq/11 Gi/o Gq/11 Gi/o Gq/11
Intracellular response
Phospholipase C
Adenylyl cyclase inhibitio
n
Phospholipase C
Adenylyl cyclase inhibitio
n
Phospholipase C
![Page 68: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
ReceptorSkeletal muscle
Autonomic ganglion
CNS CNS
Subunits 1,1,,() 3,5,7,2,4
3,4,2,4 7,8,9
-Bungarotoxin + +/- - +
Antagonists -Bungarotoxin Hexamethonium
Dihydro--erythroidine -Bungarotoxin
Mecamylamine Mecamylamine
Agonists Epibatidine Epibatidine
Epibatidine
ABT-418
![Page 70: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Two forms of synapse
Speed : heart and gut
1 msec delay
![Page 71: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Chemical neurotransmitter
• Fast-acting neurotransmitters– Acetylcholine– GABA(γ-amino butyric acid)– Glycine– Glutamate
• Slow-acting neurotransmitters– Catecholamine (dopamine, norepi, epi)– Indoleamine (serotonin, histamine)– Various neuropeptides
Directly open the channel
Indirectly open the channel
![Page 72: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
![Page 73: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Different messengers localized to different
types of vesicle in nerve terminals
Vesicle Small LargeSize 50nm 90-250nmShape lucent denseVelocity Fast a. Slow a.
![Page 74: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
![Page 75: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
The skeletal neurouscular junction
![Page 77: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Synaptic vesicle• ~ 5,000 molecules/vesicle• MEP miniature synaptic potential --
> single synaptic vesicle release• 1mV• With Ca2+
![Page 79: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Multiple synaptic inputs converge on a single
neuron• Na+/Cl-• Excitatory/Inhibitory• Integration• EPSP excitatory p s p• IPSP inhibitory p s p
![Page 80: Cell Biology 16 - Intercellular signaling](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062323/56815578550346895dc33fd0/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Thank you for your attention ~Thank you for your attention ~