cell - amazon s3 · 2017-01-26 · cell modern cell theory {the cell is the fundamental unit of...

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Cell A Montagud E Navarro P Fernández de Córdoba JF Urchueguía presents Cell { Cell z definition z causes z classical cell theory z modern cell theory { Basic elements z life chemistry z lipids z nucleic acids z amino acids z carbohydrates { Cell as automaton { Eukaryote z cytoskeleton z nucleus z endoplasmic reticulum z mitochondrion z chloroplast z Golgi apparatus { Prokaryote z Gram + z Gram – z bacterial movement { Macrophage vs bacterium { Metabolism z Glycolisis z TCA cycle z Electron transport chain

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Page 1: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

A MontagudE Navarro

P Fernández de CórdobaJF Urchueguía

presents

Cell

Celldefinition

causes

classical cell theory

modern cell theory

Basic elementslife chemistry

lipids

nucleic acids

amino acids

carbohydrates

Cell as automaton

Eukaryotecytoskeletonnucleusendoplasmic reticulummitochondrionchloroplastGolgi apparatus

ProkaryoteGram +Gram –bacterial movement

Macrophage vs bacteriumMetabolism

GlycolisisTCA cycleElectron transport chain

Page 2: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

definition:

what is a cell?

Micrographia, 1665Robert Hooke

Cell

Causes

Formal cause: what makes it a cell?

wall that separates from surroundings

replication → genetic material

flow of materials

holds the structure of the wall of the cell →cytoskeleton

adapted from Cornish‐Bowden, et al. Proteomics (2007)

Page 3: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Causes

Material cause: what is a cell made of?phospholipids → lipids

nucleic acids → DNA, RNA

amino acids → proteins 

metabolites → carbohydrates, ATP, NADH, NADPH, FADH2

Cell

Causes

Efficient cause: what agent makes a cell?

Final cause: what is a cell made for?

Teologism? Sophism?

Page 4: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Classical Cell Theory (1840‐60)

Who? Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

Cells are the basic unit of life and structure 

All cells come from pre‐existing cellsOmnis cellula e cellula

Cell

Modern cell theory

The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living thingsAll cells come from pre‐existing cells by divisionEnergy flow (metabolism) occurs within cellsCells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell divisionAll cells are basically the same in chemical compositionAll known living things are made up of cellsSome organisms are unicellular, made up of only one cell; others are multicellular, composed of countless number of cellsThe activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cellsWikipedia: Cell theory

Page 5: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Modern cell theory

The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living thingsAll cells come from pre‐existing cells by divisionEnergy flow (metabolism) occurs within cellsCells contain hereditary information which is passed from cell to cell during cell divisionAll cells are basically the same in chemical compositionAll known living things are made up of cellsSome organisms are unicellular, made up of only one cell; others are multicellular, composed of countless number of cellsThe activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells Wikipedia: Cell theory

Cell

Basic elements

Lipidsmembranes

Nucleic acidsDNA

RNA

Amino acidsproteins

Carbohydrates or saccharidesmetabolites

Page 6: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Lipids

Cell

Lipids

Membrane

Separates from millieu

Page 7: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Lipids

Cell

Nucleic acids

Page 8: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Nucleic acids

Cell

Nucleic acids

Genetic material → information storage

DNAStores information

Nuclei or nucleoid (tautology)

RNATransmits information

intermediary to proteins

Catalysis with proteins

Cytosol

Page 9: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Amino acids

peptide is an amino acid chain or polymer

protein and polypeptide are synonims

Cell

Amino acidsProteins

Functions (structure = function)catalysis

different proteins in different organelles

structuralholds the structure of the wall of the cell 

membrane & cytosol

Page 10: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Carbohydrates

aldehyde group

ketone group

hydroxyl group

D‐Glucose

C skeletons with H, O, N, P

Cell

Carbohydrates

Also called saccharides

Ingested or formed inside

Used by metabolic proteins in cytosol and/or mitochondrion

Metabolites of Metabolismenergy

reducing power

Page 11: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

dissolved elements

33% DNA + proteins

Cell

Cell as an automaton

automataautopoiesi

self construction

3 parts:information

read and copy information

body

3 functions:copy instructions 

functional part

copy body

J. Von Neumann

J. Von Neumann. The general and logical theoryof automata, Pergamon Press, 1961 

Page 12: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Cell

body

instructions

read & copy instructions

copy body

Page 13: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Instructions : genome

Separated from environment : membrane

Nutrients : from environment to cellular activities 

Function ??integrity & division ?

Cell

cells grow

G1 phase : central controlprepares S phase

S phase : synthesiscopies genome

G2 phasecell growth

M phase : mitosidivides in two cells

G0 phasepaused phase

Figure 1‐9. The eukaryotic cell cycle. (Lodish et al, 2000)

Page 14: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Two types of cells

CellKrogh, 2004

Page 15: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Eukaryota

Krogh, 2004

CellKrogh, 2004

Page 16: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

CellKrogh, 2004

Cell

A micrograph showing cytoskeleton (red),  

ribosomes (green), and membrane (blue)

D. S. Goodsell, The machinery of life, Springer, 1993

Krogh, 2004

Page 17: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Cytoskeleton

actinfilaments

intermediate filaments

microtubule filaments

Lodish et al, 2000

Cell

Omary et al, 2006

“muscle function” “highway function”

“scaffold function”

Page 18: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

movie

Ch18anim4. Lodish et al, 2000

Cell

Nucleus 

Krogh, 2004

Page 19: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Endoplasmic reticulum

Krogh, 2004

Cell

Golgi apparatus

Page 20: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Figure 17‐13. The secretory pathwayof protein synthesis and sorting. (Lodish et al, 2000)

Cell

Think of the mitochondrion as the powerhouse of the cell. 

Both plant and animal cells contain many mitochondria. 

Mitochondrion

Krogh, 2004

Page 21: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

CellKrogh, 2004

Vegetal

Cell

Vegetal : Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts are the solar panels of the plant cell 

Krogh, 2004

dir que ve d’una bacteria, q téDNA propi

Page 22: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Diverisity

Cell

diverisity

Page 23: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Prokaryote

lacks organelles !!

Cell

cytosol

environment

Page 24: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

cytosol

environment

cubierta proteicaexplicar !!!

Cell

Bacterial movement

Figure 15‐68. Positions of the flagellaon E. coli during swimming.

(Alberts et al, 2002)

Page 25: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Diversity

Cell

Macrophage vs bacterium

D. S. Goodsell

Page 26: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Macrophage vs bacterium

D. S. Goodsell

Cell

Page 27: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Cell

Page 28: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Metabolism

catabolismfrom carbohydrate to CO2, ATP & NADH

anabolismfrom CO2, ATP & NADH to carbohydrate

central carbon metabolismglycolysis / glyconeogenesis

TCA cycle

electron transport chain

secondary metabolismindustrial applications

Cell

Glycolysis

glucose enters the cell

protein (enzymes) in cytosol degrade glucose in pyruvate

producing energy (ATP) & reducing power (NADH)

pyruvate goes into mitochondrion

Page 29: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

TCA cycle

protein (enzymes) in mitochondrion degrade pyruvate completely

producing energy (ATP) & reducing power(NADH)

NADH goes intoelectron transport chain

ATP is widely usedthroughout the cell as energy

Cell

Electron transport chain

protein (enzymes) in mitochondrion use NADH degradation forH+ gradient

ATP synthase uses H+

gradient producingenergy (ATP)

ATP is widely usedthroughout the cell as energy

Page 30: Cell - Amazon S3 · 2017-01-26 · Cell Modern cell theory {The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living things {All cells come from pre‐existing cellsby

Cell

Mitochondria vs bacterium

Cell

sources

Krogh, Biology, Custom Core Edition, Prentice Hall, 3rd ed., 2004

Alberts et al, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Garland Science, 4th ed., 2002

Lodish et al, Molecular Cell Biology, Freeman & Co., 4th ed., 2000

Cornish‐Bowden et al, Beyond reductionism: Metabolic circularity as a guiding vision for a real biology of systems, Proteomics, 2007

J. Von Neumann. The general and logical theory of automata, PergamonPress, 1961

Omary et al, ‘Heads and tails’ of intermediate filament phosphorylation: multiple sites and functional insights, TRENDS in Biochemical Sciences, 2006

D. S. Goodsell, The machinery of life, Springer, 1993

www.ergito.org