celestial objects 01

8/8/2019 Celestial Objects 01

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Celestial ObjectsCelestial Objects (Episode 1)(Episode 1)by Alma Nuradnan Pramudita

Science Education and Empowerment Center

Bandung

June 2010


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What can be found at sky?

What are their physical properties?


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Once Upon a TimeOnce Upon a Time

In a Morning ...In a Morning ...


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Look UpLook Up

Bandungs east sky simulation, 64932 S 1073658 E, at June 9 th 2010 5:00:30. Moon and Mercury

rise before Sun does. Simulation is generated with Stellarium software.

Such a beautiful morning

sky view will never be

there with air pollution

and light pollution.


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... just before noon ...... just before noon ...


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Look UpLook Up

Bandungs east sky simulation, 64932 S 1073658 E, at June 9 th 2010 8:30:49. Simulation is

generated with Stellarium software.

Even at day, there are

celestial objects other than

Sun, hard to see since

hidden behind Suns glare.


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... on evening ...... on evening ...


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Look UpLook Up

Bandungs east sky simulation, 64932 S 1073658 E, at June 9 th 2010 18:31:23. Venus is visible

after Sun sets. Simulation is generated with Stellarium software.

Polluted air obstructs

night sky because the

particulates dim and

scatter light from celestial

objects.


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... at night... at night


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Look UpLook Up

Bandungs east sky simulation, 64932 S 1073658 E, at June 9 th 2010 21:34:18. Mars dan Saturn

can be seen in same area. Simulation is generated with Stellarium software.

Numerous city lamps

throw light upward,

hindering any observation

effort because lamps

intensity far exceeds most

celestial objects intensity.


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Look UpLook Up

Bandungs east sky simulation, 64932 S 1073658 E, at June 10 th 2010 1:44:37. Jupiter is visible.

Simulation is generated with Stellarium software.

Yes, although the the

names are written on the

simulation, the dim Uranus

and Neptune are beyond

humans eyes to see.


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Main BaseMain Base


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Our HomeOur Home

mass : 5,9736 x 1024 kg

equatorial radius : 6378,1 km

polar radius : 6356,8 kmperihelion : 1,4709 x 108 km

aphelion : 1,5210 x 108 km

average atmosphere temp. : 15 C

atmosphere : N2, O

2, Ar, etc

solids : SiO2, Al

2O

3, CaO, etc

Earth at 7th December 1972,

taken by Apollos 17 crew from

about 29000 km above Earth.

Dr. David R. Williams, Earth Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited May 20th 2009, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html)

Earths body and atmosphere layers model.

(Surachit)

(NASA)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html


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Our HomeOur Home

Height and depth distribution of Earths surface. Highest lands are at

Himalaya, while deepest trenchs are at Pacific.

(Plumbago)

(NASA)

Full Moon, part of the disk is behind Earths

atmosphere. The image is taken by astronauts

at Discovery shuttle.


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Our HomeOur Home

(NASA)

Earths rotation axis is not perpendicular to

the orbital plane; its inclined by 67,5.

Orbital parameters of Earth-Moon system. Moons

orbital plane is not at Earths orbital plane, but

inclined by 5,14.

(Wikimedia Commons)


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Our HomeOur Home

Comparison of Earths and Moons size with the distance between.

(Wikimedia Commons)

Illustration of light from

settlements at night on

Earth.

(Marc Imhoff)


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Whats the ratio of Earths polar radius to equatorial radius? Then from the result, is Earth

spherical?

1) Earths Shape1) Earths Shape

Whats the ratio of Earths perihelion to aphelion? Is Earths orbit circle?

2) Earths Orbit2) Earths Orbit


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The LighthouseThe Lighthouse


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24/4,5 Ga24/4,5Ga

1) core, 2) radiative zone, 3) convective

zone, 4) photosphere, 5) chromosphere,

6) corona, 7) Sunspot, 8) Suns grain, 9)

prominence

(NASA)

Suns X ray, imaged with Yohkoh satellite.

(Wikimedia Commons)

mass : 1,981 x 1030 kg

average radius : 696000 km

effective temperatur : 5505 C

elements : H, He, etc

Dr. David R. Williams, Sun Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited September 1st 2004, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html


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Suns plasma filament, imaged with solar telescope Hinode.

(Luc Viatour)

Total solar eclipse of 11 th August 1999.

(JAXA/NASA)

24/4,5 Ga24/4,5 Ga


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Sun emits light in all colours, but combination of

them is received by humans eyes as white.

Solar eclipse image, taken with STEREO-B spacecraft.

(Lykaestria)

(NASA)

24/4,5 Ga24/4,5 Ga


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Whats the ratio of Suns radius to Earths equatorial radius?

3) Suns Size3) Suns Size


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The CompanionThe Companion


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MoonMoon

Impact craters on Moon. The biggest in the image is named

Daedalus. Image is taken by crew of Apollo 11.

Full Moon.

(NASA)

(Luc Viatour)

mass : 7,349 x 1022 kg


polar radius : 1736,0 km

perigee : 3,633 x 105 km

apogee : 4,055 x 105 km

average temperature : -23 C

solids : SiO2, Al

2O

3, CaO, etc

Dr. David R. Williams, Moon Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited February 2nd 2010, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/moonfact.html


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(Wikimedia Commons)

new MoonFirst Quarter

(half Moon)

Second Quarter

(full Moon)

Third Quarter

(half Moon)new Moon

MoonMoon


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firsth

alfof

Hijriyahmonth

secondhal f

ofHijriyahmonth

MoonMoon

Moon is at east of Sun and

sets after Sun does.

Moon is at west of Sun andsets before Sun does.

Moon rises/sets when

Sun sets/rises.


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Earth, imaged by crew at Apollo 8.

Lunokhod I, the first successful

space robotic mission.

(Bill Anders)

(NASA)

MoonMoon


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Whats the ratio of Moons equatorial to Earths?

4) Moons Size4) Moons Size

Whats the ratio of Moons perigee to apogee? Is Moons orbit circle?

5) Moons Orbit5) Moons Orbit


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The Small, Bold OneThe Small, Bold One


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MercuryMercury

Mercurys layers, 1) crust, 2) mantle, 3)

core.

Mercury, imaged with MESSENGER spacecraft.

(Bill Anders)

(NASA/JPL)

mass : 3,302 x 1023

kgequatorial radius : 2439,7 km


perihelion : 4,600 x 107 km


average temperature : 167 C

Dr. David R. Williams, Mercury Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited February 2nd 2010, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/mercuryfact.html


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Mariner 10, first spacecraft ever

visited Mercury.

Transit of Mercury to Sun. Mercury

appears as tiny, insignificant dot in the

center, clearly smaller than Sunspot.

(NASA)

(Mila Zinkova)

(NASA)

Assembly of MESSENGER. It was launched

at 2004.

MercuryMercury


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6) Mercurys Size6) Mercurys Size

Whats the ratio of Mercurys aphelion to Earths?

7) Mercurys Orbit7) Mercurys Orbit

Whats the ratio of Mercurys equatorial to Earths?


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Worldly HellWorldly Hell


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VenusVenus

Venus surface, taken by imaging in radio

wavelength, which is able to pass through

Venus atmosphere.

Venus. The surface is not visible given the thick and

opaque atmosphere.

(NASA)

(NASA/Ricardo Nunes)

mass : 4,8685 x 1024 kg





average atmosphere temp. : 464 C

atmosphere : CO2, N

2, SO

2, etc

Dr. David R. Williams, Venus Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited April 15th 2005, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html


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VenusVenus

Venus is always the brightest point-like object among others.

Impact craters on Venus. On Venus, there will be no crater

smaller than 3 km since only big meteorites are able to pass

the thick atmosphere.

(Mila Zinkova)

(NASA)

(NASA)


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VenusVenus

Pioneer, launched at December 4th 1978.

Mariner 2, launched at August 27 th 1962.

(NASA)

(NASA/JPL)

(USSR)

Venus surface, shot with camera on Venera 13.


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8) Venus Size8) Venus Size

9) Venus Orbit9) Venus Orbit

Whats the ratio of Venus aphelion to Earths?

Whats the ratio of Venus equatorial to Earths?


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MarsMars


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MarsMars

Surface on Mars, imaged with Sojourner rover.

Mars, imaged with Hubble Space Telescope.

(NASA)

mass : 6,4185 x 1023 kg





average atmosphere temp. : -63 C

atmophere : CO2, N

2, Ar, etc

Dr. David R. Williams, Mars Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited November 29th 2007, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html)

(NASA)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/marsfact.html


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MarsMars

Olympus Mons, highest mountain

in Solar System, 27 km high, 500

km wide.

Victoria Crater, 800 m wide, imaged with Opportunityrover.

(NASA/JPL/Cornell Univ.)

(NASA)

(NASA)

The atmosphere is visible

from low orbit.


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MarsMars

Environment around Viking rover.

Phobos and Deimos, Mars satellites.

(NASA)

(NASA)

(NASA)

Spirit lander, imaged with the rover, moving

away from the lander.

(NASA/JPL)


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MarsMars(NASA/JPL)

Solar panel and robotic arm of Phoenix rover are visible.

(NASA)

Martian sunset, imaged with Spirit rover.


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Mars Ha Ha HaMars Ha Ha Ha

Soap advertising from 1893.

Illustration by Alvim Correa for H.G. Wells novel

War of the Worlds, depicting attack unit of Mars.


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10) Marss Size10) Marss Size

11) Mars Orbit11) Mars Orbit

Whats the ratio of Mars aphelion to Earths?

Whats the ratio of Mars equatorial to Earths?


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The Big GuyThe Big Guy


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JupiterJupiter

Jupiters layers. Jupiters core is solid,

with hydrogen layers on it.

Jupiter, with enhancement by USGS to reveal

prominent features.

(NASA)

mass : 1,8986 x 1027 kg

equatorial radius : 71492 km

polar radius : 66854 km



average atmosphere temp. : -108 C (1 bar)

elements : H2, He, CH

4, etc

Dr. David R. Williams, Jupiter Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited November 2nd 2007, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html)

(NASA/R. J. Hall)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/jupiterfact.html


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JupiterJupiter

Jupiters rings scheme.

Great Red Spot, imaged with Voyager 1.

(NASA)

(NASA/JPL/Cornell Univ.)

Jovian aurora, imaged with Hubble Space Telescope.

(NASA)


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12) Jupiters Size12) Jupiters Size

13) Jupiters Orbit13) Jupiters Orbit

Whats the ratio of Jupiters aphelion to Earths?

Whats the ratio of Jupiters equatorial to Earths?


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PrimadonaPrimadona


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SaturnSaturn

Four of tens Saturnian satellites fit in Cassinis field of view.

Saturnus, imaged with Cassini spacecraft.

(NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute)

mass : 5,6846 x 1026 kg

equatorial radius : 60268 kmpolar radius : 54364 km



average atmosphere temp. : -139 C (1 bar)

elements : H2, He, CH

4, etc

Dr. David R. Williams, Saturn Fact Sheet

(NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, last edited November 23rd 2007, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html)

(NASA/R. J. Hall)
http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.htmlhttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/saturnfact.html


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14) Saturns Size14) Saturns Size

15) Saturns Orbit15) Saturns Orbit

Whats the ratio of Saturns aphelion to Earths?

Whats the ratio of Saturns equatorial to Earths?


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Terima KasihTerima Kasih


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