celebrating the cultures of texas...

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Celebrating the Cultures of Texas 1TIME LINE 8Reading Skillbuilders: 11, 27, 45

A Land of Change 10

What Will Texas Be Like When You Are 20? 12Social Studies Skillbuilder: Reading a Line Graph 18

What Is Geography? 19Tales of Texas: The Critters Create Texas 23

Texas’s Place on the Earth 26

Finding Locations 28

Understanding Scale and Projections 33Social Studies Skillbuilder: Outlining Information 37

Exploring Different Kinds of Maps 38Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Reading a Precipitation Map 41

Texas Regions 44

Mapping Texas Lands 46Lone Star Legends: Roy Bedichek 51

Identifying the Four Regions of Texas 52Lone Star Literature: A Personal Country by A.C. Greene 58Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Regional Tourism Guide 60

Mapping Texas People 61Social Studies Skillbuilder: Reading a Bar Graph 67

Skillbuilder: Using Tables and Charts 70

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TIME LINE 72Reading Skillbuilders: 75, 97, 117, 141

Native Texans 10,000 B.C.–A.D. 1850s 74

Life in Prehistoric Texas 76Tales of Texas: The Origin of the Caddoes 80

Native American Groups in Texas 81Social Studies Skillbuilder: Categorizing Information 88

A Time of Change for Native Texans 89Lone Star Legends: Fulton Battise 93

European Exploration 1492–1700 96

Europe Eyes the Americas 98Social Studies Skillbuilder: Drawing Conclusions 101

Spanish Explorers Come to Texas 102Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Analyzing a Historical Map 108

The French Explore Texas 109Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Multimedia Presentation 113

Spanish Settlement in Texas 1650–1800 116

Spain Responds to a French Threat 118Social Studies Skillbuilder: Learning Spanish Pronunciation 125

France Loses the Race for Texas 126

Spanish Expansion in Texas 130Lone Star Literature: El Mesquite by Elena Zamora O’Shea 136

Life in Spanish Texas 1775–1825 140

Life in the Missions and Presidios 142Social Studies Skillbuilder: Contrasting Information 148

Life in Towns and on Ranches 149

The Colonists Rebel 155

Skillbuilder: Using Graphs 162

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Anglo AmericanColonization of Texas 1800–1830 166

Interest in Texas Grows Among Anglo Americans 168Social Studies Skillbuilder: Evaluating Sources 173

Stephen F. Austin and the Empresarios 174Lone Star Legends: Stephen Fuller Austin 179

Life in Colonial Texas 180Tales of Texas: Settling Texas 185

The Road to Revolution 1826–1835 188

Tensions Mount Between Mexico and Texas 190

A Bitter Division Evolves 196

The Conflict Escalates 203Social Studies Skillbuilder: Reading a Time Line 209

The Texas Revolution February–May 1836 212

The Battle of the Alamo 214Lone Star Literature: The Life of Davy Crockett Himself 220

by Davy Crockett

The Battle of San Jacinto 222Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Interpreting a Military Map 228

Texas Gains Independence 229Social Studies Skillbuilder: Interpreting a Primary Source 233

An Independent Texas 1836–1845 236

The Republic of Texas 238Social Studies Skillbuilder: Identifying a Secondary Source 243

A Different Vision for Texas 244Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Multimedia Presentation 249

Houston’s Return Leads to Annexation 250

Skillbuilder: Understanding Cause and Effect/Compare and Contrast 258

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Statehood for Texas 1845–1851 262

Texas: The Twenty-Eighth State 264Lone Star Literature: The Evolution of a State by Noah Smithwick 268

The United States and Mexico at War 270Social Studies Skillbuilder: Sequencing Information 276

A New Western Border 277Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Interpreting a Political Map 281

Life in the State of Texas 1851–1860 284

How Texans Lived 286

The Changing Face of Texas 290Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Multicultural Heritage Display 294

Slavery and Politics in Texas 295Social Studies Skillbuilder: Identifying Points of View 299

The Civil War 1860–1865 302

Texas Secedes 304Lone Star Legends: Sam Houston 308

Texans Fight for the Confederacy 309Social Studies Skillbuilder: Exploring Primary and 314

Secondary Sources

The Civil War Affects Life at Home 315Tales of Texas: Sophia Porter’s Brush with the Yankees 319

Texas and the Union 1865–1877 322

Presidential Reconstruction 324

Congressional Reconstruction 328Social Studies Skillbuilder: Interpreting Information 332

A New Constitution 333

Skillbuilder: Identifying Bias 338

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TIME LINE 340Reading Skillbuilders: 343, 361, 381, 399, 415

War on the Frontier 1860–1875 342Frontier Conflicts During the Civil War 344Lone Star Legends: Cynthia Ann Parker 348

The U.S. Army Returns 349

War Against the Native Americans 353Social Studies Skillbuilder: Identifying Bias 357

Ranching in Texas 1850–1890 360The Beginning of the Cattle Kingdom 362Social Studies Skillbuilder: Summarizing Information 365

The Cattle Trails 366Lone Star Literature: Old Yeller by Fred Gipson 370

The End of the Open Range 372Tales of Texas: Bill Pickett, Bulldogger 377

The Reign of King Cotton 1865–1895 380Postwar Changes to Texas Farming 382

Railroads Lead to Commercial Farming 386Social Studies Skillbuilder: Finding the Main Idea 390

Cotton: The King of Texas Crops 391Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Analyzing a Product Map 395

A New Industrial Economy 1870–1910 398Farming Leads to Growth in Industry 400Social Studies Skillbuilder: Reading a Circle Graph 403

New Industries Emerge 404

The New Industrial Workers 408

The Oil Industry 1900–1940 414The Oil Industry in Texas 416

The Oil Boom After Spindletop 420Social Studies Skillbuilder: Reading a Flowchart 425

The Impact of Oil on Texas 426Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Scrapbook 429

Skillbuilder: Identifying Primary and Secondary Sources 432

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TIME LINE 434Reading Skillbuilders: 437, 455, 475

An Age of Reform 1880–1920 436

Early Reforms in Texas 438Social Studies Skillbuilder: Supporting a Point of View 442

James Hogg and the Populists 443

Progressivism and James Ferguson 447Tales of Texas: José Cisneros, Artist and Knight 451

World War I and the 1920s 1910–1930 454

Texans Go to War 456Lone Star Literature: The Great War by Olga Samples Davis 460

Business and Agriculture in the 1920s 462Social Studies Skillbuilder: Making Generalizations 465

Texas Becomes a Modern Society 466Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Interpreting a Population 471

Density Map

The Great Depression, the New Deal, and World War II 1929–1945 474

Texas and the Great Depression 476Social Studies Skillbuilder: Identifying Cause and Effect 481

Texans Look for a New Deal 482Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Political Campaign 486

World War II Brings Change to Texas 487Lone Star Legends: Oveta Culp Hobby 493

Skillbuilder: Using Time Lines 496

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Texas Enters the Modern Era 1945–1970 500

Technology and an Expanding Economy 502Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Reading a City Street Map 507Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Museum Exhibit 508

Urban Growth and Civil Rights 509Social Studies Skillbuilder: Making Inferences 513

Politics in Modern Texas 1945–1995 516

Texas and National Politics After World War II 518Lone Star Literature: Remarks in Cotulla, Texas, at Welhausen 522

Elementary School by Lyndon B. Johnson

Texas State Politics, 1960–1995 524Social Studies Skillbuilder: Interpreting a Political Cartoon 529

Texas Politics and Minorities 530Lone Star Legends: Henry B. González 533

A Changing Economy and Society 1970–1990 536

An Economic Boom 538Tales of Texas: Red Adair, Wild Oil-Well Fighter 542

Effects of the Boom 543Social Studies Skillbuilder: Distinguishing Fact from Opinion 547

Texans Endure an Economic Crunch 548

Skillbuilder: Determining Point of View 554

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The Texas Constitution 1824–1880 558

The History of the Texas Constitution 560Lone Star Literature: The Texas Constitution 564

Comparing Two Constitutions 566Social Studies Skillbuilder: Comparing Information 570

The Rights of Texas Citizens 571

Three Levels of Texas Government 1900–Present 576

State Government in Texas 578Lone Star Legends: Barbara Jordan 582

Counties and Special Districts 583

Municipal Government in Texas 587Social Studies Skillbuilder: Creating a Database 591

Texas Citizens, Texas Leaders 1900–2020 594

Civic Rights and Responsibilities 596Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Public Service Campaign 600

Texas Political Parties and Leaders 601Map & Geography Skillbuilder: Interpreting an Election Map 604Social Studies Skillbuilder: Organizing Information 605

New Texas Citizens 606Tales of Texas: Dat Nguyen, Star Athlete and Scholar 609

Skillbuilder: Reading Maps 612

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TIME LINE 614Reading Skillbuilders: 617, 639

Texas at the End of the Twentieth Century 1990–2000 616

The Many Cultures of Texas 618Tales of Texas: Multicultural Traditions 623

Texas in the Global Economy 624Lone Star Literature: Think Texas by Agriculture Commissioner

Susan Combs 628Map and Geography Skillbuilder: Interpreting an Export Trade Map 630

An Urban State 631Social Studies Skillbuilder: Reading a Table 635

Texas in the Twenty First Century 2000–2020 638

Population Growth and Natural Resources 640Technology Skillbuilder: Creating a Multimedia Presentation 645

Texans’ Quality of Life 646Social Studies Skillbuilder: Making Predictions 651

Texans Meet the Future 652Lone Star Legends: Kay Bailey Hutchison 655

Skillbuilder: Interpreting Political Cartoons 658

Reference Section 660Atlas 662Texas County Tables 671Calendar of Yearly Events 676Texas Government Documents 678Texas State Symbols 684Glossary 688Spanish Glossary 693Index 699Acknowledgements 713

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Drought Conditions 2000 15The Rio Grande 16Memorial Middle School 20Natural Regions of Texas 22Land Satellite Image of Texas 26Texas and Surrounding States 29The Earth’s Hemispheres 30Latitude and Longitude of Texas 31Special Parallels 32San Antonio, Small-Scale Map/Large-Scale Map 34Conic Projection 36Distorted Projection 36Average Annual Precipitation in Texas 39United States Landform Regions 48Major Texas Rivers 50Subregions of Texas 53Agriculture in Texas 64Texas’s Diverse Heritage 66Maya and Aztec Civilizations Before 1521 78Native Americans in Texas Before 1850 82Columbus’s Four Voyages 100Spanish Explorers, 1519–1598 104French and Spanish Claims on North America, 1682–1688 110Early Spanish Missions, 1682–1690 119Spanish Missions, 1714–1718 123French Map Showing French and Spanish Claims 124Spanish Missions in South Texas, 1700–1749 128Provinces of New Spain, 1755 131Mexico After Independence, 1821 158The Neutral Ground 170Early Empresario Land Grants 177

Mexico and the United States in 1824 191Battles of the Texas Revolution, February–April, 1836 225Republic of Texas in 1836 239Santa Fe Expedition, 1841 246The War with Mexico, 1846–1848 272Texas and the Compromise of 1850 279Cultures and Settlement in Texas, 1820–1860 291Texas Secession Vote, 1861 306Nine Civil War Battles In or Near Texas 311Five Military Districts 330Frontier Line, 1860s 345War Against the Native Americans, 1871–1874 353Cattle Trails, 1867–1890 367Cattle Ranches in Texas 373Major Railroads, 1900 387Cotton Production, 1895 395Texas Mineral Production, 1900 406Major Oil and Natural Gas Discoveries, 1900–1940 423Texas and Pacific Railway 444Liquor Laws by County, 1911 453Population Density of Texas by County, 1920 471Dust Storms, 1930–1940 479World War II Military Bases 488Houston Street Map 5071994 Election Results for Governor by County 535Sunbelt Area of the United States 5392000 Presidential Vote by Texas County 604Vote by Legislative District for U.S. House, 2000 611Top Ten Texas Export Destinations, 1999 626Leading Texas Exporters to Mexico, 1999 630County Population Changes, 1990–2000 647

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Texas Population, 1850–2010 14Annual Precipitation in Texas, 1900–2000 18Average High and Low Temperatures in Texas 47Population of Texas’s Largest Metropolitan Areas,

1990–2000 62Population For Some Native Texas Groups, 1690–1890 90Population of Spanish Texas, 1783 143Empresario Contracts in Texas, 1823–1831 177Outcomes of Turtle Bayou and the Conventions

of 1832 and 1833 200Major Events of 1835 206Stephen F. Austin: Activities, 1826–1835 211Republic of Texas Counties’ Votes on Annexation 265Free and Slave States––1848 278Population of Some Texas Towns, 1850 & 1860 287Slave Population in Texas, 1845–1860 296Sharecroppers’ Cycle of Poverty 384Cotton Production in Texas, 1869–1889 401Where Texans Lived, 1850 & 1900 403

Population Changes in Some Texas Cities, 1870–1900 407Manufacturing Workers in Texas, 1870 & 1900 413Accomplishments of Women in Texas Politics

Around 1900 440Legislation Resulting From Women’s Efforts, 1903–1922 449Texas Legislators by Ethnicity and Gender, 2001 532Texas Food Products 541Branches of State Government 562Comparison of U.S. and Texas Bills of Rights 572How a Bill Becomes a Law 579Texas Court System 580Texas State Budget, 2000–2001 581Municipal Governments 589Racial and Ethnic Diversity of Texans, 2000 620Urban Population Growth in Texas, 1900–2000 635Percent of Population 65 Years Old and Older, 1950–2000 637Growth of Metropolitan Areas and Cities, 1990 & 2000 641Water Use in Texas 642Texas Population, 1950–2000 657

MAPS

Graphs

Gerardus Mercator 33Robert T. Hill 46Chief Ten Bears 89Álvar Núñez Cabeza

de Vaca 102José de Escandon 130O’Neil Ford 142Mary Austin Holley 180José María González 203

Andrew A. Boyle 222Ashbel Smith 250Charles DeMorse 270Abram Sells 295Elijah Petty 309Eudora Inez Moore 315John H. Reagan 328Ottilie Fuchs Goeth 344E. C. “Teddy Blue” Abbot 366

Alf Muckle 391Noah Smithwick 404Mary Rogers 420James Hogg 443Hal Irby Greer 456Doris Miller 487James L. Farmer, Jr. 509H. W. “Herb” Odell 518Barbara Jordan 530

Bob Bullock 548Preamble to the Texas

Constitution of 1836 566Ann Richards 583George W. Bush 601Ron Kirk 618Elizabeth G. “Betty”

Flores 624David Swinford 646

A R E A L - L I FE S TORY

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Section 1: Effects of Population Growth 12Section 2: Where Are You? 19Section 1: Space Shuttle Landing 28Section 3: Making a Local Map 38Section 2: Texas Film Locations 52Section 3: Population Growth and the Environment 61Section 1: Prehistoric Skeleton 76Section 2: Changes for Native Texans in the 1600s 81Section 1: Sailing with Columbus 98Section 3: Danger in the Search for Riches 109Section 1: Establishing a Settlement 118Section 2: Spanish Colonies in East Texas 126Section 2: Life in a Civil Settlement 149Section 3: Dissatisfaction Among Spanish Colonists

in Texas 155Section 1: American or Spanish Citizenship 168Section 2: Moving to a Foreign Land 174Section 1: Mexican Citizenship 190Section 2: Letter to the Mexican Government 196Section 1: Outnumbered: Retreat or Fight? 214Section 3: After the Texas Revolution 229Section 1: Citizen of the Republic of Texas 238Section 2: Native Americans Unwelcome 244Section 1: Drafting the New State Constitution 264Section 3: Texas–New Mexico Boundary 277Section 1: Texas’s Progress in the 1850s 286Section 2: Immigrant Settlements in Texas 290Section 1: For or Against Secession? 304Section 1: Bringing Confederate States into the Union 324Section 3: Radical Republican Changes 333

Section 2: Frontier Conflict over Land Claims 349Section 3: Native American Leaders’ Dilemma 353Section 1: Life on a Texas Ranch 362Section 3: Fencing the Range 372Section 1: Slaves Adjusting to a New Life 382Section 2: Railroads Change Farming Life 386Section 1: Business Grows Industry 400Section 3: Working in Industry 408Section 1: Discovering Oil 416Section 3: Reporting on the Boom 426Section 1: Making School Rules 438Section 3: Choosing Government Leaders 447Section 2: Wartime Teachers 462Section 3: Adjusting to Factory Life 466Section 1: Help for Cotton Farmers 476Section 2: Texas Bicentennial Exposition 482Section 1: From Factory Worker Back to Farmer 502Section 2: Political Parties 524Section 1: Moving to Texas 538Section 2: Helping Poor School Districts 543Section 1: Writing the Constitution 560Section 3: Writing a Bill of Rights 571Section 3: Passing New Laws for Schools 578Section 1: Improving City Services 587Section 1: Does a Single Vote Count? 596Section 3: Living in a New Country 606Section 3: Choosing a Texas City 631Section 1: Predicting the Future of Natural Resources 640Section 3: Problem Solving for the Future 652

INTERACT WITH HISTORY

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 82Richard Dodge 91Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 106Alonso de León 119Friar Miguel de Molina 132Marqués de Rubí 134Father Gaspar José de Solis 144Don Juan Bautista Elguezábal 152Henri Joutel 111Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla 157Mirabeau Lamar 172Gideon Lincecum 182Stephen F. Austin 192Manuel Mier y Terán 194Stephen F. Austin 202Stephen F. Austin 205José Enrique de la Peña 218Dilue Rose Harris 225Sam Houston 238Mirabeau Lamar 247

Thomas J. Green 252Anson Jones 255Francisco Mejía 273James K. Polk 273Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 274Frederick Law Olmsted 292Sam Houston 305Richard (Dick) Dowling 312Kate Stone 318Felix Haywood 325Francis E. Leupp 346Satanta 350Buffalo Hunter 355J. Frank Dobie 363“The Old Chisholm Trail” 369Bubba Bowser 384Cowboy James Stallings 388“When The Boll Weevil Comes

To Texas” 393“Eleanor” 401

Texas & Pacific Railway Employees’ Petition, 1877 410

Anthony F. Lucas 418Frank Hamilton 421Allie V. Scott 422Clell Reed 428Jane Yelvington McCallum 441Isaac M. Cline 448Miriam A. Ferguson 470Woody Guthrie 479Audie Murphy 491John F. Kennedy 506Lyndon B. Johnson 520John T. Montford 573Gary Mauro 580Wallace Jefferson 621Richard Everett 642Bill Dingus 654

TEXAS VOICES

Native American Cultures 2Hispanic American Cultures 3African American Cultures 4European American Cultures 5Middle Eastern Cultures 6Asian American Cultures 7Hispanic Population 17Map Focus 36Sicilian Immigrants in Texas 64Community Origins 66Resourcefulness of the Apaches 84Powwows 92The Talon Family 112Native Groups and Mission Life 120

“Reasonable” Natives 146Language of the Vaqueros 154El Camino Real 176One Land, Many Cultures 182Texas Cherokees 192Fredonia 193An Alamo Defender 216Treaty with Native Texans 242The Rio Grande 272Lost Names 293Mexican Americans in the Civil War 317Juneteenth 325African Americans in Politics 334Native Texans and the Buffalo 345

Henry O. Flipper 352Mexican American Sheep Ranchers 373Overcoming Illiteracy 384A Multicultural Town 411Early Uses of Petroleum 419Alianza Hispano-Americana 450Mexican Immigration 457Internment Camps 488The Fight for Voting Rights 511Desegregation of Texas Schools 526HemisFair ’68 551African American Delegates 563Religious Diversity 608Racial/Ethnic Identity 622

Multicultural Connections

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Troy Dungan 14Richard Francaviglia 31Roy Bedichek 51H. Ross Perot 65Angelina 83Fulton Battise 93Estevanico 105Alonso de León 118Rosa María Hinojosa de Ballí 152Erasmo Seguín 175Martín de León 178Stephen Fuller Austin 179William Barret Travis 199Hendrick Arnold 207Erastus “Deaf” Smith 208Juan Seguín 225Lorenzo de Zavala 230Mirabeau B. Lamar 244Chief Bowles 245Anson Jones 255José Antonio Navarro 265James Pinckney Henderson 267

Elisha M. Pease 289Sam Houston 308Milton M. Holland 316James W. Throckmorton 327George T. Ruby 331Cynthia Ann Parker 348Quanah Parker 355Charles Goodnight 372Elizabeth “Lizzie” Johnson Williams 376James Stephen Hogg 387Norris Wright Cuney 410Anthony Lucas 418Columbus M. “Dad” Joiner 423Jovita Idar Juárez 440“Miss Ima” Hogg 446Brave WWI Veterans 459Blues Masters 468Bessie Coleman 469Miriam A. “Ma” Ferguson 470Félix Tijerina 480Sam Rayburn 482John Nance Garner 483

James Robert (Bob) Wills 484Oveta Culp Hobby 493Walter “Walt” Cunningham 506Héctor P. García 512Roy Benavidez 521Phil Gramm 525Henry B. González 533Michael Dell 550Greenbury Logan 562Hortense Sparks Ward 572Judith Zaffirini 579Barbara Jordan 582Lawrence Aaron Nixon 597Rose Wu 607Selena 619Henry G. Cisneros 633Carol Eggert Dinkins 643Irma Rangel 648Lance Armstrong 650Wallace B. Jefferson 653Kay Bailey Hutchison 655

Lone Star Legends

A Personal Country 58El Mesquite 136The Life of Davy Crockett Himself 220The Evolution of a State 268Old Yeller 370

The Great War 460Remarks in Cotulla, Texas, at Welhausen

Elementary School 522The Texas Constitution 564Think Texas 628

Lone Star Literature

The Critters Create Texas 23The Origin of the Caddoes 80Settling Texas 185Sophia Porter’s Brush with the Yankees 319Bill Pickett, Bulldogger 377

José Cisneros, Artist and Knight 451Red Adair, Wild Oil-Well Firefighter 542Dat Nguyen, Star Athlete and Scholar 609Multicultural Traditions 623

Tales of Texas

To Mathematics 14To Technology 40To Language Arts 50To Mathematics 78To Science 99To Architecture 131To Science 150To Language Arts 169To Science 201To the Arts 214

To Mathematics 218To Mathematics 250To Science 273To Technology 280To the Arts 292To Mathematics 306To Economics 318To Mathematics 333To Technology 354To the Arts 369

To Mathematics 383To Technology 389To Economics 401To Economics 427To Mathematics 439To Technology 458To the Arts 478To Science 505To Mathematics 531To the Arts 539

To Mathematics 546To Mathematics 568To Mathematics 590To Language Arts 598To the Arts 627To Science 644To Mathematics 647

Linking History

Movement 21Location 30Human-Environment Relationships 48Place 54Place 62Human-Environment Relationships 79Movement 87Human-Environment Relationships 104Region 110Location 119Place 127Movement 128Location 134Region 144Location 171Location 191

Movement 199Place 215Location 232Place 240Movement 246Region 253Movement 271Movement 274Region 277Human-Environment Relationships 286Movement 291Migration 306Place 312Region 330Place 344Place 346

Human-Environment Relationships 367Region 385Human-Environment Relationships 405Place 422Human-Environment Relationships 448Location 466Human-Environment Relationships 479Movement 504Human-Environment Relationships 520Human-Environment Relationships 540Region 567Place 584Movement 624Human-Environment Relationships 652

IN THIS LAND OF OURS

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Map & GeographyReading a Precipitation Map 41Analyzing a Historical Map 108Interpreting a Military Map 228Interpreting a Political Map 281Analyzing a Product Map 395Interpreting a Population

Density Map 471Reading a City Street Map 507Interpreting an Election Map 604Interpreting an Export Trade Map 630

Social StudiesReading a Line Graph 18Reading a Bar Graph 67Categorizing Information 88Drawing Conclusions 101Learning Spanish Pronunciation 125Contrasting Information 148Evaluating Sources 173Reading a Time Line 209Interpreting a Primary Source 233Identifying a Secondary Source 243Sequencing Information 276Identifying Points Of View 299Exploring Primary and

Secondary Sources 314Interpreting Information 332Identifying Bias 357Summarizing Information 365Finding the Main Idea 390Reading a Circle Graph 403Reading a Flowchart 425Supporting a Point of View 442Making Generalizations 465

Identifying Cause and Effect 481Making Inferences 513Interpreting a Political Cartoon 529Distinguishing Fact From Opinion 547Comparing Information 570Creating a Database 591Organizing Information 605Reading a Table 635Making Predictions 651Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS)Using Tables and Charts 70Using Graphs 162Analyzing Information 258Identifying Bias 338Identifying Primary and

Secondary Sources 432Using Time Lines 496Determining Point of View 554Reading Maps 612Interpreting Political Cartoons 658Reading Social StudiesRecognizing Effects 11Categorizing Information 27Classifying Information 45Comparing and Contrasting

Information 75Summarizing Information 97Sequencing Information 117Categorizing Information 141Comparing and Contrasting

Information 167Identifying Cause and Effect 189Taking Notes 213

Comparing and Contrasting Information 237

Outlining Information 263Identifying Supporting Details 285Identifying Points of View 303Summarizing Information 323Identifying Points of View 343Summarizing Information 361Analyzing Causes 381Summarizing Information 399Identifying Main Ideas and

Supporting Details 415Classifying Information 437Identifying Supporting Details 455Comparing Information 475Summarizing Information 501Classifying Information 517Summarizing Information 537Comparing Information 559Outlining Information 577Comparing and Contrasting

Information 595Identifying Cause and Effect 617Identifying Cause and Effect 639

TechnologyCreating a Multimedia Presentation 113Creating a Multimedia Presentation 249Creating a Multicultural

Heritage Display 294Creating a Scrapbook 429Creating a Political Campaign 486Creating a Museum Exhibit 508Creating a Public Service Campaign 600Creating a Multimedia Presentation 645

SKILLBUILDERS

Days Without Rain 15Cartography 35Fort Worth 63Remedies 91Ships 99Mission San Francisco de los Tejas 120Cowhands 153Kitchens 182Galveston 198The Alamo 219The Texas Capitol 247

The Texas Rangers 275Public Schools 288Camp Ford 313Freedmen’s Town 325Fort Davis 351Windmills 375Cotton Growth in Texas 394Logging Industry 405Drilling Rigs 417The City of Galveston 448Streetcars 464

Women in the Workforce 489Suburbs 510Minorities in Government 531New Industries 550Accessing the Texas Constitution 567Texas Counties 584Texas Voter Registration 597Growth of Metropolitan Areas 632Changes in Employment Rates 648

THEN & NOW

Sunny El Paso 13Enchanted Rock 49Texas Pecans 55Edwards Aquifer 56Largest Texas Cities 63Comanche Riders 85How Texas Got Its Name 89Trading Partners 121Nacogdoches Versus Natchitoches 122The Alamo 123Comanche Warriors 132Introducing Cotton to Texas 145Father of the Mexican Revolution 156Dieciséis de Septiembre 157Quinceañeras 158Anglo Americans 180

Poinsettia 194Angel of Goliad 223Goliad Survivor 224San Jacinto Monument 226A New Texas Flag 231Texas’s Navy 251Fugitive Slave Law 279Camels 287The Slave Trade 297Steamboat House 307Women in Combat 315Freedmen’s Schools 326Equal Rights for Some 329Governor Davis’s Departure 335Cattle Brands 363How Windmills Work 388

A Destructive Pest 393The Grange 444Women and the War 463Anti-Hoover Sentiment 477Iwo Jima Hero 491Japanese Peace Garden 492Air Tractors 502Ann and Two Georges 527County Seat Locations 585The Betsy Ross of Texas 560A New Texas Constitution 573Election 2000 602Clean Industries 2000 634Texas Water Development Board 642

TEXAS TIDBITS