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NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITYSCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND GEOSCIENCES

______________________

SEMESTER 1 2010-2011______________________

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPRAISAL OFTRANSPORT ACTIVITIES

Time allowed: 2 hours

Instructions to candidates:-

1. Answer 3 of the 5 questions.2. All questions carry equal marks.

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QUESTION 4a) The total cost to society of an accident can be divided into two types of costs.

Describe these two categories of costs and the elements that make up thecosts in each category.

[6 marks]

b) Analysis of accident data reveals differences in the characteristics ofaccidents that typically occur on different types of roads (built-up, non-built-upand motorway). Discuss the nature of the differences which have been foundand the way in which these affect the average accident cost for 3 differentroad types.

[15 marks]

c) In order to estimate the monetary value of the safety benefits of a givenscenario, forecasts must be made of the numbers of accidents of each typethat are likely to occur. Describe how these forecasts are made (indicating

which software tool performs this calculation and where the tables of valuesthat it uses can be found). In future years, what changes may occur whichcould affect the accuracy of the forecasts and therefore have be taken intoaccount?

[12 marks]

QUESTION 5a) Describe the history and background to the treatment of wider economic costs

currently proposed in NATA.[8 marks]

b) What are the four main areas in which wider economic impacts might beassessed? For each, give a brief description of the way in whichimprovements to the transport infrastructure might lead to the wider economicimpact.

[17 marks]

c) It is not appropriate to consider the wider economic impacts for relatively smallscale projects. Give the circumstances for which each of the four areas shouldbe considered for appraisal.

[8 marks]

END OF PAPER