ce 642 introduction - i kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. ·...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
CE 642
HYDRAULICS
Dr. Emre Can
![Page 2: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
� Tentative Course Outline
� Introduction � Pipe Flow� Open Channel Flows
� Uniform Flow� Non-Uniform Flow� Local Changes in Water Levels
� Channel Controls� Sedimentation in Open Channels and Rivers� Dimensional Analysis & Theory of Models
HYDRAULICS
![Page 3: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
EXAM SCHEDULE
� 31 March 15:00 Midterm exam 1� 12 May 15:00 Midterm exam 2� The exams will always be closed book,
(however formula sheets will be provided)
� Questions will be in English and there will be no translation of questions into Turkish,
� Answers to all the questions should be in English.
![Page 4: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HYDRAULICS
REFERENCES:
� Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics, , Mc Graw Hill, New York, 1959.
� Henderson, F.M., Open Channel Flow, Macmillan Co, 1966.
� Vennard, J.K. & Street, R.L., Elementary Fluid Mechanics,John Wiley & Sons, 1977.
� Linsley, R.K. & Franzini, J.B., Water Resources Engineering, McGraw Hill, Newyork, 1972
![Page 5: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
HYDRAULICS
REFERENCES:
� Sümer, B.M, Ünsal, İ. & Bayazıt M. Hidrolik,Birsen yayınevi
� Yanmaz, A. Melih, Applied Water Resources Engineering, Metu Press, 3rd edition, 2006
� CE 372 Hydromechanics Lecture Notes, Middle East Technical University, Civil Engineering Department
� UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Open Coursewarehttp://ocw.usu.edu/Civil_and_Environmental_Engineering/Fluid_Mechanics
![Page 6: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Scope of the Course
� In many water systems, transportation of water from one location to another is the main concern.
� Two main modes of transportation are:
� Closed conduits with pressurized flow inside� Open conduits with free surface flow inside
� The main objective in this course is to study the flow in closed conduits (mainly pipes) and in open channels
![Page 7: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Examples include:
� Water distribution networks in urban areas
� Water transmission line from Çamlıdere Dam to İvedik Water Treatment Plant
(φφφφ = 3.4 m, L = 15.5 km)
� Urfa Tunnels from Atatürk Dam to Harran Plain (φφφφ = 7.62 m, L = 2 x 26.4 km)
� Main irrigation canal in Harran Plain
� (L=118 km, Q = 80 m3/s)
![Page 8: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The View of Atatürk Dam
![Page 9: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
GAP WATER RESOURCES ROJECTS
Total 22 dams, 19 HPP
1.7 million ha, 7485 MW, 27 billion kWh
![Page 10: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Urfa Tunnels from Atatürk Dam to Harran Plain
� φφφφ = 7.62 m,
� L = 2 x 26.4 km
� Q=80 m3/s
![Page 11: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Main irrigation canal in Harran Plain (L=118 km, Q = 80 m3/s)
![Page 12: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Before 1995
![Page 13: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
HARRAN PLAINHARRAN PLAIN
![Page 14: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
YEYEŞİŞİLLÇÇAY SYSTEMAY SYSTEM
BLACKSEAYEŞİLÇAY REG.
SUNGURLUDAMİSAKÖY
DAM
KABAKOZDAM
DARLIKDAM
EMİRLİ TREATMENT
ÖMERLİDAM
AĞVA
M A R M A R A SEA
STORAGE
![Page 15: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
YEŞİLÇAY SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Length of transmission lines: 723 712 m
Length of water Network : 11 738 km
Volume of water reservoir : 914 000 m3
Water Supplied (2003) : 920 million m3/year
Water treatment capacity : 3.5 million m3/day
![Page 16: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Ø3 000 mm Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipes
![Page 17: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
BLACKSEACumhuriyet
Pompa İstasyonu
Cumhuriyet Pompa İstasyonu
Hüseyinli Su Arıtma Tesisi
700 000 m³/gün
Hüseyinli Su Arıtma Tesisi
700 000 m³/günŞile-Alaçalı
Tünel 3.5 km
Şile-AlaçalıTünel 3.5 km
Melen Pompa İstasyonu
Melen Pompa İstasyonu
Melen Regülatörü
8.5 m3/s
Melen Regülatörü
8.5 m3/s
Melen Barajı(ileri aşama)
Melen Barajı(ileri aşama)
Melen-Alaçalıİsale Hattı
131 km
Melen-Alaçalıİsale Hattı
131 km
AlaçalıBarajı
AlaçalıBarajı
Hamidiye Tüneli 5.2
km
Hamidiye Tüneli 5.2
km
Ömerli Barajı(mevcut)
Ömerli Barajı(mevcut)
Alaçalı-Ömerli Hattı
Alaçalı-Ömerli Hattı
Bekleme Tüneli 1.3 km
Bekleme Tüneli 1.3 km
Beykoz Tüneli2.6 km
Beykoz Tüneli2.6 km
Ortaçeşme Tüneli0.8 km
Ortaçeşme Tüneli0.8 km
AyazağaTüneli2.8 km
AyazağaTüneli2.8 km
Osmankuyu Su deposu
Osmankuyu Su deposu
Boğaz Tüneli5.5 km
Boğaz Tüneli5.5 km
Boğaz Tüneli Profili
Boğaz Tüneli Profili
Boğaz TüneliBoğaz Tüneli
Boğaz Tüneli Ø=4.0-3.6 m
L=5.5 km
Boğaz Tüneli Ø=4.0-3.6 m
L=5.5 km
MARMARA SEA
GREATER MELEN PROJECT OF ISTANBUL
GREATER MELEN PROJECT OF ISTANBUL
![Page 18: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Great Melen Project Technical Specifications
System Length : 185 600 m
Ø 2 500 mm Steel Pipe : 163 950 mØ 4 500 mm tunnel length : 8 700 mØ 4 000 mm tunnel length : 11 550 mØ 3 600 mm tunnel length : 1 400 m
![Page 19: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Examples of Fluid Mechanics System
![Page 20: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Physical Properties of Fluids
� Density
� Specific weight
� Specific Gravity
� Specific Volume
� Viscosity
� Surface Tension
� Vapor Pressure
� Compressibility
![Page 21: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Density, ρ
� Mass per unit volume
� ρ = m/∀
� [ρ]=ML-3
![Page 22: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Specific Weight, γ:
� Weight per unit volume
� γ = W/∀
� [γ]=FL-3
γ = ρg
![Page 23: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Specific Gravity, SG
� The ratio of the density of the fluid to the density of water (or air) at standard conditions
w
liquid)SG(ρ
ρ=
air
gas)SG(ρ
ρ=
![Page 24: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Density and Specific Weights of some fluids (g=9.81m/s2)
Gases
Fluid Temperature°C
Densitykg/m3
Specific WeightN/m3
Water 4.0 1000. 9810.
Mercury 20.0 13600. 133416.
Gasoline 15.6 680. 6671.
Alcohol 20.0 789. 7740.
Air 15.0 1.23 12.0
Oxygen 20.0 1.33 13.0
Hydrogen 20.0 0.0838 0.822
Methane 20.0 0.667 6.54
Liq
uid
sG
ase
s
![Page 25: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Deformation of fluid for a short time interval ∆t
τ=∝ hA
hFUp F
Up∆S
h
A
B B’
∆θy
u(y)
τ
x
h
Up∝τ
dt
dθ∝τ
Shear stress is proportional to the rate of angular deformation
![Page 26: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Newton’s Law of Viscosity
For the linear velocity profile
y
)y(u
h
Up=
yh
U)y(u p
=
dt
d
h
U
dy
du p θ==
dy
du∝τ
Newton’sLaw of
viscositydy
duµ=τ The proportionality constant µ is known as
dynamic viscosity of the fluid.
![Page 27: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity
Viscosity can be made independent of fluid density; kinematic viscosityis defined as the ratio
ρ
µ=ν
µµµµ Dynamic Viscosity : N⋅⋅⋅⋅s/m2 N (Mass/Length/Time)
νννν Kinematic Viscosity : (m2/s) (Length2/Time)
![Page 28: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Viscosities of air and water
Fluid Temperature(°°°°C)
µµµµ
(N⋅⋅⋅⋅s/m2)νννν
(m2/s)
Water 20 1.00E-03 1.01E-06
Air 20 1.80E-05 1.51E-05
![Page 29: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Reynolds Experiment
Q=VA Dye streak
Dye
pipe
Smooth well-rounded entrance
D
![Page 30: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Characteristics of Turbulent Flow
![Page 32: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Velocity components in a turbulent pipe flow: (a) x-component velocity; (b) r-component velocity; (c) θ-component velocity.
![Page 33: CE 642 Introduction - i Kuweb.iku.edu.tr/~asenturk/hydraulics_files/ce 642... · 2009. 2. 27. · HYDRAULICS REFERENCES: Chow, V.T., Open Channel Hydraulics,, Mc Graw Hill, New York,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081601/611a8fadf8453c4b1b2f7dbd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Type of Flow
� Re…Dimensionless numberf( velocity, diameter, viscosity)
� Laminar flow: Re < 2000
� Transitional flow: 2000 < Re < 4000
� Turbulent flow: Re > 4000
νπ=
ν D
Q4VD = Re