cdma phase one
TRANSCRIPT
1-2003 332 - 1Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
cdma2000 Phase One:1xRTT
cdma2000 Phase One:1xRTT
Course 332
1-2003 332 - 2Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Contents of Course 332
■ 2G-3G Progression Overview• The Standards Documents
■ The RF Side of CDMA2000 developments• A Story of Two Hotels• CDMA2000 Compatibility with IS-95• New features and improvements
– Radio Configurations & channels– Improvements: access, power control, coding, etc– OTD, pilots for smart antenna beamforming, etc.
■ The Data Side of new CDMA2000 developments• Circuit-switched vs. packet-switched access• The data backbone
– Physical structure: PDSNs, OSSN, AAA, administration– Operational features: Simple IP, Mobile IP, QoS– The Protocol Stack, Packet Data States, Link Management
■ Appendix: Glossary
1-2003 332 - 3Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMAone CDMA2000/IS-2000
The CDMA Technology Path to 3G
Technology
Generation
SignalBandwidth,
#Users
Features:Incremental
Progress
1G
AMPS
DataCapabilities
30 kHz.1
First System,Capacity
&Handoffs
None,2.4K by modem
2G
IS-95A/J-Std008
1250 kHz.20-35
First CDMA,Capacity,Quality
14.4K
2G
IS-95B
1250 kHz.25-40
•Improved Access
•Smarter Handoffs
64K
2.5G or 3?
IS-2000:1xRTT
1250 kHz.50-80 voice
and data
•Enhanced Access
•Channel Structure
153K307K230K
3G1xEV:DO,DV
HDR or1Xtreme1250 kHz.
Many packetusers
Faster data rates on
dedicated 1x RF data
carrier
2.4 Mb/s(HDR)
5 Mb/s(1Xtreme)
3G
IS-2000:3xRTT
F: 3x 1250kR: 3687k
120-210 per 3 carriers
Faster data rates on
shared 3-carrier bundle
1.0 Mb/s
1-2003 332 - 4Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The CDMA2000 Standards Documents
■ Although the standards are dry reading, they are the prime source of authoritative detail on each new technology.
■ The CDMA IS-2000 Standard is broken into six major sections• Section 1 is housekeeping, document conventions.• Section 2 presents a high overview of Radio Transmission
Technology, physical layer• Section 3 includes key features and functionality of the Media
Access Control Layer• Section 4 includes key features and functionality of the Link
Access Control Layer• Section 5 includes key features and functionality of the Upper
Signaling Layer, Layer 3• Section 6 includes analog overlay compatibility
■ You can download current and past versions of these documents free from the website of the Third Generation Partnership Project Two, www.3gpp2.org.
1-2003 332 - 5Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The RF Side of 3G NetworksThe RF Side of 3G Networks
CDMA2000
1-2003 332 - 6Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
A Story of Two Hotels
■ A sector on an IS-95 CDMA BTS runs like a discount hotel today
• There's a Sign outside, a covered entranceway, Lobby
• Only Two kinds of rooms: one king bed or two doubles
• There are no meeting rooms or ballrooms
■ New 1xRTT CDMA BTS sectors are like a convention resort!
• Twice as big in square feet• Sign, Entranceway, Lobby• Restaurants, Bars, Nightclub• Guest rooms: one king bed
or two doubles, maybe suites• Meeting Rooms with
adjustable walls -- for use as Classrooms, Auditorium, Ballrooms, Banquets, Parties, Meetings
BTS
PILOT
SYNCPAGINGTRAFFIC
ACCESS
TRAFFIC
F-TRAFFIC
BTS
F-PilotF-SyncPAGINGF-BCHF-QPCHF-CPCCHF-CACHF-CCCH
F-DCCHF-FCH
F-SCHF-SCH
R-TRAFFIC
R-Pilot
R-CCCH
R-DCCHR-FCH
R-SCH
R-EACHR-ACH or
1-2003 332 - 7Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 Capabilities Overview■ Basic operation compatible w/existing IS-95B systems■ 1xRTT independent I & Q modulation doubles capacity■ 3xRTT provides flexible multicarrier upgrade capability■ 1xEV DO, 1xEV DV offer even faster data rates■ New transmission modes offer faster data rates
• Voice and data to more than 144K in unrestricted general mobile use (1xRTT)
• Up to ~384 kbps packet or circuit data at medium speeds (1xRTT gives 307k, 3xRTT & 1xEV more)
• Up to 2 Mbps data rates when fixed in favorable locations (1xEV and 3xRTT both exceed 2Mbps)
IS-95A/J-Std008
IS-95B
1xRTT
3xRTT
Technology Data Capabilities
Up to 14.4 kbps using one traffic channel for supplemental dataUp to 115.2 kbps using 1 traffic channel and up to 7 supplemental
code channels supporting 14.4 kbps eachUp to 153.6 kbps (RC3) or 307.2 kbps (RC4); only RC3 avail. today;
Uses fundamental & supplemental channels, advanced rate and quality of service management
Up to 1.0386 Mbps (RC9) using fundamental channel for voice and supplemental channel(s) for data; advanced QoS and rate mgt.
SPEED LIMIT14.4
kbps
TRUCKS9.6kbps
SPEED LIMIT
307kbps
TRUCKS
153Kbps
USE I & Q LANES
1-2003 332 - 8Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile Improvements in 1xRTT
■ Reverse Link Pilot transmitted by mobile in advanced modes• synchronous demodulation improves reverse link budget
■ 1x Mobile transmits continuous waveform, no blind rate detection• Not like today's mobile and its TX data burst randomizing
BTS
W0W32W1
W17W25W41
W3
PIlotSync
PagingOther�s Fundamental Channel
My Fundamental ChannelOther�s Fundamental Channel
Supplemental Channel (shared)(sometimes others’, sometimes mine)
BASE STATION
W53Fundamental Channel
IS-95 MOBILE
uses Walsh Codes as “symbols” of its informationsince it only transmits one kind of channel at a time
W14 W23 W51 W07 W11 W16 W00 W63 W47 W13 W23
W0W4
W1, 2W6,8
Pilot and Power ControlFundamental ChannelSupplemental ChannelAccess, DCCH, others
1xRTT MOBILEUses steady Walsh codes as channelsmuch like a base station doessince it may transmit multiplechannels simultaneously
1-2003 332 - 9Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Other 1xRTT Improvements and Capabilities
■ Improved convolutional encoding for more robust channels
• Much better protection against FER■ Faster power control on forward link
• Finally the mobile can say what it wants 800x per second
■ Forward Link Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)
• Complex, but can give diversity gain■ Quick-paging channel improves slotted-
mode paging, increases battery life• Quick Paging Channel indicator bits
wake up mobiles to receive pages■ Auxiliary pilots support beam-forming and
smart antennas• Expect advanced smart antenna
products in 3-5 years
RC3 RC4W25
W0
Pilot and Power Control BTS
IQIQ
Orthogonal Transmit Diversity
11 12 14 14 151098765432102047 16
QUICK PAGING CHANNEL SLOT
PAGING CHANNEL SLOT
80 ms
80 ms
1.28 s
GENERALPAGE MESSAGE
PAGEINDICATORS
100 ms20msQPCH
PCH
Auxiliary Pilot
BTS
Fundamental ChannelAuxiliary Pilot ChannelAux PCH allows mobile to adjust FCH steering
1-2003 332 - 10Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 Compatibility with IS-95B & IS-95
■ CDMA2000 systems still support operation of IS-95 mobiles just like today• IS-95B radio interface operation is still fully supported• IS-707 data services standard still fully implemented• Familiar vocoders in widespread use are still supported
– IS-127 8K EVRC– IS-733 13K vocoder
• IS-637 SMS supported• IS-683 Over-The-Air (OTA) Activation fully supported• IS-98 and IS-97 BTS and Mobile specs still apply• Pilot, Sync and Paging channels of IS-95 are still retained as Common
Broadcast Channels in CDMA2000■ IS-2000 can be deployed in overlay mode with existing IS-95 carriers■ This compatibility allows operators to immediately implement CDMA2000
without waiting for widespread deployment of special CDMA2000 mobiles
1-2003 332 - 11Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Same Spectrum, Multiple Uses
■ IS-95 and IS-2000 1xRTT can operate using single RF carriers and multiples in any combination that will fit in operator’s licensed spectrum
■ IS-2000 3xRTT operates using groups of three carriers each on the forward link, and triple-wide single carriers on the reverse link
■ Only 3 groups of forward 3xRTT carriers and three reverse 3xRTT carriers are possible in a single 30 MHz. block (15 MHz. uplink, 15 MHz. downlink)
• There's not enough room for the last carrier of the fourth 3x group, so only 3 groups will fit in a 15 MHz. PCS licensed block
FORWARD LINKREVERSE LINK
f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
15 MHz. 15 MHz.
IS-95/BBTS
1-2003 332 - 12Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Same Spectrum, Multiple Uses
■ IS-95 and IS-2000 1xRTT can operate using single RF carriers and multiples in any combination that will fit in operator’s licensed spectrum
■ IS-2000 3xRTT operates using groups of three carriers each on the forward link, and triple-wide single carriers on the reverse link
■ Only 3 groups of forward 3xRTT carriers and three reverse 3xRTT carriers are possible in a single 30 MHz. block (15 MHz. uplink, 15 MHz. downlink)
• There's not enough room for the last carrier of the fourth 3x group, so only 3 groups will fit in a 15 MHz. PCS licensed block
FORWARD LINKREVERSE LINK
f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011
15 MHz. 15 MHz.
1xRTTBTS
1-2003 332 - 13Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Same Spectrum, Multiple Uses
■ IS-95 and IS-2000 1xRTT can operate using single RF carriers and multiples in any combination that will fit in operator’s licensed spectrum
■ IS-2000 3xRTT operates using groups of three carriers each on the forward link, and triple-wide single carriers on the reverse link
■ Only 3 groups of forward 3xRTT carriers and three reverse 3xRTT carriers are possible in a single 30 MHz. block (15 MHz. uplink, 15 MHz. downlink)
• There's not enough room for the last carrier of the fourth 3x group, so only 3 groups will fit in a 15 MHz. PCS licensed block
3xRTT
FORWARD LINKREVERSE LINK
f1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 43x MC 1 3x MC 2 3x MC 3 3x MC 4
5 MHz.
15 MHz.
5 MHz.
15 MHz.
BTS
1-2003 332 - 14Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Spreading Rates andRadio ConfigurationsSpreading Rates andRadio Configurations
Physical Layer
1-2003 332 - 15Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Spreading Rates and Radio Configurations
■ Spreading Rate refers to the chip rate of the waveform which spreads the CDMA signal, determining its spectral width and its processing gain
• Spreading Rate 1 is 1,228,800 chips per second, same as current IS-95 operation. It makes signals about 1.25 MHz. wide, which can carry certain amounts of data per sector
– This is called 1xRTT, 1x Radio Transmission Technology• Spreading Rate 3 is 3 times Spreading Rate 1, or 3,686,400
chips per second. It makes signals about 3.75 MHz. wide which can carry larger amounts of data per sector
– This is called 3xRTT, 3x Radio Transmission Technology– 3xRTT is not likely ever to be implemented commercially
■ Radio Configuration refers to the coding arrangements and how the channels and their data rates are established
• There are several Radio Configurations for 1xRTT and several more for 3xRTT. Each one has its own characteristics
1-2003 332 - 16Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Spreading Rates & Radio ConfigurationsRadio
Configuration
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC5
RC6
RC7
RC8
RC9
SpreadingRate
SR11xRTT1 carrier1.2288MCPS
SR33xRTT
Fwd:3 carriers
1.2288MCPSRev:
3.6864MCPS
Forward Link
Required. IS-95B CompatibleNo CDMA2000 coding features
Compatible with IS-95B RS2No CDMA2000 coding features
Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 9600
Half-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 9600
Quarter-rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 14400
1/6 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600
Required. 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo coding, base rate 9600
¼ or 1/3 rate convolutional orTurbo coding, base rate 14400
½ or 1/3 rate convolutional or Turbo encoder, base rate 14400
DataRates
9600
14400
9600153600
9600307200
14400230400
9600307200
9600614400
14400460800
144001036800
Quarter rate convolutional or Turbo coding; Half rate convolutional or Turbo coding;base rate 9600
Quarter rate convolutional or Turbo Coding, base rate 14400
Required. ¼ or 1/3 convolutionalor Turbo coding, base rate 9600
¼ or ½ convolutional or Turboencoding, base rate 14400
Required. IS-95B CompatibleNo CDMA2000 coding features
Compatible with IS-95B RS2No CDMA2000 coding features
RC1
RC2
RC3
RC4
RC5
RC6
9600
14400
9600
153600
307200
14400230400
9600
307200
614400
14400
460800
1036800
Reverse LinkDataRates
RadioConfiguration
1-2003 332 - 17Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
RC 1 RC 3 RC 5 RC 1 RC 3 RC 4 RC 6 RC 71x 1x 3x 1x 1x 1x 3x 3x
R=1/3 R=1/4 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/6 R=1/31200 1200 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500
1350 13501500 1500
2400 2400 2400 24002700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700
4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 48009600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600
19200 19200 19200 19200 19200 1920038400 38400 38400 38400 38400 3840076800 76800 76800 76800 76800 76800
153600 153600 153600 153600 153600 153600R=1/2 R=1/3
307200 307200 307200 307200 307200614400 614400
RC 2 RC 4 RC 6 RC 2 RC 5 RC 8 RC 91x 1x 3x 1x 1x 3x 3x
R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/4or1/3* R=1/2or1/3*1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 18003600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 36007200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200
14400 14400 14400 14400 14400 14400 1440028800 28800 28800 28800 2880057600 57600 57600 57600 57600
115200 115200 115200 115200 115200230400 230400 230400 230400 230400
460800 460800 460800R=1/2
1036800 1036800
IS-2000 Physical Layer Radio ConfigurationsB
ased
on
Rat
e Se
t 1B
ased
on
Rat
e Se
t 2
* R=1/3 for 5ms frames
Reverse CDMA Channel Forward Traffic Channel
All the possible combinations
1-2003 332 - 18Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
IS-2000 CDMA Code ChannelsIS-2000 CDMA Code Channels
Physical Layer
1-2003 332 - 19Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
2G Today: IS-95 CDMA Channels
■ Existing IS-95A/JStd-008 CDMA offers one radio configuration using just the channels shown above
■ IS-2000 CDMA is backward-compatible with this IS-95, but offers additional radio configurations with additional channels
• These additional modes are called Radio Configurations• IS-95 Rate Set 1 and 2 are IS-2000 Radio Configurations 1 & 2
FORWARD CHANNELS
BTS
W0: PILOT
W32: SYNC
W1: PAGING
Wn: TRAFFIC
REVERSE CHANNELS
ACCESS
TRAFFIC
1-2003 332 - 20Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The Big Improvements in 1xRTT
■ the FUNDAMENTAL Channel (FCH) carries Voice and/or Low Speed Data just like today
■ New SUPPLEMENTAL Channel (SCH) carries high-speed data• High-speed data channels allocated on a burst-by-burst basis• Raw rates of 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, and 153.6 kbps and higher• Independent Forward and reverse supplemental channel rates• Airlink Dormant State is supported• voice on fundamental channel possible while dormant!
■ Signaling can be either on • Fundamental Channel (FCH) [bearer profile P1], or• Dedicated Control (DCCH) [bearer profile P2]• using a new 4 state MAC protocol to increase efficiency
■ Reverse Pilot Channel (RPCH) provides extra link budget margin ■ Fast Forward Power Control
• From old IS-95 max of 50 Hz to new constant 800 Hz!■ Enhanced Access Channels increase occupancy, more efficient
1-2003 332 - 21Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 SR1 CDMA Channels
■ Not all of these channels will be implemented immediately, and some may not be supported in commercial use any time soon.
■ All are defined in the Standard and have useful purposes and advantages
Includes PowerControl Subchannel
Enhanced Access Channel
CommonControl Channel
DedicatedControl Channel
Reverse FundamentalChannel (IS95B comp.)
Reverse Supplemental Channel
Access Channel(IS-95B compatible)
R-TRAFFIC
REVERSE CHANNELS
R-Pilot
R-CCCH
R-DCCH
R-FCH
R-SCH
R-EACH
1
1
0 or 1
0 or 1
0 to 2
R-ACH or
1
Dedicated Control Channel
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
F-TRAFFIC
FORWARD CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
F-DCCH
1
1
1 to 7
0 to 8
0 to 3
0 to 4
0 to 7
0 to 7
0 or 1
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
Users:Users:0 to many0 to many
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
IS-95B only
How manyPossible:
BTS
1-2003 332 - 22Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The Channels at Phase One 1xRTT Launch
■ At initial 1xRTT launch, many IS-95 mobiles will still exist
■ IS-95 mobiles still get config. info. on the existing channel
■ F-BCH, F-CPCCH, F-CACH, F-CCCH and F-DCCH will be implemented later on carriers for 1xRTT mobiles only
Includes PowerControl Subchannel
Enhanced Access Channel
CommonControl Channel
DedicatedControl Channel
Reverse FundamentalChannel (IS95B comp.)
Reverse Supplemental Channel
Access Channel(IS-95B compatible)
R-TRAFFIC
REVERSE CHANNELS
R-Pilot
R-CCCH
R-DCCH
R-FCH
R-SCH
R-EACH
1
1
0 or 1
0 or 1
0 to 2
R-ACH or
1
BTS
Dedicated Control Channel
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
F-TRAFFIC
FORWARD CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
F-DCCH
1
1
1 to 7
0 to 8
0 to 3
0 to 4
0 to 7
0 to 7
0 or 1
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
IS-95B only
Users:Users:0 to many0 to many
How manyPossible:
1-2003 332 - 23Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Forward Control ChannelsForward Control Channels
1xRTT
1-2003 332 - 24Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 1xRTT Forward Control Channels
■ Forward channels can be a mix of old IS-95B and new CDMA2000• the wireless Operator can choose which channels to implement
■ First-Phase Implementation, serving IS-95 and CDMA2000 mobiles:• F-Pilot and F-Sync same as IS-95B (+updated Sync message)• Paging channel same as IS-95B (incl. config., orders, assignments)• Optional: F-QPCH quick paging channel ‘flags’ for better battery life
■ Second-Phase Implementation, serving only CDMA2000 mobiles: • F-Pilot and F-Sync identical to IS-95B (+updated Sync message)• Paging channel now carries ONLY pages• F-BCH carries configuration• F-CCCH common control channel carries orders & assignments• F-QPCH quick paging ‘flags’ for deeper mobile sleep, longer battery• F-CPCCH common power control channel: more ‘polite’ access• F-CACH common assignment channel for improved access
1-2003 332 - 25Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
F-QPCH: The Quick Paging Channel
■ The Quick Paging Channel indicator bits tell 1xRTT mobiles whether they need to wake up during the next Paging Channel slot
■ Each sector can have up to three F-QPCH walsh codes assigned• Walsh Code 80 (128-bit) (if there is only one, this must be it)• Walsh Code 48 (128-bit) (this must be second, if used)• Walsh Code 112 (128-bit) (this must be third, if used)
■ QPCH and PCH slots are 80 ms long; QPCH slots begin 100 ms before the corresponding PCH slot
11 12 14 14 151098765432102047 16
PAGING CHANNEL SLOT
80 ms
80 ms
1.28 s
GENERALPAGE MESSAGE
100 ms20ms
Mobile hashes using IMSI to recognize indicator bits it should monitor. If the bits are on, the mobile wakes up and
listen to the next PCH slot – somebody watching those bits will be paged.
QUICK PAGING CHANNEL SLOT Mobile listens for first General Page Message, beginning in this slot.
There will be a page for some mobile watching those indicator bits.
1-2003 332 - 26Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT Access Procedures
■ IS-2000 adds two new Access methods, for three ways to access:■ Basic Access Mode:
• (Existing Aloha Method from IS-95)• no closed-loop power control• Mobiles may suffer collisions• Mobile Power control is by successive trial and error, which is not very
efficient■ Power Controlled Aloha Mode
• The mobiles’ R-ACH is power controlled by the new F-CPCCH• Better power control, but still subject to collisions
■ Power Controlled Reservation Mode• The mobiles’ R-CCCH channel is Power Controlled• Access to system on R-CCCH is Reservation-based (no collisions)• This Maximizes feasible occupancy level of access channels
MSProbing
Success!
1-2003 332 - 27Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
New Channels Improve 1xRTT Access
BTS
FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
R-Pilot
R-CCCH
R-EACH
1 1
1
0 or 1
1
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
Includes PowerControl Subchannel
Enhanced Access Channel
CommonControl Channel
Access Channel(IS-95B compatible) R-ACH or
F-TRAFFIC
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
0 to many
Dedicated Control Channel
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
R-TRAFFIC
R-DCCH
R-FCH
R-SCH
0 or 1
0 to 2
DedicatedControl Channel
Reverse FundamentalChannel (IS95B comp.)
Reverse Supplemental Channel
1
1 to 7
0 to 8
0 to 3
0 to 4
0 to 7
0 to 7
0 or 1
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
1-2003 332 - 28Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Power Controlled Reservation Access Mode
■ Reservation Access Mode procedures:• On R-EACH, mobile asks permission to transmit • The associated F-CACH gives permission• Mobile transmits on R-CCCH during scheduled slot• F-CPCCH gives power control during R-CCCH transmission• F-CCCH gives acknowledgment and TCH assignment, if needed
R-EACH
R-CCCH
F-CACH
BTS
Enhanced Access Probe
Early Acknowledgment Channel Assignment Message
Acknowledgment
F-CPCCH
EACH HEADEREACH PREAMBLE
MESSAGE CAPSULE CACH PREAMBLE
Enhanced Access DataCCCH HEADERCCCH PREAMBLEPower Control Bits
F-CCCH
1-2003 332 - 29Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The F-CACH
■ F-CACH modes:■ Power Controlled access
mode• F-CACH provides fast
acknowledgments to mobiles during access for power control
■ Reservation Access Mode• Transmits an abbreviated
address for each mobile that is allowed to transmit on the R-CCCH
• This reduces collisions during the access process
BTS
FORWARD CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
1
1
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
F-TRAFFIC
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
Dedicated Control Channel
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
0 to many
1 to 7
0 to 8
0 to 3
0 to 4
0 to 7
0 to 7
0 or 1
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
1-2003 332 - 30Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The F-CPCCH
■ Common Power Control Channel tightly controls power of mobiles accessing the system using R-EACH or R-CCCH
■ One CPCCH can transmit power control data for up to 24 reverse channels (each is either an R-EACH or an R-CCCH)
• 12 channels of power control on the I channel, 12 on the Q channel
■ The CPCCH increases system capacity by better control of mobile power during access mode
BTS
FORWARD CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
1
1
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
F-TRAFFIC
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
Dedicated Control Channel
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
0 to many
1 to 7
0 to 8
0 to 3
0 to 4
0 to 7
0 to 7
0 or 1
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
1-2003 332 - 31Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
IS-2000 using the new F-BCH and F-CCCH
■ Broadcast Channel F-BCH• 40 ms frames with slots of 40,
80, or 160 ms• Carries only Overhead
messages transmitted at 19.2, 9.6, or 4.8 kbps
■ Common Control Channel• Uses 20, 10, or 5 ms frames• Transmits signaling messages
at 9.6, 19.2, or 38.4 kbps• Handles all other signaling
directed to mobiles• Free to operate at higher data
rates to improve throughput
BTS
FORWARD CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
1
1
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
F-TRAFFIC
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
Dedicated Control Channel
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
0 to many
1 to 7
0 to 8
0 to 3
0 to 4
0 to 7
0 to 7
0 or 1
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
1-2003 332 - 32Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
In-Call Administration on the F-DCCH
■ The optional Dedicated Control Channel is paired up with an FCH (forward fundamental channel)
• also relates to any F-SCHs used in the call
■ Transmits signaling and possibly power control information about the FCH
■ Uses either 5 ms or 20 ms frames■ Data rate always matches rate of
the associated FCH■ F-DCCH can use discontinuous
transmission during periods with no data is to be transmitted
■ F-DCCH can offload messaging which otherwise would have been required to go over F-FCH
BTS
FORWARD CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
1
1
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
F-TRAFFIC
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
Dedicated Control Channel
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
0 to many
1 to 7
0 to 8
0 to 3
0 to 4
0 to 7
0 to 7
0 or 1
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
1-2003 332 - 33Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT Channel Generation1xRTT Channel Generation
1-2003 332 - 34Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1 F-Pilot Channel (IS-95 Compatible)
■ The backward-compatible IS-95 Pilot, Sync, and Paging Channels are applied to the I channel of the complex short code spreader.
■ No input is applied to the Q channel
■ This produces parallel BPSK modulation for these channels just like IS-95
This complex scrambling operation is
part of every 1xRTT channel. 1xRTT base
stations use new channel elements, each
of which contain this new circuitry
Walsh 128Generator
I
Q
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+
Nothing Connected
19.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcpsThe Pilot:All Zero Data
Σ
Σ
BTS
1-2003 332 - 35Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1 F-CPCCH Generation and Coding
■ No convolutional or turbo coding is used on the power control data■ Time offset of each power control subchannel is determined by the
long code offset of the reverse channel of the associated mobile
Different Bits carried on logical Q
Different Bits carried on logical I
OffsetCalculation
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
Gain
Walsh 128Generator
I
Q
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+
1228.8 kbps
9.6 ksps
9.6 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Gain
OffsetCalculation
Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH0Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH1
Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH11
Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH12Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH13
Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH23
MU
XM
UX Σ
ΣBTS
These are the power control bits transmitted by the base station to adjust the power of mobiles when
transmitting on the reverse common control channels
1-2003 332 - 36Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel Coding
The bit flags are encoded into symbols and repeated, to protect against transmission errors
These are the bits that serve as “flags” to tell certain groups of mobiles to “wake up” and start listening to the paging channel in an upcoming slot.We have pages for some of you!!
The stream of symbols is divided into two parts: one on logical I and one on logical Q
2.4 or 4.8kbps
Channel PageIndicators
2x/4xSymbol
Repetition
GainSerial toParallel
Walsh 128Generator
I
Q
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+
9.6 ksps
9.6 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
19.2 ksps
ChannelIndicator Data
4.8 or 9.6kbps
Σ
Σ
BTS
1-2003 332 - 37Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Forward Traffic ChannelsForward Traffic Channels
1xRTT
1-2003 332 - 38Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Spreading Rate 1 Forward Traffic Channels
■ In IS-95B mode (RC 1 or 2) F-Traffic channels include:• 1 F-FCH forward fundamental channel for primary data at 9600
or 14400 bps using IS-95B coding• 0 to 7 F-SCH forward supplemental channels for high speed
data using IS-95B coding■ In CDMA2000 mode (RC3, 4, 5) F-Traffic channels include:
• 1 F-FCH forward fundamental channel• 1 or 2 F-SCH supplemental channel
■ In CDMA2000 mode, F-DCCH dedicated control channels may be associated with F-Traffic channels to carry signaling and power control data
• Power control bits can be either on F-FCH or F-FDCCH
1-2003 332 - 39Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC1 9,600 bps F-FCH (IS-95-Compatible)
Same sym
bols go on both I and Q!
PowerControl
Puncturing
Data Bits
8.6 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
9.6 kbps
1/2 rateConv Encoder Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
Power CtrlDecimator
PCPunc
Pwr CtrlBits
GainGain
19.2 ksps
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
II
OrthogonalSpreading
1228.8 kbps /W
800 bps
800 bps
19.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
SymbolRepetition Σ
ΣBTS Walsh 64Generator
1228.8 kcps
1-2003 332 - 40Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC2 14,400 bps F-FCH (IS-95-Compatible)
Same sym
bols go on both I and Q!
PowerControl
Puncturing
Data Bits
13.35 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
14.4 kbps
1/2 rateConv Encoder Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
Power CtrlDecimator
PCPunc
Pwr CtrlBits
GainGain
19.2 ksps
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
II
OrthogonalSpreading
1228.8 kbps /W
800 bps
800 bps
19.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
SymbolRepetition
SymbolPuncturing
28.8 ksps
2 of 6
Σ
ΣBTS Walsh 64Generator
1228.8 kcps
1-2003 332 - 41Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Channels of the Higher 1xRTT Configurations
BTS
FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
F-Pilot
F-Sync
PAGING
F-BCH
F-QPCH
F-CPCCH
F-CACH
F-CCCH
R-Pilot
R-CCCH
R-EACH
1 1
1
0 or 1
1
1 to 7
0 or 1
0 or 1
0 or 1
0 or 1
0 to n
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Same coding as IS-95B,Backward compatible
Broadcast Channel
Quick Paging Channel
Common Power Control Channel
Common Assignment Channel
Common Control Channels
Includes PowerControl Subchannel
Enhanced Access Channel
CommonControl Channel
Access Channel(IS-95B compatible) R-ACH or
F-TRAFFIC
F-DCCH0 or 1
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-SCH
0 to many
1
0 to 7
0 to 2
Dedicated Control Channel
Forward Traffic Channels
Fundamental Channel
SupplementalChannels IS-95B only
SupplementalChannels RC3,4,5
R-TRAFFIC
R-DCCH
R-FCH
R-SCH
0 or 1
0 to 2
DedicatedControl Channel
Reverse FundamentalChannel (IS95B comp.)
Reverse Supplemental Channel
1
1-2003 332 - 42Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC3 F-FCH (9,600 bps)
The stream of symbols is divided into two parts: one on logical I and one on logical Q
Complex scrambling ensures that the
physical I and Q phase planes contain equal
amplitudes at all times. This minimizes the
peak-to-average power levels in the signal.
PowerControl
PuncturingFull RateData Bits8.6 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
9.6 kbps
1/4 rateConv Encoder Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
Power CtrlDecimator
PCPunc
Pwr CtrlBits
GainGain
Serial toParallel
Walsh 64Generator
I
Q
38.4 ksps
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+Power control informationmay be carried as shown
or on the F-DCCH
1228.8 kbps /W/2
800 bps
800 bps
19.2 ksps
19.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
38.4 ksps
Σ
ΣBTS
1-2003 332 - 43Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC4 F-FCH (9,600 bps)
Complex scrambling ensures that the
physical I and Q phase planes contain equal
amplitudes at all times. This minimizes the
peak-to-average power levels in the signal.
The stream of symbols is divided into two parts: one on logical I and one on logical Q
PowerControl
PuncturingFull RateData Bits8.6 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
9.6 kbps
1/2 rateConv Encoder Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
Power CtrlDecimator
PCPunc
Pwr CtrlBits
GainGain
Serial toParallel
Walsh 128Generator
I
Q
19.2 ksps
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+Power control informationmay be carried as shown
or on the F-DCCH
1228.8 kbps /W/2
800 bps
800 bps
9.6 ksps
9.6 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
19.2 ksps
Σ
ΣBTS
1-2003 332 - 44Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC5 F-FCH (14.4 kbps)
The stream of symbols is divided into two parts: one on logical I and one on logical Q
Complex scrambling ensures that the
physical I and Q phase planes contain equal
amplitudes at all times. This minimizes the
peak-to-average power levels in the signal.
PowerControl
Puncturing
Full RateData Bits
13.35 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
14.4 kbps
1/4 rateConv Encoder
Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
Power CtrlDecimator
PCPunc
Pwr CtrlBits
GainGain
Serial toParallel
Walsh 64Generator
I
Q
I Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+Power control informationmay be carried as shown
or on the F-DCCH
1228.8 kbps /W/2
800 bps
800 bps
19.2 ksps
19.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
38.4 ksps
Puncture4/12
38.4 ksps
Σ
ΣBTS
57.6ksps
1-2003 332 - 45Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC3 F-SCH (152,400 bps)
Complex scrambling ensures that the
physical I and Q phase planes contain equal
amplitudes at all times. This minimizes the
peak-to-average power levels in the signal.
The stream of symbols is divided into two parts: one on logical I and one on logical Q
PayloadData Bits
152.4 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
153.6 kbps
1/4 rateConv Encoder Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
GainSerial toParallel
Walsh 4Generator
I
Q
614.4 kspsI
Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+
1228.8 kbps /W/2
307.2 ksps
307.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
614.4 ksps
614.4 ksps
Σ
ΣBTS
1-2003 332 - 46Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC4 F-SCH (307,200 bps)
Complex scrambling ensures that the
physical I and Q phase planes contain equal
amplitudes at all times. This minimizes the
peak-to-average power levels in the signal.
The stream of symbols is divided into two parts: one on logical I and one on logical Q
PayloadData Bits
304.8 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
307.2 kbps
1/2 rateConv Encoder Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
GainSerial toParallel
Walsh 4Generator
I
Q
614.4 kspsI
Short Code
QShort Code
FIRLPF
FIRLPF
I
II
Q QQ
OrthogonalSpreading
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+
1228.8 kbps /W/2
307.2 ksps
307.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
614.4 ksps
614.4 ksps
Σ
ΣBTS
1-2003 332 - 47Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1 Forward Channel Complex Spreading
BTS
ΣWhen
Enabled, Rotate by 90°
(Output -Qin +jIin)
BasebandFilter
Cos 2πfct
Sin 2πfct
S(t)
Σ
Σ
BasebandFilter
WalshFunction
QOFsign
YQ
YI
Iin
Qin
WalshrotnPNI
PNQ
I
Q
Enable
Complex Multiplier
+
-
+
+
+
+
Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)QOFsign= ±1 sign multiplier QOF mask (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)
Walshrot = �0� or �1� 90°-rotation-enable Walsh functionWalshrot = �0� means no rotation
Walshrot = �1� means rotate by 90°The null QOF has QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = �0�
PNI and PNQ = ±1 I-channel and Q-channel PN sequencesThe null QOF is used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2
1-2003 332 - 48Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Channel Coding for Protection:Convolutional vs. Turbo CodesChannel Coding for Protection:Convolutional vs. Turbo Codes
1-2003 332 - 49Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Data Protection: Convolutional vs. Turbo Coding■ In CDMA, bits are protected against transmission errors using channel
coding, turning them into symbols before transmission. After reception, the decoding process to recover the bits is highly tolerant of bad symbols. The correct bits can be recovered despite symbol errors
■ Many different channel coding methods are available to convert bits into symbols. CDMA voice applications have always used Convolutionalencoders; CDMA2000 also introduces Turbo coding
■ Voice is a real-time streaming application and lost frames can’t be retransmitted, there is only one chance to pass the voice frames through. We adjust the power of voice channels trying to achieve an FER of about 1% or 2%; anything higher produces gives bad-sounding speech.
■ Data applications are more forgiving of lost frames. The main objective is throughput: a few bad frames can be retransmitted to fix errors, and throughput remains nearly as good as before.
■ Turbo coders are a class of coders that work better for larger groups of symbols, such as our large frames high CDMA2000 data rates
• Their design is experimental; optimal algorithms are not yet known■ CDMA2000 gets its best results using a mixed selection of coding types:
• Adjust voice channel powers to achieve target 1-2% FER; use Convolutional coders
• Adjust data channel powers at approx. 5% FER with Turbo coding, using packet retransmission to correct lost frames
1-2003 332 - 50Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA Convolutional Coders
1-2003 332 - 51Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The CDMA2000 Turbo Coder
■ The IS-2000 general turbo coder is shown at right
■ The turbo coder produces five output streams - the original stream plus four others using a combination of feedback shift register and interleaving techniques
• A fifth-rate Turbo Coder■ Puncturing reduces the
output rate to 3 times original■ This turbo coder has
approximately 0.5 db better error performance than a convolutional encoder of similar rate
Interleaver
144 kbpsInput + D
+
+D D
++ +
+
+ D
+
+D D
++ +
+
144 kspsOutput
144 kspsOutput
144 kspsOutput
144 kspsOutput
144 kspsOutput
1-2003 332 - 52Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Walsh in the Fast Lane(Supplemental Channels F-SCH & R-SCH, that is)
Walsh in the Fast Lane(Supplemental Channels F-SCH & R-SCH, that is)
CDMA2000
Disclaimer: Any relationship perceived between Joe Walsh and any Walsh Codes living or dead is purely Orthogonal.
1-2003 332 - 53Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Faster Data, Shorter Walsh Codes, Complications
■ New cdma2000 channels operate at substantially faster data ratesthan current IS-95 channels
■ These faster symbol rates require shorter Walsh codes, so the Walsh codes can occur as rapidly as the symbols being transmitted
■ It’s worth a re-visit to the basics of Walsh codes to understand the implications of this change
• Shorter faster Walsh codes do carry faster symbols, but with less spreading gain
• When a Walsh code of a particular length is in use, none of its descendents (longer lengths) or its ancestors (shorter lengths) can be used for any other purpose
• With so many Walsh codes in use and so many new channels, we must even face the possibility we’ll run out and have to use other codes to carry any additional traffic
1-2003 332 - 54Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Walsh Codes in 1xRTT
Data Rates are different, butChip Rates must stay the same!
2G VOICE AND DATAOne Symbol of Information
64 chips of Walsh Code1,228,800 walsh chips/second
19,200 symbols/secondDATA
SYMBOLS
WALSHCODE
3G 153.6 kb/s DATA One Symbol of Fast Data
4 Chips of Walsh Code 1,228,800 walsh chips/second
307,200 symbols/secondDATA
SYMBOLS
WALSHCODE
1-2003 332 - 55Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Basics of IS-95�s Most Famous and Popular Channelization Sequences: The Walsh Codes
■ 64 “Magic” Sequences, each 64 chips long■ Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with
respect to all other Walsh Codes and their opposites too!
• it’s simple to generate the codes, or• they’re small enough to use from ROM
WALSH CODES# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101012 00110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100113 01100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001104 00001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011115 01011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110106 00111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111007 01101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010018 00000000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111119 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 010110100101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010122 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 001100111100110000110011110011001100110000110011110011000011001143 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
EXAMPLE:Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59
#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
Correlation Results: 32 1�s, 32 0�s: Orthogonal!!
Unique Properties:Mutual Orthogonality
1-2003 332 - 56Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
General Development of the Walsh Codes
■ All Walsh codes can be built to any size from a single zero by replicating and inverting
■ All Walsh matrixes are square -- same number of codes and number of chips per code
WALSH CODES# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101012 00110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100113 01100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001104 00001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011115 01011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110106 00111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111007 01101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010018 00000000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111119 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 010110100101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010122 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 001100111100110000110011110011001100110000110011110011000011001143 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
WALSH CODES# ----------- 32-Chip Sequence -------------0 000000000000000000000000000000001 010101010101010101010101010101012 001100110011001100110011001100113 011001100110011001100110011001104 000011110000111100001111000011115 010110100101101001011010010110106 001111000011110000111100001111007 011010010110100101101001011010018 000000001111111100000000111111119 01010101101010100101010110101010
10 0011001111001100001100111100110011 0110011010011001011001101001100112 0000111111110000000011111111000013 0101101010100101010110101010010114 0011110011000011001111001100001115 0110100110010110011010011001011016 0000000000000000111111111111111117 0101010101010101101010101010101018 0011001100110011110011001100110019 0110011001100110100110011001100120 0000111100001111111100001111000021 0101101001011010101001011010010122 0011110000111100110000111100001123 0110100101101001100101101001011024 0000000011111111111111110000000025 0101010110101010101010100101010126 0011001111001100110011000011001127 0110011010011001100110010110011028 0000111111110000111100000000111129 0101101010100101101001010101101030 0011110011000011110000110011110031 01101001100101101001011001101001
WALSH# ---- 16-Chips -------0 00000000000000001 01010101010101012 00110011001100113 01100110011001104 00001111000011115 01011010010110106 00111100001111007 01101001011010018 00000000111111119 0101010110101010
10 001100111100110011 011001101001100112 000011111111000013 010110101010010114 001111001100001115 0110100110010110
WALSH# 8-Chips 0 000000001 010101012 001100113 011001104 000011115 010110106 001111007 01101001
WALSH# 4-Chips 0 00001 01012 00113 0110
WALSH# 2-Chips 0 001 01
WALSH# 1-Chip0 0
64x64
32x32
16x16
8x84x42x2
Walsh Level MappingThe Walsh Codes shown here are in logical state values 0 and 1.Walsh Codes also can exist as physical bipolar signals. Logical zero is the signal value +1 and Logical 1 is the signal value -1.Mapping: Logical 0,1 > +1, -1 Physical
Walsh Code NamesW1232 = “Walsh Code #12, 32 chips long.”
1-2003 332 - 57Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Walsh Code Trees and Interdependencies
■ Entire Walsh matrices can be built by replicating and inverting -- Individual Walsh codes can also be expanded in the same way.
■ CDMA adds each symbol of information to one complete Walsh code■ Faster symbol rates therefore require shorter Walsh codes■ If a short Walsh code is chosen to carry a fast data channel, that walsh
code and all its replicative descendants are compromised and cannot be reused to carry other signals
■ Therefore, the supply of available Walsh codes on a sector diminishes greatly while a fast data channel is being transmitted!
■ CDMA2000 Base stations can dip into a supply of quasi-orthogonal codes if needed to permit additional channels during times of heavy loading
0110
1001
0110
0110
0110
0110 0110 0110 0110
0110 0110 1001 1001
10010110 10010110
10010110 1001 011010010110 1001 0110 10010110 1001 0110
10010110 1001 0110 1001 0110 10010110
10010110 10010110
10010110 10010110
10010110 10010110
100101101001 0110
0110 0110 1001 1001
0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001
0110 01101001 1001
0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110
0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001
W34
W38
W78
W716
W1116
W316
W1516
W732
W2332
W1532
W3132
W2732
W1132
W1932
W332 W364
W3564
W1964
W5164
W1164
W4364
W2764
W5964
W764
W3964
W2364
W5564
W1564
W4764
W3164
W6364
1-2003 332 - 58Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Walsh Code Families and Exclusions■ Consider a forward link supplemental
channel being transmitted with a data rate of 307,200 symbols/second
• Each symbol will occupy 4 chips at the 1x rate of 1,228,800 c/s.
• A 4-chip walsh code will be used for this channel
■ If Walsh Code #3 (4 chips) is chosen for this channel:
• Use of W34 will preclude other usage of the following 64-chip walsh codes:
• 3, 35, 19, 51, 11, 43, 27, 59, 7, 39, 23, 55, 15, 47, 31, 63 -- all forbidden!
• 16 codes are tied up since the data is being sent at 16 times the rate of conventional 64-chip walsh codes
■ The BTS controller managing this sector must track the precluded walsh codes and ensure they aren’t assigned
WALSH CODES# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101012 00110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100113 01100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001104 00001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011115 01011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110106 00111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111007 01101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010018 00000000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111119 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 010110100101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010122 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 001100111100110000110011110011001100110000110011110011000011001143 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
0110W34
Which Walsh Codes get tied up by another?Wxxyyties up every YYth Walsh Code starting with #XX.
1-2003 332 - 59Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Forward Link Walsh Codes in 1xRTT
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
Paging 7
Paging 3
Paging 5
Paging
PCH
6
PCH
2
PCH
4
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
76.8ksps
This way of arranging Walsh codes is called �bit reversal order�. It shows each Walsh Walsh code�s parents and children. Remember, we cannot use any Walsh code if
another Walsh code directly above it or below it is in use.
1-2003 332 - 60Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
IS-95 Busy SectorSnapshot of Walsh Usage
1-2003 332 - 61Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
IS-95 Today Typical Usage:Pilot, Paging Sync, up to 61 Voice Users
But if the users are highly mobile, forward power may exhaust at typically 30-40 users.In fixed-wireless or �stadium� type applications, all walsh codes may be usable.
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k19.2kSyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k ???????Traffic Channels
Voice or Data9.6k/14.4k
76.8ksps
38.4k
1-2003 332 - 62Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mixed IS-95 / 1xRTT RC3 Voice Typical Usage: Pilot, Paging Sync, up to 61 Voice Users
FCHs of 1xRTT RC3 users consume less power, so more total users are possible than inIS-95. The BTS will probably have enough forward power to carry calls on all 61 walsh codes!
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k19.2kSyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-FCHs mixedRC1,2,3 Voice
76.8ksps
??
1-2003 332 - 63Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
A Possible 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:1 F-SCH, 27 Voice IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Users, 16 Active Data Users
The data users can rapidly share the one F-SCH for 153 kb/s peak, ~9Kb/s avg. user rates.But so many active data users F-FCHs consume a lot of capacity, reduce number of voice users!
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-SCH 153K RC3
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Data
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 64Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
A Possible 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:1 F-SCH, 39 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Dormant Data Users
But it takes seconds to move various data users from Dormant to Active!Data users will get 153 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, but latency will be high.
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCH
sD
ata
F-SCH 153K RC3
76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 65Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Slightly Improved 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:1 F-SCH, 37 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold Data Users
Instead of sending 16 data users to Dormant State, let them time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get 153 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, good latency.
Not yet available or implemented.
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCH
sD
ata
F-SCH 153K RC3
F-DC
CH
s
76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 66Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Heavy Data 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:2 F-SCH, 21 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold Data Users
16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users get 38.4, 76.4,or 153.6 kb/s peak, ~19 kb/s average, good latency. But only 21 voice users!
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCH
sD
ata
F-SCH 153K RC3
F-DC
CH
s
F-SCH 153K RC3
76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 67Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT Busy SectorWalsh Code Usage
1-2003 332 - 68Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT RC3 BTS with Different User Data Rates:3 F-SCH, 37 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC3 Data Users
16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users get 38.4, 76.4, or 153.6 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, good latency.
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCH
sD
ataF-SCH
76K RC3F-D
CC
Hs
F-SCH
38K
F-SCH
38K76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 69Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT RC4 Voice Only:Pilot, Paging Sync, up to 118 Voice Users
Wow! 118 users! But RC4 users F-FCHs consume as much power as old IS-95 calls.BTS may run out of forward power before the all walsh codes are used.
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice???????
76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 70Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT RC4 Voice and Data:1 F-SCH, 80 1xRTT RC4 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC4 Data Users
16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get 38.4,76.4, 153.6 or 307.2 kb/s peak, ~19 kb/s average, good latency. But fwd power may exhaust!
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
SyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-SCH 307K RC4
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice????
F-FCH
sF-D
CC
Hs
76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 71Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mature 1xRTT Mixed-Mode Voice and Data:1 RC3/RC4 Shared F-SCH, 20 RC3 Voice Users, 38 RC4 Voice Users,
4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC3 and RC4 Data Users16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get
38.4, 76.4, 153.6 or 307.2 kb/s peak, ~9 or 19 kb/s average, good latency. Fwd power tight!
9,6004,8002,400sps
307200sps
153,600sps
76,800sps
38,400sps
19,200sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
128 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
32 chips64 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
311523727111932913215259171301422626101822812204248160
54
12763953111147791511955872310339717123599127107437511115518319993567312561932910945771311753852110137695121578925105417391134981189733651126629430110467814118862210238706122589026106427410114508218983466212460922810844761211652842010036684120568824104407281124880169632640
0 32 16 48 8 40 24 56 4 36 20 52 12 44 28 60 2 34 18 50 10 42 26 58 6 38 22 54 14 46 30 62 1 33 17 49 9 41 25 57 5 37 21 53 13 45 29 61 3 35 19 51 11 43 27 59 7 39 23 55 15 47 31 63
QPC
HQ
PCH
QPC
HTX D
ivPIlot
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k19.2kSyncPilot
38.4k
38.4k38.4k
38.4k
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
76.8ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH153.6 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
F-SCH307.2 ksps
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
19.2k19.2k19.2k19.2k
F-SCH 153K RC3or
F-SCH 307K RC4
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6k RC4 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCHs 9.6kRC3 Voice
F-FCH
sF-D
CC
Hs
Or Combinations
????
76.8ksps
1-2003 332 - 72Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
What if we run out of Walsh Codes?Quasi-Orthogonal Functions
■ 1xRTT has 128 Walsh codes available• but so many new types of channels, and
variable length codes, can cause Walsh code shortages on some sectors!
■ When no more Walsh codes are available, Quasi-Orthogonal Functions can be used
• QOFs are generated by multiplying Walsh Codes with a quasi-orthogonal mask
• Following Walsh Spreading, the I and Q channels are rotated 90 degrees gated by another Walsh Code
■ Each set of QOFs is self-orthogonal among its members
• there is slight non-orthogonality between different QOF sets including the original walsh codes, but not at troublesome levels
• Short PN imperfections are just as bad, and they aren’t troublesome
■ Manufacturers didn’t implement QOFs in their initial CDMA2000 products, but all are expected eventually to support QOFs
The Original Walsh Codes“Set 0”
Quasi-OrthogonalFunctions
“QOF Set 1”
Quasi-OrthogonalFunctions
“QOF Set 2”
Quasi-OrthogonalFunctions
“QOF Set 3”
1-2003 332 - 73Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Masks for Quasi-Orthogonal Functions
■ There are four mask conditions used to create Walsh and QOF functions
• 0: Walsh Codes (perfectly orthogonal)
• 1-3: QOF functions (approximately orthogonal)
1-2003 332 - 74Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Walsh Code/Quasi Orthogonal Implementation
This block builds theQOFs
ΣWhen
Enabled, Rotate by 90°
(Output -Qin +jIin)
BasebandFilter
Cos 2πfct
Sin 2πfct
S(t)
Σ
Σ
BasebandFilter
WalshFunction
QOFsign
YQ
YI
Iin
Qin
WalshrotnPNI
PNQ
I
Q
Enable
Complex Multiplier
+
-
+
+
+
+
Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)QOFsign= ±1 sign multiplier QOF mask (mapping: �0�⇒⇒⇒⇒+1, �1� ⇒⇒⇒⇒-1)
Walshrot = �0� or �1� 90°-rotation-enable Walsh functionWalshrot = �0� means no rotation
Walshrot = �1� means rotate by 90°The null QOF has QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = �0�
PNI and PNQ = ±1 I-channel and Q-channel PN sequencesThe null QOF is used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2
BTS
1-2003 332 - 75Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)
Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)
1-2003 332 - 76Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1 Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity
■ Forward link receive space diversity is not possible on phones due to space limitations
■ Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD) divides the transmitted symbol stream into two streams before Walsh spreading
■ Each signal is then transmitted by a separate antenna at the BTS
1-2003 332 - 77Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1, RC4 Orthogonal Transmit Diversity Coding
■ The DEMUX splits the data into four streams at 1/4 the input rate■ Symbol repetition doubles the symbol rates of each channel■ The channels are then spread by a 128-bit Walsh code■ The resulting signal appears to have been spread by a 256-bit Walsh code■ Each carrier is transmitted on a different spatially-separated BTS antenna
PowerControl
PuncturingFull RateData Bits8.6 kbps
+CRC &Tail bits
9.6 ksps
1/2 rateConv Encoder Interleaver
User Long Code Mask
Long CodeGenerator
Long CodeDecimator
Power CtrlDecimator
PCPunc
Pwr CtrlBits
GainGain
Demux
I1
Q119.2 ksps
Walsh 128
FIRLPF I
Power control informationmay be carried as shown
or on the F-DCCH
1228.8 kbps /W/2
800 bps
800 bps
4.8 ksps
Antenna One
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
19.2 ksps
SymbolRepeat
(++)
SymbolRepeat
(+-)
SymbolRepeat
(++)
SymbolRepeat
(+-)
Walsh 128
ComplexPN
SequenceScrambling
ComplexPN
SequenceScrambling
FIRLPF Q
1228.8 kcps
FIRLPF I
1228.8 kcps
FIRLPF Q
1228.8 kcps
Antenna Two
4.8 ksps
4.8 ksps
4.8 ksps
I2
Q2
9.6 ksps
9.6 ksps
1-2003 332 - 78Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT Reverse Channels1xRTT Reverse Channels
1-2003 332 - 79Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 SR1 CDMA Reverse Channels■ IS-95 mobiles never transmit
more than one kind of channel at a time
■ A 1xRTT mobile can transmit up to five different channels simultaneously, all within its own signal using one long code offset
■ An IS-95 mobile transmits the content of its single channel in the form of a string of walsh codes which are symbols of the information being sent
■ A 1xRTT mobile uses steady walsh codes as individual channels of information, the same way a base station does on the forward link
Includes PowerControl Subchannel
Enhanced Access Channel
CommonControl Channel
DedicatedControl Channel
Reverse FundamentalChannel (IS95B comp.)
Reverse Supplemental Channel
Access Channel(IS-95B compatible)
R-TRAFFIC
REVERSE CHANNELS
R-Pilot
R-CCCH
R-DCCH
R-FCH
R-SCH
R-EACH
1
1
0 or 1
0 or 1
0 to 2
R-ACH or
1
1-2003 332 - 80Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1 Reverse Channel Complex Spreading
W22
I-channelShort Code
Q-channelShort Code Q
ComplexScrambling
+
-
+
+
1228.8 kcps
W416
1228.2 kcpsR-FCH Gain
Scale
W12 or W14 or W28 or W68
1228.2 kcps
R-SCH-1or
R-EACHor
R-CCCH
GainScale
W816
1228.2 kcpsR-DCCH Gain
Scale
W24 or W68
1228.2 kcpsR-SCH 2 Gain
Scale
User LongCode Mask
Σ
Σ
Long CodeGenerator
1-chipDelay
DecimateBy 2
R-Pilot +Power
Control
Σ
Σ I1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
W416 means Walsh Code #4 at 16-chip length
1-2003 332 - 81Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Reverse Link Modulation
■ After construction of the composite baseband signal including all the active reverse channels, the I and Q signals are now ready for modulation
■ Modulation is performed in the same was as IS-95
■ Notice that although I and Q carry independent contents, all the reverse channels are complex-spread and occupy both I and Q due to the complex scrambling shown on the preceding page
Σ
BasebandFilter
BasebandFilter
PassbandFilter
Cos 2πfct
Sin 2πfct
S(t)
I
Q
1-2003 332 - 82Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
SR1 RC3 R-FCH Generation & Coding
■ This is the fundamental channel for SR1 RC3, with frames 20 ms long when it is carrying voice information
■ CRC and tail bits are added■ The data is passed through a R1/4 convolutional encoder,
providing very powerful protection against bit errors■ The resulting symbols are block-interleaved against bursty fades■ Symbol repetition then brings the rate from 38.4 ksps to 76.8 ksps■ Each of the phone’s reverse channels has a different walsh code;
the R-FCH always uses Walsh code #4 at 16-chip length
8.6kbps
ChannelCoder
1/4 RateConvolutional
Encoder
OrthogonalSpreading
38.4 ksps
R-FCHData Bits
9.6 kbps
1 FrameBlock
InterleaverX2 SymbolRepetition
Walsh CodeGenerator
SpreadFactor =16
1228.8 kcps76.8 ksps
38.4 kspsAdd CRC& Tail Bits
1-2003 332 - 83Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Reverse Link Walsh Codes in 1xRTT
■ A 1xRTT mobile may transmit several channels at the same time – for example, R-FCH and Pilot and R-SCH.
• the mobile uses steady walsh codes as channels much like a BTS■ All mobiles use the same Walsh codes for the same functions■ notice the two possible speeds of R-SCH 1 and R-SCH 2
614400sps
307200sps
153600sps
76800sps
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
2 chips4 chips
8 chips16 chips
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
73516240
3120
1571131359114610212480
availableFCH
R-SCH 2½ speed
R-SCH 1 (1/2 speed)R-SCH 2 (max speed)
DCCHif
used
10
R-SCH 1 (max speed)If a Walsh Code is used, the other walsh codes directly under it cannot be used.
Pilot& PwrCtrl
1-2003 332 - 84Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Reverse Channel Gain Settings
■ Because the spreading and coding gain of each channel is known, relative strength of each mobile's various channels is set in a default table
• Channel gain value changes can be downloaded to the phone if desired
■ Each code channel gain is set relative to the mobile’s pilot■ Gain parameters have resolution of 1/8 db■ The Phone maintains a table of Nominal Gains (see next page)■ Other parameters are supplied by the BTS
1-2003 332 - 85Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile�s R-CCCH Power Settings
(0-64)
1-2003 332 - 86Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile�s R-FCH, DCCH, and SCH Power Settings
(0-64)(0-64)
1-2003 332 - 87Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1-2003 332 - 88Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
HPSK Modulation
■ Hybrid (some call it "Harmonized") Phase Shift Keying (HPSK)• Lowers the Peak-to-Average ratio (I.e., crest factor) of the reverse link
waveform transmitted by the mobile• This eases the performance requirements for the power amplifier of
the mobile, making it simpler, less costly, and more efficient using precious battery power
• This reduces the out-of-band radiation at the "skirts" of the CDMA signal by approximately 4 db (this was suggested during the standards process by Korean manufacturers)
■ IS-95 Uses OQPSK to reduce crest factors. Won’t that work here?• It works well when 1) there is only one waveform being transmitted,
and 2) only one carrier frequency being transmitted• IS-2000 uses multiple summed code channels which can drive
OQPSK signals through the origin; IS-2000 also uses multiple RF carriers which are independent waveforms
• HPSK is able to retain its crest factor when multiple channels are used
1-2003 332 - 89Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The HPSK Method of Operation
■ HPSK reduces the probability of zero transitions and symbol repeats from 1/4 to 1/8
• Decimate the Q code by 2, then XOR with the Walsh code #2
• Halves the Peak-to-Average power ratio of the signal!
W22 Q�Long CodeGenerator
1-chipDelay
DecimateBy 2
I
Q
I
I
Q
+1
+1
-1
-1
PossibleI Values
PossibleQ Values
Q Patterns
Q’Patterns
I/QPairs
1, 11
1, 1
1, 1
1, 1
1, -1 1, -1 1,1 ; 1, -11,1 ; -1, 1
-1,-1 ; -1, 1-1,1 ; -1, -11,1 ; -1, 1
1,-1 ; -1, -1-1,-1 ; 1, -1-1,1 ; 1, 1
-11-11-11-1
-1, 11, -1-1, 11, -1-1, 11, -1-1, 1
-1, 1-1, 11, -11, 1
-1, -1-1, -11, 1
•In each symbol change, zero crossings and symbol repeats are not allowed!•The next two-bit pair has a 1/4 chance of zero-crossing or symbol-repeat
1-2003 332 - 90Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
HPSK Imposes Walsh Code Requirements
■ In order to preserve the reduction in zero crossings and reducedpeaks provided by HPSK, the Walsh codes selected for the various reverse channels from the mobile must avoid certain bit patterns.
• Basic requirement: The Walsh codes must be patterns which repeat bits at least twice before changing value. Examples:
– Walsh 1, 1, -1, -1 works since it repeats twice before changing
1-2003 332 - 91Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
IS-95B Handoff ImprovementsSupported in 1xRTT
IS-95B Handoff ImprovementsSupported in 1xRTT
1-2003 332 - 92Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
IS-95A Handoff: Inflexible, Threshold Driven
■ Mobile requests soft handoff with all pilots above T_Add• This occasionally leads to some
rigid, less-than-optimum decisions!■ Problem Situation 1
• One dominant, strong signal and a lot of weak ones:– Mobile asks for them all, but
only one is really needed!■ Problem Situation 2
• Heavy pilot pollution, many signals lurk barely below the threshold– Mobile may request one or two,
but ignore the others which could have helped call survive
Pilo
t Stre
ngth
(Ec/
Io, d
b)
-3
-20
All Six sectors in
soft handoff!
T_AddActive
Active
ActiveActiveActiveActive
Pilo
t Stre
ngth
(Ec/
Io, d
b)
-3
-20
Only One Sector in soft
handoff!
T_AddActive
1-2003 332 - 93Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
IS-95B Handoff Improvements Are Supported in CDMA2000
■ A handoff process more intelligent than fixed thresholds• Handoff events driven by smarter, situation-influenced triggers
■ Candidate Set Removal:
■ Neighbor-to-Active transition:
■ Removal from Active Set:
1-2003 332 - 94Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The Data Side of 3G NetworksThe Data Side of 3G Networks
1-2003 332 - 95Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Network-Side Improvements in CDMA2000
■ We've just seen how new CDMA2000 RF improvements create a whole new type of channel which can carry fast data
• The RF link is no longer the bottleneck for mobile data!■ Many wireless operators' business plans expect data usage to
rapidly expand, reaching bit volumes roughly equal to voice calls within just a year or so after CDMA2000 commercial launch
• And voice traffic is still growing in the meanwhile!■ All this new fast data has to go through some kind of equipment
• The traditional voice circuit-switched plant can't handle it– It handles only circuit-switched 64 kb/s DS-0s, which would
be a big bottleneck for high speed data• A whole new back-side packet data network is needed to
bypass mobile data around the switch, into internet or VPNs■ Fortunately, existing LAN-style data technologies are up to the job,
and much more hardware-efficient than traditional switching
1-2003 332 - 96Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Understanding the foundation of 3G Networks:Core 2G CDMA Network Architecture
Access Manageror (C)BSC
Switch BTS
Ch. Card ACC
Σα
Σβ
Σχ
TFU1
GPSRBSM
CDSU
CDSU
SBSVocodersSelectors
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU
CMSLM
LPP LPPENET
DTCs
DMS-BUS
TxcvrA
TxcvrB
TxcvrC
RFFEA
RFFEB
RFFEC
TFU
GPSR
GPS GPS
IOC
PSTN
CDSU DISCOCDSU
DISCO 1
DISCO 2
DS0 in T1Packets
ChipsRFVocoder
A vocoder converts speech between DS-0 and packet forms
The selector assembles packets going to the BTS and disassembles packets coming from the BTS.
A channel element turns packet bits into CDMA chips to the mobile, and chips from the mobile into packets to the BSC.
ChannelElement
1-2003 332 - 97Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Existing 2nd Generation CDMA Voice Networks
■ 2nd Generation CDMA Networks were designed primarily to handle voice■ The CDMA voice conversation’s 20-ms frames are carried as packets
between mobile and the Selector• The selector assembles frames being sent to the mobile and
disassembles frames coming from the mobile• Frame contents normally include voice and occasional signaling; may
also include data if additional equipment is included (not shown)■ The vocoders in the BSC and the mobile convert the packet stream into
continuous DS-0 audio for the end-users• The MSC makes a circuit-switched connection for call
t1t1CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
v CESEL
rf
t1Handset
BTS
(C)BSC orAccess Manager
Switch
PSTN
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
14400 bps max
1-2003 332 - 98Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Today's Data Turtle Race: How Data flows on a 2G CDMA Network
■ Additional hardware is needed to carry data on a 2G network■ Data to/from the user connects near the selector in the BSC
• Passed through the switch as 56kb/s data links in 64kb/s DS-0s■ Data connection to outside world handled by IWF Interworking Function
• Includes modems to convert data stream into DS-0 for dial-up uses• Can contain data routers to access IP or PPP networks• May include capability for FAX and other communications modes
t1t1 v CESEL
t1
GatewayServer
InternetVPNs
PSTN
IWFrf
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
BTS
(C)BSC orAccess Manager
Switch
BackboneNetwork
HandsetPOINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
PROPRIETARY SLOW IP TRAFFIC
DIAL-UP ACCESS14400 bps max
1-2003 332 - 99Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
More about Today's InterWorking Function
■ The InterWorking Function (IWF) was introduced in 1998.• collocated with MSC• CDMA data calls can interwork with PSTN & packet data networks• based on industry standards IS-95, IS-707, IS-658 • initial data service offering is rather limited, but provides valuable experience using data
service without major capital investment. ■ IWF allows:
• Data transmission rates to 14.4 Kbps. (13,350 kbps considering overhead bits) • Traffic Primary mobile-originated; Mobile-terminated service available but rare
■ IWF provides circuit switched service, not packet-switched• No provision for multiple data calls to share a CDMA code channel• proprietary Quick Net Connect allows packet connection to a public packet data network
t1t1 v CESEL
t1
InternetVPNs
PSTN
IWFrf
BTS
(C)BSC orAccess Manager
Switch
BackboneNetwork
HandsetPOINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
PROPRIETARY SLOW IP TRAFFIC
DIAL-UP ACCESS
GatewayServer 14400 bps max
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
1-2003 332 - 100Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
3G Data Capabilities: 1xRTT CDMA Network
■ For full-featured data access over a 3G network, a true IP connection must be established to outside Packet Data Networks
■ This requires a Packet Data Serving Node• ISP and operator-provided services are provided by external Home
Network and Home Agent servers• Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting provided by external server
■ The IWF (not shown above) is still maintained to allow old mobiles to use dial-up and WAP/wireless web keypad access
t1t1 v CESEL
rf
t1
R-P Interface
fiber - ATM PDSNForeign Agent
PDSNHome Agent
BackboneNetworkInternet
VPNs
PSTN
T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
BTS(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
WirelessMobile Device
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC
Fast!
1-2003 332 - 101Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT CDMA Network Element Descriptions
AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting - may include both home and broker-provided functions
BSC - Base Station Controller: vocoders and packet routerBTS - Base Transceiver Station
radio equipmentHA - Home Agent, HN - Home Network
IP access for Mobile IP on home and roaming networksIWF - Interworking Function
provides necessary protocol conversions
MSC - Mobile Switching Centervoice/circuit-switched network hub
PDN - Packet Data Networkprivate, public, internet packet networks
PDSN - Packet Data Serving Noderoutes user data packets to/from destinations
PSTN - Public Switched Telephone NetworkVLR - Visitor Location RegisterHLR - Home Location Register
t1t1 v CESEL
t1
R-P Interface
fiber - ATM PDSNForeign Agent
PDSNHome Agent
BackboneNetworkInternet
VPNs
PSTN
T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
BTS(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
WirelessMobile Device
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC
rfFast!
1-2003 332 - 102Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
■ The Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) is a new network element to support packet data services
• The PDSN is the heart of the Packet Data Network• The interface between the 1xRTT radio network and the PDSN
is called the R-P interface■ Many network manufacturers offer competing PDSN solutions:
t1t1 v CESEL
t1
fiber - ATM
PDSNHome Agent
BackboneNetworkInternet
VPNs
PSTN
T SECURE TUNNELSAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
BTS(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
WirelessMobile Device
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC
rfFast!
PDSNForeign Agent
T
R-P Interface
1-2003 332 - 103Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Nortel and Lucent PDSNs
NORTELSHASTA PDSN
LUCENT/SPRINGTIDEPDSN
1-2003 332 - 104Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Ericsson and Motorola PDSNs
ERICSSONRXI 820 PDSN
ERICSSONAXC 706 PDSN
MOTOROLA PDSNCISCO 7500 ROUTER
MOTOROLA Access NodeCATALYST 6509
1-2003 332 - 105Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Other Manufacturers' PDSNs and DHAs
3COM DISTRIBUTED HOME AGENT
3COM PDSN
REDBACK PDSNIPmobile
AirGatewayPDSN
1-2003 332 - 106Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 Multi-Market Voice/Data Network
PSTN PSTN PSTN
RegionalDataCenter
Internet Private IPNetworks
Operator's Private Network
PDSNFA
SwitchBSC
PDSNFA
Switch
AccessMgr.
PDSN/FA
SwitchCBSC
PCF
RP InterfaceRP
RP
Voice Voice Voice
IP Data IP Data IP Data
HomeAgent Home
Agent
Nortel System Lucent System Motorola System
AAAServer
1-2003 332 - 107Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Functions of the PDSN
■ PDSN functions:• Provides logical links to the radio network (RN) across the radio-
packet (R-P) interface• Routes packets to/from external packet data networks
– Supports Simple IP and Mobile IP protocols– Uses a layer-2 tunneling protocol (L2TP) over a private IP
network to implement packet transfer between the BSC and the public packet data network
• Sets up, manages, and terminates PPP sessions for mobile users• Supports standard Internet routing protocols: maintains routing tables
and performs route discovery• Provides Foreign Agent functionality supporting the Mobile IP protocol• Initiates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) for the
mobile station client to the AAA server• Receives service parameters for the mobile client from the AAA server• Collects usage data for accounting to be relayed to the AAA• Allows data users to roam seamlessly across the provider’s network
while appearing to the PDN as if they were at a fixed network address
1-2003 332 - 108Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Authentication, Authorization & Accounting
■ The AAA server provides Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting functions for packet calls in a 1xRTT network
■ AAA Functions:• Authentication
– PPP authentication (PAP and CHAP)– Mobile IP authentication (User ID and password)
• Authorization– Service profile for mobile, like an HLR stores users’ voice profiles– Security key distribution
• Accounting– Interface with external billing server– Links to enterprise systems for provisioning, packet data billing
• Address management■ All AAA transactions in some networks will initially be performed using
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) protocol• New AAA protocols are expected to be standardized in the future
1-2003 332 - 109Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
3G Network Typical Management InterfacesHLR
PolicyMgr
SvcProfile
PolicyMgr
SvcProfile
HLR
MobileSwitchingCenter
VLR BaseStationController
HA
DiffServNode
PDSN
DiffServNodeInter-
WorkingFunction
(IWF) ForeignAgent
ForeignAAA
HomeAAA
EMS
UserProvisioning
System
NetworkService
ProvisioningBillingSystem
EnhancedAccounting
Management
Service & Provisioning InterfacesFault & Performance Interfaces
Existing Element Upgraded for 3GNew Element for 3G
Existing Element - no upgrade required
Legend
To and From FCPS
PSTN
InternetOSSN
Palm
MobileClient
IS-2000 Air InterfaceIS-707A2 Data Devices
BTS
Through SMS(not shown)
IS-658 “L”
IOS V4A1/A2/A5
ANSI-41 E
Sub NEDRs
CDRs
RFC2002Mobile IP IP
Sub-EDRs
IS-2000 & IOS-V4 “R-P”IOS V4 A-10/A-11
UDRs
NEDRs
CDRs &IPDRs
IP/RADIUS
UDRsNEDRs
To and
FromFCPS
1-2003 332 - 110Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
3G-1x Mobility Modes
■ Simple IP Service• Dynamically Assigned IP Addresses• CHAP Authentication• Local Mobility (dynamic IP address valid within PDSN
coverage area)• Uses Standard (MS-Windows) dial-up protocols in mobile /
laptop • Optional Private Network Access via L2TP
■ Mobile IP Service• Static (public or private) or Dynamically Assigned IP Addresses• MIP / AAA Authentication• Full Mobility Without Application Impact (even across MSCs)• Private Network Access via Corporate HAs• Secure Reverse Tunnels between FA and HA
1-2003 332 - 111Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Simple IP Architecture
■ In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the external packet networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC
■ The IP address for the internet connection is assigned by the local PDSN from the pool of addresses available to it
■ If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends• The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the
new network, if desired
t1t1 v CESEL
t1
R-P Interface
PDSN
PSTN
TAuthenticationAuthorizationAccountingAAA
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC
BTS(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch
WirelessMobile Device
POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC
Simple IP• IP Based transport to data networks•Dynamic/static connection from local PDSN•No mobility beyond serving PDSN
InternetVPNs
rfFast!
1-2003 332 - 112Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Simple IP Call Flow Scenarios - 1■ Normal Session (Mobile Initiated)
• Mobile generates call with packet data Service Option• PCF assigned by MSC, PDSN assigned by PCF• PDSN begins PPP (LCP) negotiation with mobile• CHAP challenge is sent to mobile, mobile returns NAI and CHAP
secret• PDSN sends RADIUS Access-Request to AAA Server• AAA returns Access-Accept (and no L2TP LNS address attributes)• PDSN knows this is normal PPP situation, assigns IP address to
mobile via IPCP• PPP (LCP/NCP) negotiation completes, mobile exchanges bearer
data■ Session Transition to Dormancy
• No data has been exchanged for TD seconds (a per-mobile tunable value)
• MSC drops airlink connection to mobile, drops SVC on L-interface to PCF
• PCF maintains connection with PDSN over R-P interface• PPP states remain unchanged in mobile and in PDSN (upper layers
unaware of change)
1-2003 332 - 113Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Simple IP Call Flow Scenarios - 2
■ Re-activation after Dormancy (Mobile Initiated)• Dormant mobile has data to send, generates call with packet data SO• MSC routes SVC re-connection to previously assigned PCF• PCF and PDSN recognizes this as an existing PPP session (by
mobile’s IMSI)• PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormancy.• Mobile sends bearer data, PDSN forwards to backbone network.
■ Re-activation after Dormancy (PCF/PDSN Initiated)• PDSN receives packets from Internet, forwards to PCF• PCF determines mobile is dormant, buffers data for mobile• PCF initiates new SVC request to MSC with IMSI of dormant mobile• MSC pages mobile, mobile responds, MSC acknowledges connect to
PCF• PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormancy• PCF forwards bearer data to mobile
1-2003 332 - 114Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Simple IP Virtual Private Network
■ Simple IP VPN provides access to a private/corporate network from a mobile station.
■ VPNs provide an encrypted connection between distributed user sites over a public network.
■ A VPN provides an end-to-end tunnel between sites which guarantees the safe passage of packets of data through the Internet using encryption to protect the data payload as well as the source and destination address.
■ In contrast to Simple IP where the IP address is assigned by the PDSN, in this configuration a VPN gateway (such as the Nortel NetworksContivity server) assigns to the mobile node a dynamic or static publicly routable address.
1-2003 332 - 115Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP
■ Subscriber’s IP routing service is provided by a public IP network
■ Mobile station is assigned a static IP address belonging to its Home Agent
■ Mobile can maintain the static IP address even for handoff between radio networks connected to separate PDSNs!
■ Mobile IP capabilities will be especially important for mobiles on system boundaries
• Without Mobile IP roaming capability, data service for border-area mobiles will be erratic
MOBILE IPIMPLICATIONS
•Handoffs possible between PDSNs•Mobile can roam in the public IP network•Mobile termination is possible while Mobile is in dormant or active mode
1-2003 332 - 116Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP and Secure Tunneling: Mail Analogy
Mobile IP is a packet-forwarding arrangement that allows the mobile user to send and receive packets just as if they were physically present at their home agent location.
158766
158767
158768
158769
158770
158771
158772
158773
158774
158775
158776
158778
158779
158780
158781
158782
158783
158784
158785
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158793
158794
158795
158796
158797
FedE
x
FedE
x Secure TunnelingForward and Reverse
Encapsulation
HomeAgent
ForeignAgent
MobileUser
This box is the mobile user's
Postal address
Just likeHome!
1-2003 332 - 117Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP Overview■ Mobile IP provides mobility to IP users
• allows a host to be reachable at the same address even as it moves across different networks; offers seamless roaming
• works with multiple access technologies, such as Ethernet, wireless LAN, PPP links, cellular, etc.
• completely transparent to applications ■ Three Fundamental Entities in Mobile IP
• Mobile Node• Home Agent - with mobile home location• Foreign Agent - serves as a default router for mobile node
■ Standards• RFC 2002 - 2006 + TIA IS-835• RFC 2344 - Reverse Tunneling• RFC 2794 - Mobile NAI Extension• Foreign Agent Challenge/Response
1-2003 332 - 118Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP: Three Levels of Mobility
PDSN(FA)
MobileClient
PalmTo be or
not to be.That is
theQuestion.
HA
PDSN(FA)
PDSN(FA)
Radio Network(PCF)
M-IPR-PInterface
PPP
I. Usual Cellular Mobility II. PCF to PDSN Mobility III. IP Level Mobility
1
2
3
(Simple IP Mobility)
Radio Network(PCF)
Radio Network(PCF)
1-2003 332 - 119Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP Architecture
HLRHome Access
Provider Network
VisitedAAA
MobileClient
L R-P
PDSNForeignAgent
PCF
VLR
HomeAAA
Home IPNetwork
HomeAgent
VisitedNetwork
HomeNetwork
Palm
Internet
Corporate Server
Tunnel
AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting PCF - Packet Control FunctionPDSN - Packet Data Service NodeVLR - Visited location RegisterHLR - Home Location RegisterHA – Home AgentRN – Radio Network
Broker AAA
BSC
Radio Network
MSC
Mobile IP• IP Based transport to data networks•HA Assigns dynamic IP address•User keeps same IP address across networks
1-2003 332 - 120Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP Session, Step-by-Step (1)1. The mobile station accesses the radio network for a data session. This includes
getting the necessary fundamental and supplemental traffic channel. Procedures for this need is defined in IS-2000 and IS-707.
2. The BSC communicates over the RP interface as defined in IOS version 4.0, with the PDSN to initiate a data session. The underlying lower layers will support the PPP connection.
3. The PDSN initiates a PPP connection to the mobile station. Messages and procedures for this in based on the Point-to-Point Protocol RFC1661.
4. IPCP based on RFC1332 is used to configure the PPP link for IP communication. PPP can support other network layer protocols in addition to IP
5. PPP is established between the Mobile Station and the PDSN. The PDSN sends FA advertisements to the mobile station. (Or the mobile station may send an Agent Solicitation message following the PPP initialization.) The PDSN/FA informs the mobile station of its capabilities and care-of-addresses that are available for use. In these advertisement messages, the PDSN will indicate its ability to support reverse tunneling, that is used to download information from the HA to the FA.
6. Mobile station sends a MIP registration request (MIP RRQ) to the PDSN. This request has to be forwarded to the user’s HA so that the HA is made aware of the user’s location. In these registration requests, the mobile station can also specify reverse tunneling.
7. The PDSN extracts authentication information from the request and forwards to the local AAA server using Radius Protocol. The PDSN may also request for user profile for the user’s Home Agent address.
1-2003 332 - 121Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP Session, Step-by-Step (2)8. The local AAA server verifies that the NAI and password and returns an
acknowledgement to the PDSN.9. The Foreign Agent (FA) function in the PDSN sends the MIP registration
request message to the Home Agent10. The home agent sends a response back to the PDSN(FA). Message
formats and procedures are based on RFC2002 – IP Mobility Support. The reply will include indication on whether the HA can support forward and reverse tunneling.
11. The PDSN sends the registration reply to the mobile station. Accounting is initiated to AAA server based on RFC 2139 standards.
12. Data flow between mobile station and PDSN. Interim accounting data may be collected and forwarded to the AAA server.
13. Mobile station terminates data/PPP connection by sending MIP de-registration request using procedures in RFC2002 PPP connection is torn down. Accounting is suspended
14. During the session PDSN collects statistics relevant to the session and forwards to the AAA server in a Usage Data Record (UDR) format
1-2003 332 - 122Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Home Agent & Foreign Agent
■ The Home Agent • Located within the MNs Home Network• Termination point for Mobile IP tunnels• Receive and route packets to/from the FA• Assign dynamic addresses for mobiles• provides Mobile IP functionality by maintaining IP sessions as users
move among cells■ Most operators will equip their own Home Agents allowing users to access
the outside network, such as the Internet while roaming■ Large users & Corporations may equip their own home agent in their
network linked to a wireless provider■ Using Mobile IP, their users will appear to be on their home corporate
network while using the wireless system■ Foreign Agent
• Located within PDSN• Maintains awareness of visiting MNs• Acts as a relay between the MN and it’s Home Agent (HA)• RADIUS Clients
1-2003 332 - 123Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Tunneling
■ All home agents and foreign agents must implement IP-in-IP Encapsulation for tunneling purposes.
■ A first IP packet is placed within the payload portion of a new IP packet. The Outer IP Header:
• Source Address and Destination Address are set to the entry-point and the exit-point of the tunnel
■ Tunnel Soft State• Path Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the tunnel• Length of the tunnel (hops)• Packet Fragmentation may be required
■ In addition, Mobile IP may implement • Minimum Encapsulation within IP - by removing redundant
information in the encapsulating (outer) and encapsulated (inner) IP headers
• Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) - support multi-protocol encapsulation
1-2003 332 - 124Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Tunneling Protocols
IPSEC, DES56, 3DES
IPSECEncryption
HMAC �MD5, HMAC-SHA-1
PAP, CHAPPAP, CHAP
Authentication
YesOptionalOnlyClient Initiated
IP (Layer 3)PPP (Layer 2)PPP (Layer 2)
Passenger Protocol
AH/ESPL2TPEncapsulation
UDP/IPUDP/IPCarrier Protocol
IPSecL2TPPPPOE
1-2003 332 - 125Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Mobile IP Authentication
■ Mobile IP authentication• Contains three parts:
– PDSN initiated access authentication and authorization– Home Agent initiated Mobile IP registration authentication– Foreign Agent and Home Agent Security Association.
1-2003 332 - 126Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Active IP Session �Always On� Implications
■ Active IP Session Issues:• handset must have an active IP session to receive PUSH content
– may be in RF dormant mode but still have an active IP session.■ Advantages:
• allows for "push" info to be delivered to the MS at all times.• allows for a quicker return to an active transmit/receiver state• Provides opportunity for more new services to be integrated
■ Disadvantages:• Requires an active session for each user/sub 7X24 - worst case.• If take rates are high V4.0 IP addresses could exhaust
– V6.0 IP may not be available in implementation time frame• Large "PDSN farms" may be needed - ($$ and floor space)
■ Possible Alternatives:• Limit Always-On with rate structures
– Quality of Service features not available in first release of 3G• Use SMS to signal handset to establish session for push content
– Not within Standards, Requires development by handset vendors
1-2003 332 - 127Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Specific Required Network UpgradesSpecific Required Network Upgrades
1-2003 332 - 128Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Motorola
Nortel
Lucent
Known Network Upgrades Required for 1xRTTBTS
Metrocell:XCEM req’d.
Access Manager
ECP17 for 1xVoiceECP17-1 Simple IPECP18 Mobile IP
Switch (MSC)
BTSBSC
MTX101x voiceSimple IPMobile IP
Switch (MSC)
BTS4812 w/
New MCC
CBSC
SIG+16.1
Switch (MSC)
ESELEnhanced Selector
CiscoMGX8850
Catalyst6509 9600
NIB PGLI
ECU for Series I, II
CCU for Mod CellsPSU h/w
PHV4/5 Data S/W
PHV3/4Voice
Legacy
SCI-S SelectorComm. Intf. Supreme
1-2003 332 - 129Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
3G 1x Nortel Upgrade Path
■ MTX-10 / NBSS-10.1• Software Upgrade: 3G Voice, Simple and Mobile IP.
Proprietary PDSN Interface on BSC, Open on PDSN• Hardware:
– BSC: 1XRTT Voice Enablers & 1X RTT Data Enablers, ESEL
– BTS: Metro upgrade via DMCEM cards, Legacy replacement/upgrade, Metro 6 CXR upgrade
■ IOS 4.0 11/05/01 • Nortel plans to include A1 and A2 interfaces in MTX-
10 to support IOS markets
1-2003 332 - 130Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
3G 1x Lucent Upgrade Path
■ Release 17.0 • Software: 3G Voice• BTS Hardware: CCU-64 for Flexent ModCell, MicroCell
& Micro MiniCell; ECU-32 for Autoplex MiniCell■ Release 17.1
• Software: Simple IP, Voice/Data except for MicroMiniCell, Proprietary PDSN Interface
• MSC Hardware:additional PHVs as necessary for high speed data; Other: AAA Server, combined PCF/PDSN
■ Release 18.0 • Software: Mobile IP, Open Standard PDSN Interface• Other Hardware: separate PCF/PDSN on R-P interface
■ IOS 4.0 - Supported in Release 18.0 - A1 and A2 interfaces required
1-2003 332 - 131Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
3G 1x Motorola Upgrade Path■ G16.0
• Software Upgrade: 3G Voice, Simple and Mobile IP, Open R-P Interface
• Hardware: • BSC: Motorola’s 3G feature set is compliant to IOS V4.0
and RP Interface (A1, A2, A10, A11)• BTS: MCC and BBX upgrade similar to adding carrier.
SC4812 - Add IS-2000 1X MCC Cards and upgrade BBX Transceiver Cards.
■ G16.1• Software Upgrade: Packet Backhaul for voice services• Hardware:
• BSC: CDU with CBSC capacity increase to 3000 erlangs
• BTS: For SC614 - Upgrade MAWI and add IS-2000 1X ASIC cards
■ IOS 4.0
1-2003 332 - 132Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
3G 1x Samsung Upgrade Path
■ Software Upgrade Only to 3G-1X■ Higher Capacity BTS
• 108 CE versus 64• Upgradable to 9 carriers• Higher Power
■ IOS 4.0 Features Supported
1-2003 332 - 133Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT Deployment Newsand 1xRTT Device Availability
1xRTT Deployment Newsand 1xRTT Device Availability
1-2003 332 - 134Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 1xRTT Deployment■ 1xRTT has finally launched in US markets in
2002■ Verizon was first to market, launching 1xRTT
in seven regions in 1Q2002• IS-95 and 1xRTT RC3 voice services• 1xRTT RC3 data: “Express Network”• Verizon Lucent and Nortel markets have
launched; Motorola markets will follow around year-end 2002
■ Leap Wireless “Cricket” deployed RC3 in selected markets 1Q2002
• motivated solely by voice capacity gains, not planning to offer data
■ Sprint PCS launched 1xRTT nationwide in August 2002
• IS-95 and 1xRTT RC3 voice services• 1xRTT data services• “Picture phone” devices expected by
year-end 2002
Verizon
Sprint PCS
1-2003 332 - 135Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
1xRTT Data Devices: Available At Last!1xRTT PCMCIA CARDS
Available Now!
1x PHONES: VOICE & DATA
Available Now!
1x CF CARDS
Available now!
Available Now!
POCKET-PC PDAsusing PCMCIA 1x CARDS
1x INTEGRATED PHONES-PDAS
Available now!
Palm OS
Avail. 3Q2002
PocketPC2002
Avail. 4Q2002
AudiovoxTheraToshiba2032
QCP7135
HandspringTreo
1-2003 332 - 136Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Competing Technologies: Data Devices
Mobitex®GPRS, EDGE, GAIT
802.11A, B, WIFI, WILAN
Infrared IRDA
BLUETOOTH
CDPD
1-2003 332 - 137Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
CDMA2000 Protocol StackLayer Functions
CDMA2000 Protocol StackLayer Functions
1-2003 332 - 138Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
cdma2000 Layering
■ Earlier sections of these courses have considered the physical layers, codes, and channels in detail
■ The beauty of cdma2000 is supported by the physical layer but the real flexibility comes from the Link and Upper Layers
■ The Upper Layers define the services and applications supported by cdma2000
• New services and applications will be developed and defined throughout the entire service lifetime of the 3G technology
• The layer features and definitions make it possible for application developers to plan and exploit standardized capabilities
■ The Link Layers give protocol support and perform the functions necessary to map the data transport needs of the upper layers into specific capabilities and characteristics of the physical layer
1-2003 332 - 139Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Definitions & LegendIPInternet ProtocolLACLink Access ControlMACMedium Access ControlOSIOpen System InterconnectPPPPoint-to-Point ProtocolQoSQuality of ServiceRLPRadio Link ProtocolTCPTransmission Control ProtocolUDPUser Datagram Protocol
CDMA2000 Structure: The Protocol Stack
New inCDMA2000!
Physical Layer
IPPPP
Packet DataApplication
Voice Services
Circuit Data Application
TCP UDP High SpeedCircuit NetworkLayer Services
LAC LAC Protocol
MAC
MACControl State
Best Effort Delivery RLP
Multiplexing QoS Control
OSI
Lay
er 2
Link
Lay
erO
SI L
ayer
s 3-
7U
pper
Lay
ers
OSI
Laye
r 1
Null LAC
Sign
alin
gSe
rvic
es
1-2003 332 - 140Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Protocol Stack and Managed ObjectsAp
plic
atio
nLA
CPL
ICF
PLD
CF
Instan
ce-S
pecif
icPL
DC
FM
UX
& Q
OS
SYSTEM MOBILE
Instance 3User Packet Data Traffic
SRBPSignaling
RadioBurst
Protocol
SRLPSignaling
RadioLink
Protocol
RBPRadioBurst
Protocol
RLPRadioLink
Protocol
PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer
CDMA2000 Physical LayerRLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol
Instance 2Layer 3 Signaling
Instance 1User Vocoder Bits
IS-95SignalingLayer 2
IS-2000SignalingLayer 2
OtherSignalingLayer 2
PacketData
Layer 2
NullLayer 2
CircuitData
Layer 2
IS-95 2GLayer 3
Signaling
IS-2000UpperLayer
Signaling
OtherUpperLayer
Signaling
PacketData
Service
VoiceServices
CircuitData
Services
Instance 3User Packet Data Traffic
SRBPSignaling
RadioBurst
Protocol
SRLPSignaling
RadioLink
Protocol
RBPRadioBurst
Protocol
RLPRadioLink
Protocol
PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer
CDMA2000 Physical LayerRLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol
Instance 2Layer 3 Signaling
Instance 1User Vocoder Bits
IS-95SignalingLayer 2
IS-2000SignalingLayer 2
OtherSignalingLayer 2
PacketData
Layer 2
NullLayer 2
CircuitData
Layer 2
IS-95 2GLayer 3
Signaling
IS-2000UpperLayer
Signaling
OtherUpperLayer
Signaling
PacketData
Service
VoiceServices
CircuitData
Services
Appl
icat
ion
LAC
PLIC
FPL
DC
FIns
tance
-Spe
cific
PLD
CF
MU
X &
QO
S
Frames full of Symbols
1-2003 332 - 141Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Functional Entity Definitions
■ Signaling• Performs Channel Assignment, Service Negotiation,
Handoff, etc■ Packet/Circuit/Voice PLICF
• Interacts with the Resource Control and the Peer PLICF to coordinate state transitions between the MS and BS
■ RMAC PLICF• Controls the behavior of the BS/MS when in Dormant State
■ MUX & QoS• realtime prioritization of the use of dedicated traffic
resources • Mux/de-Muxing of the logical channels from/to different
PLICFs based on the Service Reference
1-2003 332 - 142Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Example of Voice & Data Call In ProgressAp
plic
atio
nLA
CPL
ICF
PLD
CF
Instan
ce-S
pecif
icPL
DC
FM
UX
& Q
OS
SYSTEM MOBILE
Instance 3User Packet
Data Traffic
SRBPSignaling
RadioBurst
Protocol
RBPRadioBurst
Protocol
RLPRadioLink
Protocol
PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer
CDMA2000 Physical LayerRLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol
Instance 2Layer 3
Signaling
Instance 1User
Vocoder Bits
IS-2000SignalingLayer 2
PacketData
Layer 2
IS-2000UpperLayer
Signaling
PacketData
Service
VoiceServices
Appl
icat
ion
LAC
PLIC
FPL
DC
FIns
tance
-Spe
cific
PLD
CF
MU
X &
QO
S
NullLayer 2
Instance 3User Packet
Data Traffic
SRBPSignaling
RadioBurst
Protocol
RBPRadioBurst
Protocol
RLPRadioLink
Protocol
PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer
CDMA2000 Physical LayerRLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol
Instance 2Layer 3
Signaling
Instance 1User
Vocoder Bits
IS-2000SignalingLayer 2
PacketData
Layer 2
IS-2000UpperLayer
Signaling
PacketData
Service
VoiceServices
NullLayer 2
v SEL
Frames full of Symbols
1-2003 332 - 143Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
T_active orRelease
States and Transitions In the Data Service
Initialization
Null
Reconnect
Dormant
Control Hold
Suspended
Packet ServiceRequest
Packet ServiceDeactivated
PPP TerminatedRelease Sent!
PPP TerminatedRelease Sent!
Service OptionConnected
Control Channel Exists
Service OptionConnected
Control ChannelExists
Traffic channelExists
Active
T_hold
Control Channelexists
T_suspend
Have New Datato send!
1-2003 332 - 144Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
System MAC/LAC Parameters
■ The answers to all these questions are determined by MAC & LAC layer processes and parameters
■ Each network manufacturer implements some subset of the MAC/LAC states and parameters specified in the IS-2000 standard
■ Each manufacturer has its own unique parameter set to control state transitions
■ Most networks begin operation using manufacturer-recommended defaults
• as networks and applications mature, parameters will be fully optimized
■ A basic knowledge of the manufacturers proprietary parameters gives very useful insights into configuration and performance issues
T_active orRelease
Initialization
Null
Reconnect
Dormant
Control Hold
Suspended
Packet ServiceRequest
Packet ServiceDeactivated
PPP TerminatedRelease Sent!
PPP TerminatedRelease Sent!
Service OptionConnected
Control Channel Exists
Service OptionConnected
Control ChannelExists
Traffic channelExists
Active
T_hold
Control Channelexists
T_suspend
Have New Datato send!
•How is data flow managed?•Can I keep my FCH all the time?•Will my connection drop in a fade?•When is an SCH turned on for me?•How long will my SCH burst last?•What is the data rate of my SCH?•If I can�t get a full-rate SCH, can I at least get a lower-rate SCH?•Which kinds of traffic have priority?•Do some users have higher priority?
1-2003 332 - 145Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
MAC StatesState
R-CCCH
R-EACH
F-TRAFFICF-FCH
F-SCH
R-TRAFFICR-FCH
R-SCHSCH driven
by trafficSCH driven
by traffic
F-TRAFFIC R-TRAFFIC
intermittent
F-DCCH R-DCCH
CESELt1
R-P Interface
PDSN/Foreign Agent
PDSNHome Agent
BackboneNetworkInternet
VPNs T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthentication
AuthorizationAccounting
AAA
BTS
(C)BSC/Access Manager
CESELt1
R-P Interface
PDSN/Foreign Agent
PDSNHome Agent
BackboneNetworkInternet
VPNs T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthentication
AuthorizationAccounting
AAA
BTS
(C)BSC/Access Manager
CESELt1
R-P Interface
PDSN/Foreign Agent
PDSNHome Agent
BackboneNetworkInternet
VPNs T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthentication
AuthorizationAccounting
AAA
BTS
(C)BSC/Access Manager
SELt1
R-P Interface
PDSN/Foreign Agent
PDSNHome Agent
BackboneNetworkInternet
VPNs T TSECURE TUNNELSAuthentication
AuthorizationAccounting AAA
BTS
(C)BSC/Access Manager
PAGING
R-CCCH
R-EACH
PAGING
intermittent
intermittent
ChannelElement
Selector/Svc Cfg (RLP) PPPIP
Session
ACTIVEexit timer:
a few seconds
CONTROLHOLD
(Optional State)exit timer: a few seconds
very fast return to active state
SUSPENDED(Optional State)
exit timer: a few secondsbetween data bursts
DORMANTexit timer: minutes, hours
between data bursts
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Forward Link SCH Scheduling
■ The main bottleneck is the forward link itself: restricted by available transmitter power and walsh codes
■ Each connected data User has a buffer in the PDSN/PCF complex• When waiting data in the buffer exceeds a threshold, the PDSN/PCF asks
the BTS for an F-SCH. Its data rate is limited by:– Available BTS forward TX power; available walsh codes; competition
from other users who also need F-SCHs; and mobile capability• When the buffer is nearly empty, the SCH ends; FCH alone• Occupancy timers and other dynamic or hard-coded triggers may apply• QOS (Quality of Service) rules also may be implemented, giving
preference to some users and some types of traffic
CESELt1
R-PInterface
PDSN/Foreign Agent
BTS
(C)BSC/Access ManagerWireless
Mobile Device
data
FCH orFCH + SCH?
Buffer
BTSC
My F-SCHData Rate
PCF
1-2003 332 - 147Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Packet Data Service Call Control StatesThe mobile station performs a packet data service call control function
consisting of the following states:■ Null State:
• Call control functionality is in this state when packet data service has not been activated.
■ Initialization State: • In this state, the mobile station attempts to connect a packet data
service option. ■ Connected State:
• In this state, the packet data service option is connected. (Note: A connected service option is required for all ACTIVE packet data services to function.)
■ Dormant State: • In this state, the packet data service is disconnected.
■ Reconnect State: • In this state, the mobile station attempts to connect a previously
connected packet data service option.
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Link Layer: Media Access Control (MAC)
■ The MAC Sublayer provides 3 important functions:
■ MAC Control State: Supports multiple instances of an advanced-state machine
• An instance for each active packet circuit or circuit data instance
■ Best-effort delivery: reasonably reliable radio transmission using RLP radio link protocol at a best-effort level of delivery
■ Multiplexing and QoS control• Enforcement of negotiated
QoS levels by mediating and prioritizing conflicting requests
Physical Layer
IPPPP
Sign
alin
gSe
rvic
es
Packet DataApplication
Voice Services
Circuit Data Application
TCP UDP High SpeedCircuit NetworkLayer Services
LAC LAC Protocol
MAC
MACControl State
Best Effort Delivery RLP
Multiplexing QoS Control
OSI
Lay
er 2
Link
Lay
erO
SI L
ayer
s 3-
7U
pper
Lay
ers
OSI
Laye
r 1
Null LAC
1-2003 332 - 149Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Just What IS the MAC Layer?
■ Located in OSI Link Layer 2, the MAC and LAC sublayers provide:• A wide performance range of upper layer services at speeds of 1.2
kbps to > 2 Mbps.• Multimedia services: combinations of voice, packet data, and circuit
data services operating simultaneously.• QoS control mechanisms: balance the varying QoS requirements
of the multiple concurrent users and services.■ The MAC Layer supports THREE important functions:
• Best Effort Delivery: Reasonably reliable transmission over the radio link via an RLP (Radio Link Protocol) that supplies a “Best Effort” level of reliability.
• Multiplexing and QoS control: Enforcement of negotiated QoS levels by mediating conflicting requests from the competing services and by the appropriate prioritization of access requests.
– Accomplished using PLICFs, Physical Layer Independent Convergence Functions
• Short Data Bursts: This capability is available when the mobile is in a Dormant Data Service instance.
■ Active, Control Hold, Suspend, and Dormant are the Packet Data Service States, since all the states do not reside in the MAC Sublayer.
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cdma2000 MAC State Transitions
RC-Release.Indication(dtch)
AllocateAndLock.
Confirm(dtch)
RC-Release.Indication(dmch)
RC-Release.Indication(dtch,dmch)
RC-Release.Indication(SR)
AllocateandLock.Confirm(dtch, dmch,SR)
cdma2000MAC
! Traffic, PC, &Control ChannelsAssigned
! No DedicatedChannels
! No BS, MSCResources
! PPP StateMaintained
! Small Data Bursts
! No DedicatedChannels
! RLP & PPP StateMaintained
! "Virtual Active Set"! Slotted Submode
! PC & ControlChannelsAssigned
! Very Fast TrafficChannelReassignment
ControlHoldState
DormantState
SuspendedState
ActiveState
RC-Release.Indication(dtch,dmch,SR)
AllocateAndLock.Confirm(dtch, dmch)
RC-Release.Indication(dmch,SR)
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Packet Data States
■ Active State• Dedicated traffic channels (e.g., fundamental or
supplemental) are allocated;• The Activity Timer starts when no traffic is exchanged and
reset when there is traffic to be exchanged; • Traffic channel is released when the Activity Timer expires.
■ Control Hold State• A dedicated control channel is maintained on which MAC
control commands (e.g., to begin a high speed data burst) can be transmitted.
• Power control is also maintained so that high speed burst operation can begin with minimum delay.
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Active State
■ Active State is specified as part of the Traffic Channel Substate.■ Attributes in Active State of Traffic Channel Substate:
• The Call Control Instance is in the Conversation Substate.• Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate is set to ‘0’ (reverse pilot continuously
transmitted, NOT gated) – Important: If the mobile station has user data to send, then
the Pilot_Gating_Use_Rates must be ‘0’ to request continuous reverse pilot and user traffic transmission.
• Flow of data traffic is permitted by the Multiplex Sublayer.■ Packet data service processing can exist in two states:
• Inactive State: mobile does not provide packet data svcs.• Active State: mobile station provides packet data services
■ ACTIVE state is described in two parts: • in Layer 2 (MAC Layer) under RLP and Packet Data Svcs. text• in Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Ch. Substate text
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Control Hold State■ Control Hold State: Now described, functionally, within the scope of
the IS-2000.5 (Upper Layer Signaling) document as part of the Traffic Channel Substate.
■ The following are the attributes when the mobile station is the Control Hold State of the Traffic Channel Substate:
• The Call Control Instance is in the Conversation Substate.• Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate is set to ‘1’ (i.e. the reverse pilot is gated at
some interval).• Flow of data traffic is blocked by the Multiplex Sublayer.
■ Within the Mobile’s Capability Information Record, which describes the features that are supported by the mobile, if the CHS_Supported field is set to ‘1’ then the mobile supports the Control Hold State. Otherwise, the mobile sets this field to ‘0’. (i.e. The Control Hold State is optionally supported by the Mobile Station.)
■ Main point: The Control Hold State is now only described within the Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Channel Substate text. It is no longer referenced within the MAC Sublayer of the IS-2000-A standard text.
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Suspend State■ Suspend State: Not actually mentioned by name in the IS-2000-A
text, but implied in its functionality description, this packet data service state now available as part of IS-2000.5 (Upper Layer Signaling).
■ Simply stated, if the mobile station stores its Service Configuration Record (SCR), and the USE_SYNC_IDs is equal to ‘1’, the mobile station may include the Sync_ID field as part of it’s message. If this occurs while the mobile is in a Dormant Data Service instance, then the mobile is in the Suspended State.
■ Main Point: The Suspended State is only described within the Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Channel Substate text. It is no longer referenced within the MAC Sublayer text.
• Depending on whether the SCR (Service Configuration Record) is stored or not on the the mobile station, its packet data service state maybe as Suspended or Dormant.
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Dormant State■ Defined within Layer 2 (MAC Sublayer) -- [IS-707.A-2 --Chapter 12:
High Speed Packet Data Service Option 33 text)]■ In the Dormant State, the Packet Service Option is disconnected, but
PPP link is still connected.■ Essentially, when the mobile station exits activity on the Traffic
Channel, it enters into the Call Control instance of Dormant. • Again, depending on whether the SCR (Service Configuration
Record) is stored or not on the mobile, its packet data servicesstate is categorized as Suspended or Dormant.
■ Main Point: While Active, Control Hold, and Suspend states are functionally defined in Layer 3 - Upper Layer Signaling, the Dormant state is only defined within the Layer 2 - MAC Sublayer.
1-2003 332 - 156Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Packet Data States (cont�d)
■ Suspended State• No dedicated channels to or from the user are maintained
• The state information for RLP is maintained
• The base station and the user maintain a “virtual active set” which permits either the user or the base station to know which base station can best be used (accessed by the user, or paged by the base station) in the event that packet data traffic for the user occurs.
• Supports a slotted substate that permits the user’s mobile device to preserve power in a highly efficient manner.
1-2003 332 - 157Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Service Configuration and Negotiation■ During Traffic Channel operation, the MS and BS communicate by
exchanging frames on the Forward and Reverse Traffic Channels ■ The MS and BS use a common set of attributes (i.e. a service configuration)
consisting of negotiable and non-negotiable parameters:• Forward and Reverse Multiplex Options• Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel Configurations
• Radio Configurations/other attributes of FWD/REV traffic channels.• Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel Transmission Rates
• can include all or just a subset of rates supported by the associated FWD/REV multiplex option
■ Multiplex Options: divide frames into primary, secondary, signaling bits■ Rate Set: defines the supported frame structures and transmission rates■ Service Option Connection: fully describes one traffic channel instance
• Includes service option, Forward traffic type, Reverse traffic type, and service option connection reference identifier (sr_id).
• Sr_id - Service Reference Identifier: A unique number assigned to each connected service option instance. Service Reference 1 (sr_id 1) is assigned to service instance 1, Service Reference 2 is assigned to service instance 2, and so on.
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Packet Data Service State Parameters (1)■ Control Hold Mode: Within the Mobile’s Capability Information
Record, if CHS_Supported is set to ‘1’, then the mobile can alsoinclude the Gating_Rate_Set field which indicates the set of Reverse Pilot gating rates that it supports.
■ Active/Inactive Clarification: There are only TWO states defined for Mobile Station Packet Data Service processing -- Active and Inactive. However, as stated earlier, there are FIVE packet data service call control functions performed by the mobile:
• Null State ……………. (part of Inactive State processing)• Initialization State …… (part of Active State processing)• Connected State ……... (part of Active State processing)• Dormant State ……….. (part of Active State processing)• Reconnect State ……… (part of Active State processing)
■ Suspend State: Sync_ID: Service Configuration Synchronization Identifier. This is a 16-bit CRC computed over the entire Service Configuration information record and Non-negotiable Service Configuration information record and used for determining whether these two information records should be included in the Service Connect Message sent by the base station to the mobile station. (cont. …)
1-2003 332 - 159Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Packet Data Service State Parameters (2)■ Pilot_Gating_Rate: Reverse pilot gating rate on the Reverse Pilot Channel. ■ Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate: Reverse pilot gating rate enable indicator.
• indicates whether ‘1’ or not ‘0’ the Reverse Pilot Channel is gated• Gating allows the mobile to send the reverse pilot channel intermittently (i.e.
not continuously) in order to save battery power. Data is only transmitted when pilot gating is turned OFF.
■ SYNC_ID - Service Configuration Synchronization Identifier:• a 16-bit CRC computed over the entire Service Configuration information
record and Non-negotiable Service Configuration information record• used for determining whether these two information records should be
included in the Service Connect Message sent by the base station to the mobile station.
• mobile generates based on the configuration information and sends it to the base station in Origination Message or Page Response Message.
• base station computes based on records sent to the mobile• If the computed value matches the one sent by the mobile station, then
base station does not send these two information records over the air and expects the mobile station to start using the stored ones.
• (i.e. If SYNC_ID is used to help determine if the Mobile is using the it’s stored SCR’s. If so, then the mobile is in the Suspended State.)
1-2003 332 - 160Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Operation of PLICFs
■ What is a PLICF? • Physical Layer Independent Convergence Function, one of
the three sub-layers of the MAC layer ■ The PLICF for a data service instance incorporates all of the
state information for that instance only■ Each PLICF requests (from Resource Control) logical channels
as needed for proper operation■ Resource Control requests physical channels to support the
logical channels requested by PLICFs (from the Mux and QoS Sublayer)
■ If all of the logical channels that are associated with a physical channel have been released, then Resource Control performs the same resource release procedure for the associated physical channel
1-2003 332 - 161Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Resource Control
■ Acts as a central clearinghouse for all resource requests
■ Locks and Unlocks resources and harmonizes state transition across multiple PLICFs
■ Maintains a database to control the operating configuration of the mobile, including • the current logical to physical
channel mapping, and • the currently defined physical
channel configuration (e.g., dedicated vs. common control operation; number of active SCHs; DCCH vs. FCH; etc.).
CR1 CR2
dtch ✓✓✓✓
dmch ✓✓✓✓ ✓✓✓✓
… � �
✔ = Locked
blank = unlocked
CR = Connection Reference
1-2003 332 - 162Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Resource Allocation States
Resource ExistsResource Does Not Exist
Resource Control RecievesLast Unlock for Resource r;
Resource Control SendsRC-ResourceReleased.
Indication (r) to allAssociated
Entities
Resource rNull State
Resource rAllocated andLocked State
Resource rAllocated and
Unlocked State
Resource ControlReceives
RC-Unlock.Request (r)
Resource ControlReceives
RC-AllocateAndLock.Request (r)
Resource 'r'is in use
Resource 'r' is not in use by this PLICF;other PLICFs may be using it
■ Resources are released only when all the services that using theresource do not need it
■ Example of resources are:• dtch: dedicated traffic channel• dmch: dedicated MAC channel• etc...
1-2003 332 - 163Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
Multiple Services
■ Multiple services with different QoS requirements may be connected simultaneously.
■ The Resource Control coordinates between multiple services ■ State transitions within each PLICF are synchronized■ This synchronization is necessary because each state (e.g.,
Active, Suspended) has a certain set of attributes that correspond to the behavior of the BS/MS as a whole
• For example, in the Suspended - slotted substate the MS operates in slotted mode and RC assures that all the PLICFs transition to this state simultaneously.
1-2003 332 - 164Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
QoS - Quality of Service Classes
■ The following five properties define a user's quality of service:■ Precedence
• Privilege level for special treatment during congested times■ Reliability
• Acknowledgment and protection schemes for best performance■ Delay
• Latency - critical for many internet-tuned IP applications■ Peak Throughput
• The maximum data rate a user is allowed to experience, even under ideal conditions
■ User Data Throughput• The actual average effective throughput for a given user
throughout their entire data session
1-2003 332 - 165Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
QoS Classes and Objectives
■ This table shows the four main categories or classes of payload data and the types of applications which produce them
■ Each class has specific requirements relating to delay, accuracy of transmission, and order of transmission
■ The widely differing transmission requirements of the various classes are generally compatible
Class of Service
Conversational
Streaming
Interactive
Background
Typical ApplicationsVoice, Video Telephony, video
gamesStreaming Multimedia: meetings, seminars,
presentations
Web Browsing; Network Games
Background Email download;Non-critical telemetry
Main ObjectivesLow time delay, information delivered in same order sent
Preserve time relation of packets; delay is not very critical
Request/Response pattern; preserve data integrity
Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time. Preserve data integrity.
1-2003 332 - 166Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
MAC Summary
■ cdma2000 MAC provides:• Management of logical resources (channels)• Logical to physical channel mapping• Coordination of resources between multiple services• Quality of Service and multiplexing for packet and circuit data• Best effort delivery for packet data
1-2003 332 - 167Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
The LAC Sublayer
■ The Link Access Control (LAC) sublayer provides transport of data over the air interface between corresponding upper-level modules
■ The LAC uses a variety of protocols to deliver the appropriate QoS
■ Some upper layer entities need higher QoS than is provided directly by the MAC, so the LAC may use
• End-to-end reliable ARQs• ACKs-NAKs• Packet retransmission
Physical Layer
IPPPP
Packet DataApplication
Voice Services
Circuit Data Application
TCP UDP High SpeedCircuit NetworkLayer Services
LAC LAC Protocol
MAC
MACControl State
Best Effort Delivery RLP
Multiplexing QoS Control
OSI
Lay
er 2
Link
Lay
erO
SI L
ayer
s 3-
7U
pper
Lay
ers
OSI
Laye
r 1
Null LAC
Sign
alin
gSe
rvic
es
1-2003 332 - 168Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
LAC Sublayer Operation■ Link Access Control (LAC) Sublayer: the upper sublayer of Layer 2
• implements data link protocol for transport and delivery of Layer 3 signaling messages
• Uses services provided by Layer 1 and MAC Sublayer■ LAC Signaling Planes:
• Data Plane (contains protocol, where PDUs are generated, processed, and transferred)
• Control Plane (where processing decisions are made). ■ LAC Sublayer provides:
• services to Layer 3 in the Data Plane. SDUs are passed between Layer 3 and the LAC Sublayer.
• proper encapsulation of the SDUs into LAC PDUs, which are segmented and reassembled and transferred as LAC PDU fragments to the MAC sublayer
■ Processing within the LAC Sublayer is done sequentially in the Data Plane, with processing entities passing the partially formed LAC PDU to each other in well established order -- (Note: sublayers are coordinated in the Control Plane).
■ Logical Channels: SDUs and PDUs are processed and transferredalong functional paths, without the need for the Upper Layers to be aware of the radio characteristics of the physical channels.
1-2003 332 - 169Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter
LAC Sublayer Functions on Dedicated Channels■ LAC Sublayer performs the following functions on dedicated channels:
• Delivery of SDUs to Layer 3 peer entities using ARQ techniques for reliability (see ARQ sublayer).
• Assembling and validating PDUs for carrying the SDUs • Segmentation of encapsulated PDUs into LAC PDU fragments of
sizes suitable for transfer by the MAC Sublayer • Reassembly of LAC PDU fragments into encapsulated PDUs • Access control through “global challenge” authentication• Address control to ensure delivery of PDUs based upon addresses
which identify particular mobile stations ■ Service Access Point (SAP): Layer 3-to-Layer 2, Layer 2-to-Layer 1,
and LAC Sublayer-to-MAC Sublayer exchanges use an interface known as a Service Access Point.
• At the SAP, Layer 3 and Layer 2 exchange SDUs and Message Control and Status Blocks (MCSBs) using a set of primitives.
– Primitive: An atomic, well-defined conceptual method of transferring data and control information between two adjacent layers or sublayers. It is conventionally represented as a function invocation, with the data and control information passed as parameters.