cdma and umts basics
DESCRIPTION
WCDMA, CDMA, UMTS Basic, knowledgeTRANSCRIPT
W-CDMA ExplainedW-CDMA Explained
Presented by Dr Tony VernonPresented by Dr Tony Vernon
Course ContentCourse Content
�� Section 1Section 1-- IntroductionIntroduction
�� Section 2Section 2-- Codes and their characteristicsCodes and their characteristics
�� Section 3Section 3-- CDMA implementationCDMA implementation
�� Section 4Section 4-- CDMA in operationCDMA in operation
�� Section 5 Section 5 –– UMTS TechnologyUMTS Technology
�� Section 6 Section 6 –– UMTS Air InterfaceUMTS Air Interface
�� Section 7 Section 7 -- UTRANUTRAN
Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives
�� Understand the process and benefits of CDMAUnderstand the process and benefits of CDMA
�� Understand the application of direct sequence CDMAUnderstand the application of direct sequence CDMA
�� Understand synchronisation requirements Understand synchronisation requirements
�� Understand modulation requirements and techniquesUnderstand modulation requirements and techniques
�� Appreciate the different code types available and their propertiAppreciate the different code types available and their propertieses
�� Understand how codes may be applied in CDMA systemsUnderstand how codes may be applied in CDMA systems
�� Understand the use of complex spreadingUnderstand the use of complex spreading
�� Understand the importance, application and principles of rake reUnderstand the importance, application and principles of rake receiverceiver
�� Understand the importance of power control in CDMA systemsUnderstand the importance of power control in CDMA systems
�� Appreciate the impact of cell breathing effectsAppreciate the impact of cell breathing effects
CDMA ExplainedCDMA Explained
Section 1Section 1
IntroductionIntroduction
Multiple Access SchemesMultiple Access Schemes
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
FDMA
Time
Frequency
TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3TDMATime
Frequency
User 1 & User 2 & User 3 & User 4CDMATime
Frequency
CDMA PrincipleCDMA Principle
FrequencyBB
Code 1Code 1 CDMACDMA
FrequencyBB
FrequencyWW FrequencyWWCDMA
Code 2Code 2
Frequency
WW
CDMACDMA--1 1 ((~ ~ CDMA)CDMA)
Code 1Code 1
GGpp= W/B
Shannon’s Equation & CDMAShannon’s Equation & CDMA
C= W x log2 (1+S/N)
C= Channel capacityW= Channel bandwidthS/N= Energy per bit/ Noise power
CDMA Systems ClassificationCDMA Systems Classification
CDMA
Hybrid CDMAPure CDMA
Direct
Sequence
Frequency
Hopping
Time
Hopping
Fast FH Slow FHNarrowband Wideband
DS/ FH
DS/ TH
FH/ TH
DS/ FH/ TH
TDMA/ CDMA
MC-CDMA
MT-CDMA
Frequency Hopping CDMAFrequency Hopping CDMA
Power
Frequency
Time
Direct Sequence SpreadingDirect Sequence Spreading
0 1 0
Chip
SymbolData
Code
Data x Code
Spreading Factor (SF)= Chip rate / Symbol rate
DS-CDMA Transmitter/ ReceiverDS-CDMA Transmitter/ Receiver
XWideband Modulator
CarrierGenerator
CodeGenerator
Wideband Demodulator
CarrierGenerator
De-spreading
CodeGenerator
Code Sync/Tracking
Transmitter block diagram Receiver block diagram
FrequencyFrequencyCarrier FrequencyCarrier Frequency
Chip rateChip rate
FrequencyFrequencyCarrier FrequencyCarrier Frequency
Symbol rateSymbol rate
2 x Symbol rate2 x Symbol rate
DS- Frequency DomainDS- Frequency Domain
Gp = Chip rate/ Symbol rate
Direct Sequence De-spreadingDirect Sequence De-spreading
0 1 0
Chip
Symbol
De-Spread Data
Local Code
Received Data
Hybrid System: DS/ (Fast) FHHybrid System: DS/ (Fast) FH
PN-Code 1
PN-Code 2
PN-Code 3
PN-Code 4
PN-Code 5
Frequency
Time
Data bit period
Hybrid System: MC-CMDAHybrid System: MC-CMDA
OR
S/P
QAM modulator
ΣΣΣΣX X
CM Cos(2πf+φM)t
X X
C1 Cos(2πf)t +
QAM modulator
S1
SN
To antenna
Input
S/P
QAM modulator
ΣΣΣΣ
X X
C1…q Cos(2πf)t
QAM modulator
S1
SN
X X
C1…q Cos(2πfN)t
To antennaInput
Separating users- example- DS spreadingSeparating users- example- DS spreading
A Data
A Code
Data x Code
B Data
B Code
A + B
(A + B)x A Code
Local A Code
Integrator Output
Comparator
Output
Data x Code
© Bcomms Ltd 2000
CDMA and Cell Reuse CDMA and Cell Reuse
Cell 4Cell 6
Cell 7
Cell 5
Cell 1
Cell 3
Cell 2
Cell 4Cell 6
Cell 7
Cell 5
Cell 1
Cell 3
Cell 2
Cell 4Cell 6
Cell 7
Cell 5
Cell 1
Cell 3
Cell 2
Cluster
FDMA or TDMA cellular system
Cell 1Cell 1
Cell 1
Cell 1
Cell 1
Cell 1
Cell 1
Re-use distance Re-use distance
CDMA cellular system
Cell Capacity ConsiderationCell Capacity Consideration
X ~ X ~ GpGp
EbEb/No/No
InterferenceInterference
X ~ X ~ GpGp
[[Eb/No]xEb/No]x 1.61.6
Interference Limited- FactorsInterference Limited- Factors
Activity factorEb
Noeff
=1
No
Eb
+2
3G(M-1) 1+K)( αα
Intercell vs intracell interference
Energy per bit
To
Noise density
No of users per cell
Processing Gain
Received energy per bit
Noise Density
Bandwidth ConsiderationsBandwidth Considerations
�� Base_band bandwidthBase_band bandwidth
�� Average (n~GAverage (n~Gpp/n/n00))�� Statistical approximationStatistical approximation
�� Law of large numberLaw of large number
�� MultipathMultipath�� No. Components increase with No. Components increase with
bandwidthbandwidth
�� Less energy per componentLess energy per component
�� Receiver complexityReceiver complexity
�� Spectrum allocation/ operating Spectrum allocation/ operating conditionsconditions
�� OthersOthers…………
Performance Loss
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 500 1000 1500
Processing Gain
Eff
icie
nc
y
CDMA BenefitsCDMA Benefits
�� Increased capacityIncreased capacity
�� Good call qualityGood call quality
�� Digital systemDigital system
�� No break during softNo break during soft--handoverhandover
�� Fading rejection due to large bandwidthFading rejection due to large bandwidth
�� PrivacyPrivacy
�� Power control Power control �� battery savingbattery saving
�� FlexibilityFlexibility
�� System planningSystem planning
�� Bandwidth on demandBandwidth on demand
Spread Spectrum Application: WLANSpread Spectrum Application: WLAN
Independent Basic
Service Set(IBSS)
Station 3
Station 1
Station 2
IEE 802.11 : DSSS and FHSSIEE 802.11 : DSSS and FHSS
Characteristics FHSS DSSS
Data Rate (Air Interface) Up to 3Mbps Up to 11Mbps
Net Data Throughput Up to 2.4Mbps Up to 5.5Mbps
Number of co-locatedcells / systems
Maximum 26 per
hopping set. There are 3 sets of 26
Maximum 3. Channels 1,7 & 13
Modulation per carrierRF 2.4 GHz
2-level Gaussian FSK (1Mbps)4-level Gaussian FSK (2Mbps)
Differential BPSK(1Mbps)Differential QPSK(2Mbps)
Spread Spectrum Application: GPSSpread Spectrum Application: GPS
�� 24 satellites/ 6 orbits24 satellites/ 6 orbits
�� Altitude: 20.200 kmAltitude: 20.200 km
�� Repeat pattern= 1 dayRepeat pattern= 1 day
�� User determines position/ User determines position/
time from a minimum of 3 time from a minimum of 3
satellitessatellites
�� Time received/ Time of Time received/ Time of
ArrivalArrival
�� Local error corrected by Local error corrected by
44thth satellitesatellite
~20.200 km
orbit
CDMA and GPSCDMA and GPS
Coarse Acquisition Code
Satellite PRN ID
NAV Data
+
+Precise Code
Precise Code(encryption)
+
Modulation
50 bps
Modulation
L1 carrier
L1/ L2 carriers
L2 signal
L1 signal
1.023 Mchip/s
Processing Gain= 30 dB
10.23 Mchip/sSmall receiver
Spread Spectrum Application:
Cellular- e.g. IS-95
Spread Spectrum Application:
Cellular- e.g. IS-95
Reverse(Uplink) link
Forward (Downlink) link
CDMA- User multiplexing
CDMA- Cell identification
CDMA- Channel separation
CDMA ExplainedCDMA Explained
Section 2Section 2
Codes and their CharacteristicsCodes and their Characteristics
Code CharacteristicsCode Characteristics
[Data1 x Code1 +Data2 x Code2] x Code1shift(n)
+
Data2 x Code2 x Code1shift(n)
Data1 x Code1 x Code1shift(n)
Code ClassificationsCode Classifications
�� Code LengthCode Length�� Short CodeShort Code
�� Long CodeLong Code
�� Code FamilyCode Family�� PseudoPseudo--Random CodesRandom Codes
�� Combinational CodesCombinational Codes
�� Orthogonal CodesOrthogonal Codes
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
Code Length
Code Length
Pseudo-random Code GenerationPseudo-random Code Generation
1 2 3 4
Maximum Length Sequence
1 2 3 4Input
Input
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 10 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 01 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 11 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
Output
24-1= 15
�� Balance PropertyBalance Property
�� RunRun--length Distributionlength Distribution
�� ““PerfectPerfect”” AutocorrelationAutocorrelation
�� ““BadBad”” XcorrelationXcorrelation
�� Limited number of sequencesLimited number of sequences
�� Not usable for securityNot usable for security
Pseudo-random Code: Autocorrelation (1)Pseudo-random Code: Autocorrelation (1)
Original Sequence: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Shifted by 1 chip: 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
Similarity x �� �x x x x �x � x x �� Σ = 7-8= -1
Original Sequence: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Shifted by 2 chips: 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
Similarity x x � �x ��� x x x x �x � Σ = 7-8= -1
Original Sequence: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Shifted by 15 chips: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Similarity ���������� ����� Σ = 15
Pseudo-random Code: Autocorrelation (2)Pseudo-random Code: Autocorrelation (2)
Autocorrelation function
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40
Delay
Au
toco
rre
lati
on
Pseudo-random Code: Cross-correlation (1)Pseudo-random Code: Cross-correlation (1)
First Sequence: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Second Sequence: 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
Similarity � ����x � � x � x � � x � Σ = 11- 4= 7
First Sequence: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Second Sequence shifted: 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
Similarity x � �� x x �x ��� � x � x Σ = 9- 6= 3
First Sequence: 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
Second Sequence: 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
Similarity ��� x � x x x x x x x x � x Σ = 5- 10= -5
Pseudo-random Code: Cross-correlation (2)Pseudo-random Code: Cross-correlation (2)
Cross correlation
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
81 4 7
10
13
16
19
22
25
28
31
34
Relative delay
Cro
ss c
orr
ela
tio
n
Pseudo-random Code: Code SetsPseudo-random Code: Code Sets
Register length Sequence length No. m-sequences
23
45678
91011
37
153163
127255
51110232047
22
2661816
4860
176
Limited number of sequences
Gold Code GenerationGold Code Generation
�� Large number of codesLarge number of codes
�� ““ControlledControlled”” ((PredictablePredictable) ) XcorrelationXcorrelation
�� UniformUniform
�� BoundedBounded
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Gold Code Sequence
Initial value = “all 1”
Different initial values = Different Gold code Sequences
Gold Code: AutocorrelationGold Code: Autocorrelation
Autocorrelation function
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 10 20 30 40
Delay
Au
toco
rre
lati
on
We are definitively loosing here!..
BUT….
Preferred pairsPreferred pairs�� CrossCross--correlation: correlation:
�� 3 values 3 values
�� Auto and crossAuto and cross--
correlationcorrelation
�� UniformUniform
�� BoundedBounded
Hadamard MatrixHadamard Matrix
General Formula: Hn=Hn-1 Hn-1
Hn-1 - Hn-1
H0 = [1]
H1 =1 1
1 -1
H2 =
1 1
1 -1
1 1
1 -11 11 -1
-1 -1-1 1
OVSF Code GenerationOVSF Code Generation
1
1 1
1 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
�� OrthogonalOrthogonal (I.e (I.e
XcorrelationXcorrelation = 0)= 0)
�� Must be synchronousMust be synchronous
�� SF= code lengthSF= code length
�� DonDon’’t spread equallyt spread equally
�� Code AllocationCode Allocation
�� Consumes all downConsumes all down--
stream codestream code
�� Consumes all upConsumes all up--
stream codestream code
OVSF Codes in OperationOVSF Codes in Operation
Data A
Code A (SF4)
Data A x Code A
Data B
Code B (SF4)
Data B x Code B
Sum
Sum x Code A
1 -1 -1 1
11-1-1 11-1-1 11-1-1 11-1-1
11-1-1 -1-111 -1-111 11-1-1
1 1 -1 -1
1-1-11 1-1-11 1-1-11 1-1-11
1-1-11 1-1-11 -111-1 -111-1
2 0-2 0 0-2 0 2 -2 0 2 0 0 2 0-2
2 0 2 0 0-2 0-2 -2 0-2 0 0 2 0 2
After Integration
1 -1 -1 1
Generalised Hierarchical Golay SequenceGeneralised Hierarchical Golay Sequence
A= Pattern(1,-1) of length k
X= {Repeat or invert A, n times}
Cm= X x hnk, m’
hnk, m = row m’ of Hadamard(nk)
A=<1,1,-1,1>
X= <A,-A>
(X= <1,1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,1>)
C0 = X x H8,0
H8,0 = <1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1>
C0 = <1,1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,1>
C1 = X x H8,4
H8,4 = <1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1>
C1 = <1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1,-1>
Code requirements in cellular systemsCode requirements in cellular systems
�� ChannelisationChannelisation
�� Good Good xcorrelationxcorrelation
(orthogonal codes)(orthogonal codes)
�� User/ Cell identificationUser/ Cell identification�� Good compromise between Good compromise between
autoauto-- & cross& cross--correlationcorrelation
�� Good Spreading Good Spreading
�� White Noise likeWhite Noise like
Σ Σ
Channelisation Channelisation
Cell identification
(Scrambling)
Codes in Cellular System: IS-95 (DL)Codes in Cellular System: IS-95 (DL)
x
x
Long pseudo-random Sequence (242-1)
Long code mask(user n/ p)
x
Decimated
64:1
x
Walsh code n/p
Coded Data Traffic (user n)/ paging 19.2 Kbps
IQ
modΣ
Pilot (0 kbps) x
Walsh code 0
~RF carrier
Coded sync data19.2 Kbps x
Walsh code 32
I-Pilot
pseudo-random Sequence (215-1)
Q-Pilot
pseudo-random
Sequence (215-1)
1.2288 Mcps
PN-offset
PN-offset
Codes in Cellular System: IS-95 (UL)Codes in Cellular System: IS-95 (UL)
x
xLong pseudo-random
Sequence (242-1)
Long code mask
(from ESN)
xCoded Data Traffic
28.8 KbpsIQ
Offset
mod
Walsh codes
~RF carrier
I-Pilot
pseudo-random Sequence (215-1)
Q-Pilot
pseudo-random
Sequence (215-1)
1.2288 Mcps
PN-offset
PN-offset
64-ary orthogonal
modulator
307.2 Kb/s
Codes in Cellular System: UTRA (DL)Codes in Cellular System: UTRA (DL)
S/P
x
x
OVSF(SF= 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512)
ScramblingGold code
(length 218 –1)
3.84 Mcps
3.84 Mcps
IQ
mod
~RF carrier
Any Downlink Physical Channel
(except SCH)
Σ
x
x....x
Gi
Gj
Gk
Σx
Gp
x
Gs
P-SCH
code
S-SCH
code
Data +
Control
(Generalised Hierarchical Golay)
Codes in Cellular System: UTRA (UL)Codes in Cellular System: UTRA (UL)
x
OVSF(SF= 256)
Scrambling
Gold code
(length 225 –1)Or
S(2) code
(length 256)
3.84 Mcps
3.84 Mcps
IQ
mod
~RF carrier
x
GdData
x
GcControl
OVSF(SF= 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256)
x
CDMA ExplainedCDMA Explained
Section 3Section 3
CDMA ImplementationCDMA Implementation
Modulation and Spreading (1)Modulation and Spreading (1)
x
Cos (ωt)
x
Sin (ωt)
+S/P
I-branch
Q-branch
Input data
To Transmission
QPSK modulation
x
x
Spreading
Discontinuous TransmissionDiscontinuous Transmission
Data present Data presentData absent
Data present Data presentData absent
User information Control information
EMC (uplink)
IQ/Code multiplexing
Time multiplexing
IQ/ MultiplexingIQ/ Multiplexing
x
Cos (ωt)
x
Sin (ωt)
+
I-branch
Q-branch
user data
To Transmission
x
x
Spreading
control data
Spreading
Complex ScramblingComplex Scrambling
x
x
x x
+
+
PN1
PN1
PN2
+
-
+
+
PN2
I-branch
Q-branch
Equivalent to
[I+jQ][PN1 +jPN2]
Receiver Building BocksReceiver Building Bocks
�� Coherent IQ demodulatorCoherent IQ demodulator
�� DeDe--spreading functionspreading function
�� IQ to data mappingIQ to data mapping
�� Synchronisation loopsSynchronisation loops
�� IFIF--carriercarrier
�� Chip frequencyChip frequency
Wideband Demodulator
CarrierGenerator
De-spreadingIQ
CodeGenerator
Code Sync/Tracking
PLL
Synchronisation loops
PN Decorrelator: Matched FilterPN Decorrelator: Matched Filter
InputTcTc
TcTcTcTc
TcTc
xh0
xh1
xh2
xhn-2
xhn-1
+Output
Delay Line
Output
Time
“1”
“0”
PN Decorrelator: Active CorrelatorPN Decorrelator: Active Correlator
∫period
dt0
(.)xThresholddetector
Thresholddetector
Code
generatorCode
generator
Input output
IntegrateDump
Output
Time
“1”
“0”
Code SynchronisationCode Synchronisation
�� Time uncertaintyTime uncertainty
�� Phase difference (carrier, code Phase difference (carrier, code sequencesequence-- uplink)uplink)
�� Propagation delayPropagation delay
�� Relative clock shiftsRelative clock shifts
�� Frequency uncertaintyFrequency uncertainty
�� Relative velocityRelative velocity-- Doppler shift)Doppler shift)
�� Two stepsTwo steps
�� AcquisitionAcquisition--
�� sliding sliding correlatorcorrelator
�� or or
�� matched filter (short codes)matched filter (short codes)
�� TrackingTracking
∫period
dt0
(.)xThresholddetector
Thresholddetector
Search controlSearch controlChip clock
generatorChip clock
generator
Code
generatorCode
generator
Input
Sliding Correlator
Tracking PhaseTracking Phase
Time
0 Tc 2Tc-Tc-2Tc
Late Early
Autocorrelation
Delay
0Tc/2
-Tc/2
Late
Early
Autocorrelation
Tracking point
Tracking ImplementationTracking Implementation
∫period
dt0
(.)
x
Threshold
detectorThreshold
detector
Code
generatorCode
generator
Input
Delay +Tc/2
Delay +Tc/2
∫period
dt0
(.)
∫period
dt0
(.)
LatchLatch
LatchLatch
-
+
Chip clock GeneratorChip clock Generator
Early
Late
Delay -Tc/2
Delay -Tc/2
x
xPrecise Decoded output
Synchronisation: Pilot SequencesSynchronisation: Pilot Sequences
Uplink link synchronisation
Downlink link synchronisation
Pilot or preamble
Pilot channel • Common channel
• Channel associated
Radio ImpairmentsRadio Impairments
�� FadingFading
�� InterInter--SymbolSymbol--InterferenceInterference
Multi-path
‘Rake’ Receiver‘Rake’ Receiver
RF/ IF
Downconverter
Analog-to-Digital
Correlator # 1
Correlator # 2
Correlator # n
.....
Searcher
......... Co
mb
ine
r
To Decoder
Controller
Code 1
Sw
itch m
atr
ix
Code 2
Code k
Code 1
CDMA ExplainedCDMA Explained
Section 4Section 4
CDMA in OperationCDMA in Operation
CDMA System Requirements-Power Control
CDMA System Requirements-Power Control
8 Km8 Km
80 m80 m
Distance Ratio: 8,000/80 = 100Distance Ratio: 8,000/80 = 100
Jamming Margin Required= Jamming Margin Required= 40 dB40 dB
CDMA System Requirements-
Fast Power Control
CDMA System Requirements-
Fast Power Control
Power UPPower UP
(Building shadow)(Building shadow)
Power DownPower Down
(and QUICK!(and QUICK!…… or or
degradation of other degradation of other
mobilemobile’’s signal)s signal)
CDMA System Requirements-Soft Handover
CDMA System Requirements-Soft Handover
Base Station ABase Station A
Base Station BBase Station B
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower ControlPower ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Types of HandoverTypes of Handover
Softer HandoverNode
B
Node
B
Soft Handover
F1
F1
�� Soft HandoverSoft Handover
�� Hard handoverHard handover
�� InterInter--frequency/ Intrafrequency/ Intra--systemsystem
�� InterInter--systemsystem
RNC
Cell A
Handover RegionHandover Region
Cell B
Cell A
Soft handover
(Cell A & B)
Cell B
Two-cell scenario
Cell A Cell B
Cell C
Three-cell scenario
Handover: Reporting Events Examples
Handover: Reporting Events Examples
Measurement
Quality
Time
Possible Reporting Events
Cell A- Pilot
Cell B-Pilot
Cell C- Pilot
Cell D- Pilot
Note: Cell D is not yet in active set
Reporting rangeA
B
CD
E
Soft & Softer HandoverSoft & Softer Handover
�� Best instantaneous uplink frameBest instantaneous uplink frame
�� ““Make before breakMake before break”” connection connection �� No break No break
in communicationsin communications
�� No ping pong effectNo ping pong effect
�� Reduced no. of dropped callsReduced no. of dropped calls
�� Hardware decoder required at more Base Hardware decoder required at more Base
stationsstations
�� More interference created in the downlink/ More interference created in the downlink/
more code used per usermore code used per user
Soft handover region?
Cell BreathingCell Breathing
Becomes out of range
Inter-frequency HandoverInter-frequency Handover
Frequency F1
Frequency F1
Frequency F1
Frequency F2
Rake receiver doesn't see F2
Compressed ModeCompressed Mode
�� PurposePurpose
�� Measurements at Measurements at ≠≠ frequencyfrequency
�� Reduction of Processing GainReduction of Processing Gain
�� CDMA: SF/2 orCDMA: SF/2 or
�� Coding: puncturingCoding: puncturing
�� Power increasedPower increased
Transmission gap for inter-
frequency measurements
Data Transmission Data Transmission
Site Selection Diversity TransmitSite Selection Diversity Transmit
Cell C
Cell ACell B
A Primary cell
Data + control
(Power Control)
(Power Ctl)
Data+ control
B Primary cell
(Power Control)
(Power Ctl)
Benefit of SSDTRef: TS 25.922
Benefit of SSDTRef: TS 25.922
Syste
m load [
kbps/ M
Hz/c
ell
0
100
200
300
400
5.4 11 110
Mobile Speed [km/h]
w/ UE's space
diversity
w/o UE's space
diversity
SSDT
SSDT
Conventional TPC
Conventional TPC
55224.3
Closed Loop Transmit DiversityClosed Loop Transmit Diversity
Spreading/Scrambling
Data + control
(Downlink)
x
x
w1
w2 Σ
Σ
Pilot Channel #1 Antenna 1
Antenna 2
Decode
Tx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Weight GenerationPilot Channel #2
Diversity SummaryDiversity Summary
�� Frequency diversityFrequency diversity
�� Spatial diversitySpatial diversity
�� Path diversityPath diversity
�� Time diversityTime diversity
Fade:
12.5 dB
400 kHz
5MHz channel
Overall drop
~ 12.5 x 400/ 5000 = 1dB
Open Loop Power ControlOpen Loop Power Control
Initial
Preamble Power
Time
Output power
Time-out
Power_step
Time-out
Power_step
Preamble
acknowledgement
User Data(e.g. initial access)
Power Control SummaryPower Control Summary
�� Open LoopOpen Loop
�� Close LoopClose Loop
�� UplinkUplink
�� DownlinkDownlink
Node B
UE Transmits Preamble at computed Power
BCCH
Node B
SIRest> SIRtarget ?∆dB
Up/ Down
SIRest> SIRtarget ?∆dB
Up/ Down
BCCH
Antenna ConsiderationsAntenna Considerations
3-sectors, 90°beamwidth 6-sectors, 60°beamwidth
Multi-User Detection (MUD)Multi-User Detection (MUD)
FrequencyBB
FrequencyBB
FrequencyBB
FrequencyWW
CDMACDMACode 1Code 1
CDMACDMA
Code 2Code 2CDMACDMA
Code 3Code 3
WW
WW
WW
Noise estimation
CDMA ExplainedCDMA Explained
Section 5Section 5
UMTS Technology OverviewUMTS Technology Overview
Asynchronous Transfer ModeAsynchronous Transfer Mode
�� Switching technologySwitching technology�� HardwareHardware…………..but also software..but also software
�� Statistical multiplexingStatistical multiplexing
�� Packet mode transmissionPacket mode transmission�� Cell= 53 octetsCell= 53 octets
�� Header carries virtual path/ virtual circuit identitiesHeader carries virtual path/ virtual circuit identities
�� Connection orientedConnection oriented�� PrePre--established virtual circuitsestablished virtual circuits
VPI & VCI HEC Payload (48 octets)
ATM Layers & Service ClassesATM Layers & Service Classes
Physical Layer
ATM Layer
ATM Adaptation Layer
Higher Layer Higher Layer
Control Plane User Plane
Management Plane
ATM Layers
A B C DClasses
User Bit Rate
End-to-End
Synchronisation
Connection Oriented ?
Constant Variable
Required Not Required
NoYes
Service Classes
AAL-1
AAL-2
AAL-3/4AAL-5 (data)
VP and VC SwitchingVP and VC Switching
VPI = 4 VPI = 5
VCI= 1
VCI= 2
VCI= 10
VCI= 12
VP Switch
VC Switch
VPI = 1
VCI= 3
VCI= 4
VCI= 1
VCI= 12VPI = 3
VPI = 2
VCI= 3 VCI= 4 VCI= 1
VCI= 12
Physical
LayerPhysical
Layer
ATM LayerATM Layer
Peer-to-peer protocolsPeer-to-peer protocols
AALAAL
Upper
Layer
Protocols
Upper
Layer
Protocols
Physical
LayerPhysical
Layer
ATM LayerATM Layer
Physical
LayerPhysical
Layer
ATM LayerATM Layer
Physical
LayerPhysical
Layer
ATM LayerATM Layer
AALAAL
Upper
Layer
Protocols
Upper
Layer
Protocols
UNI NNI UNI
CDMA PrincipleCDMA Principle
FrequencyBB
Code 1Code 1 CDMACDMA
FrequencyBB
FrequencyWW FrequencyWWCDMA
Code 2Code 2
Frequency
WW
CDMACDMA--1 1 ((~ ~ CDMA)CDMA)
Code 1Code 1
GGpp= W/B
Direct Sequence SpreadingDirect Sequence Spreading
0 1 0
Chip
SymbolData
Code
Data x Code
Spreading Factor (SF)= Symbol rate/ Chip rate
FrequencyFrequencyCarrier FrequencyCarrier Frequency
Chip rateChip rate
FrequencyFrequencyCarrier FrequencyCarrier Frequency
Symbol rateSymbol rate
2 x Symbol rate2 x Symbol rate
DS- Frequency DomainDS- Frequency Domain
Gp = Chip rate/ Symbol rate
Direct Sequence De-SpreadingDirect Sequence De-Spreading
0 1 0
Chip
Symbol
De-Spread Data
Local Code
Received Data
Cell Capacity ConsiderationCell Capacity Consideration
X ~ X ~ GpGp
EbEb/No/No
InterferenceInterference
X ~ X ~ GpGp
[[Eb/No]xEb/No]x 1.61.6
Separating users- exampleSeparating users- example
A Data
A Code
Data x Code
B Data
B Code
A + B
(A + B)x A Code
Local A Code
Integrator Output
Comparator
Output
Data x Code
© Bcomms Ltd 2000
Code CharacteristicsCode Characteristics
[Data1 x Code1 +Data2 x Code2] x Code1shift(n)
+
Data2 x Code2 x Code1shift(n)
Data1 x Code1 x Code1shift(n)
Code ClassificationsCode Classifications
�� Code LengthCode Length�� Short CodeShort Code
�� Long CodeLong Code
�� Code FamilyCode Family�� PseudoPseudo--Random CodesRandom Codes
�� Combinational CodesCombinational Codes
�� Orthogonal CodesOrthogonal Codes
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
Code Length
Code Length
Code RequirementsCode Requirements
�� ChannelisationChannelisation
�� Good Good xcorrelationxcorrelation
(orthogonal codes)(orthogonal codes)
�� User/ Cell identificationUser/ Cell identification�� Good compromise between Good compromise between
autoauto-- & cross& cross--correlationcorrelation
�� Good Spreading Good Spreading
�� White Noise likeWhite Noise like
Σ Σ
Channelisation Channelisation
Cell identification
(Scrambling)
Uplink/ Downlink Scrambling CodesUplink/ Downlink Scrambling Codes
Cell CCell A Cell B
User codeCell B code
Cell A code
User code
Cell A code
User code
Cell C code
CDMA System Requirements-Power Control
CDMA System Requirements-Power Control
20 Km20 Km
200 m200 m
Distance Ratio: 20/0.2 = 100Distance Ratio: 20/0.2 = 100
Jamming Margin Required= Jamming Margin Required= 40 dB40 dB
CDMA System Requirements-
Fast Power Control
CDMA System Requirements-
Fast Power Control
Power UPPower UP
(Building shadow)(Building shadow)
Power DownPower Down
(and QUICK!(and QUICK!…… or or
degradation of other degradation of other
mobilemobile’’s signal)s signal)
CDMA System Requirements-Soft Handover
CDMA System Requirements-Soft Handover
Base Station ABase Station A
Base Station BBase Station B
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower ControlPower ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Power ControlPower Control
Types of HandoverTypes of Handover
Node
B
Node
B
F1
F1
�� Soft HandoverSoft Handover
�� Hard handoverHard handover
�� InterInter--frequency/ Intrafrequency/ Intra--systemsystem
�� InterInter--systemsystem
RNC
Soft HandoverSofter Handover
Radio ImpairmentsRadio Impairments
�� FadingFading
�� InterInter--SymbolSymbol--InterferenceInterference
Multi-path
Rake ReceiverRake Receiver
RF/ IF
Downconverter
Analog-to-Digital
Correlator # 1
Correlator # 2
Correlator # n
.....
Searcher
......... Co
mb
ine
r
To Decoder
Controller
Code 1
Sw
itch m
atr
ix
Code 2
Code k
Code 1
Cell BreathingCell Breathing
Becomes out of range
Multi-User Detection (MUD)Multi-User Detection (MUD)
FrequencyBB
FrequencyBB
FrequencyBB
FrequencyWW
CDMACDMACode 1Code 1
CDMACDMA
Code 2Code 2CDMACDMA
Code 3Code 3
WW
WW
WW
Noise estimation
CDMA ExplainedCDMA Explained
Section 6Section 6
UMTS Air Interface ProtocolsUMTS Air Interface Protocols
Access Stratum- Protocol ArchitectureAccess Stratum- Protocol Architecture
Physical layer
Physical channels
Transport channels
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Logical channels
Radio Link Control (RLC)
PDCP BMC
Radio Resource Control(RRC)
Layer 1
Layer 2
Layer 3
Control Plane User Plane
Physical
Control
MAC
Control
RLC
Control
Channel TypesChannel Types
Logical ChannelsLogical Channels
Control Channels
Traffic Channels
Control PlaneControl Plane
User PlaneUser Plane
Ma
pp
ing/
Ma
pp
ing/
Mu
ltip
lexin
gM
ultip
lexin
g Common
Channels
Dedicated
Channels
Transport ChannelsTransport Channels
Mu
ltip
lexin
g/
Mu
ltip
lexin
g/
Sp
littin
gS
plit
tin
g ............
Physical ChannelsPhysical Channels
ChannelisationChannelisation
OVSF= Orthogonal Variable Spreading FactorOVSF= Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
ΣΣ
ScramblingScrambling
Logical Channels-R99Logical Channels-R99
Broadcast
ControlChannel(BCCH)
Paging
ControlChannel(PCCH)
Common
ControlChannel(CCCH)
Dedicated
ControlChannel(DCCH)
Shared Channel
ControlChannel(SHCCH)
Dedicated
TrafficChannel(DTCH)
Common
TrafficChannel(CTCH)
Transport Channels- R99Transport Channels- R99
Broadcast
Channel(BCH)
Paging
Channel(PCH)
Random
AccessChannel(RACH)
Forward
AccessChannel(FACH)
Downlink
SharedChannel(DSCH)
Dedicated
Channel(DCH)
Uplink
SharedChannel(USCH)
Common
PacketChannel(CPCH)
(TDD only) (FDD only)
Logical to Transport Channels
(FDD)
Logical to Transport Channels
(FDD)�� Broadcast Control Channel Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH)(BCCH)
�� Broadcast Channel (BCH)Broadcast Channel (BCH)
�� Forward Access Channel (FACH)Forward Access Channel (FACH)
�� Paging Control Channel (PCCH)Paging Control Channel (PCCH) �� Paging Channel (PCH)Paging Channel (PCH)
�� Common Control Channel Common Control Channel (CCCH)(CCCH)
�� Random Access channel (RACH)Random Access channel (RACH)
�� Forward Access Channel (FACH)Forward Access Channel (FACH)
�� Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)Common Traffic Channel (CTCH) �� Forward Access Channel (FACH)Forward Access Channel (FACH)
�� Dedicated Traffic Channel Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)(DTCH)
&&
�� Dedicated Control Channel Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)(DCCH)
�� Forward Access Channel (FACH)Forward Access Channel (FACH)
�� Dedicated Channel (DCH)Dedicated Channel (DCH)
�� Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
�� Random Access channel (RACH)Random Access channel (RACH)
�� Common Packet Channel (CPCH)Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
MAC- Physical Layer Data Exchange
(example)
MAC- Physical Layer Data Exchange
(example)
10 ms
Time
Transport channel #1, transmission time interval = 20ms
Transport channel #2, transmission time interval = 40ms
Transport channel #3, transmission time interval = 10ms
Uplink Physical ChannelsUplink Physical Channels
Physical RandomAccess Channel
(PRACH)
Physical CommonPacket Channel
(PCPCH)
Physical UplinkShared Channel
(PUSCH)
Dedicated Physical Data Channel
(DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel
(DPCCH)
Downlink Physical ChannelsDownlink Physical Channels
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
(PDSCH)
Dedicated Physical
Channel(DPCH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Collision Detection Channel Assignment
Indicator Channel (CD/CAICH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)
Common Pilot Channel
(CPICH)
Common Control Physical Channel
(CCPCH)
Synchronisation Channel
(SCH)
• Primary
• Secondary
• Primary
• Secondary
• Primary
• Secondary
Frame StructureFrame Structure
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 13Slot 14
Time
….
Frame= 10ms
Slot 0 Slot 1 ….
Slot = 666.67 µµµµs
Chiprate= 3.84 Mcps2560 chips
Spreading and Codes-FDD mode 1
Spreading and Codes-FDD mode 1
Spreading
Channelisation
+
Scrambling
�� OVSFOVSF
�� SF= code length per symbolSF= code length per symbol
�� SFSFmaxmax= = 256 (Uplink)256 (Uplink)
512 (Downlink)512 (Downlink)
�� SFSFminmin= 4= 4
�� Gold Codes Gold Codes
�� Per frame basisPer frame basis-- 38 400 chips38 400 chips
�� Downlink 2Downlink 21818-1
� Uplink 225 -1
�� S(2) codesS(2) codes
�� 256 chips256 chips
�� UplinkUplink-- if MUD usedif MUD used
FDD Synchronisation ChannelsFDD Synchronisation Channels
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 13 Slot 14Time
….Frame= 10ms
….
….
P-SCH- Same code continuously
S-SCH- Code Pattern repeated over frames
Slot synchronisation
Frame synchronisation
Pattern Cell scrambling groupCell scrambling group
Frame Information Content-e.g. Downlink DCH
Frame Information Content-e.g. Downlink DCH
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 13Slot 14
Time
….
Frame= 10ms
User
Data 1TPC TFCI
User
Data 2Pilot
10x 2k bits (k= 0…7)
2, 4, 8 or 16 bits
0, 2, 4, 8 or 16 bits
2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 bits
Multi-channel TransmissionMulti-channel Transmission
Physical Channel #1
Physical Channel #2
Physical Channel #n
User
Data 1
TPC TFCIUser
Data 2
Pilot
User
Data 1
User
Data 2
User
Data 1
User
Data 2
........
TransmissionPower
Transmission
Power
Transmission
Power
Frame Information Content-e.g. Uplink DCH
Frame Information Content-e.g. Uplink DCH
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 4 Slot 5 Slot 13Slot 14
Time
….
Frame= 10ms
User Data
10x 2k bits (k= 0…6)
Pilot TFCI FBI TPC
1 or 2 bits
0, 1 or 2 bits
0, 2, 3 or 4 bits
10 bits
DPDCH
DPCCH
Contention-based Access SlotsContention-based Access Slots
Time
5120 chips
Radio frame = 10ms Radio frame = 10ms
Random Access Transmission
Random Access Transmission
Random Access Transmission
Random Access Transmission
…..
Random Access BurstRandom Access Burst
Preamble Message part
10 or 20ms
Slot= 2560 chips
Data
10, 20, 40 or 80 bits
Pilot (8 bits) TFCI
Time
4096 bits
256x 16-chip signature≅ SF16
“Cell specific” scrambling code
Random Access ProcedureRandom Access Procedure
�� Signature setSignature set
�� Scrambling codeScrambling code
�� Preamble ack timerPreamble ack timer
�� Message lengthMessage length
�� Power offsetsPower offsets
�� Preamble/ controlPreamble/ control
�� control/ datacontrol/ data
Initial Preamble Power(open loop power control)
Uplink Access Slots
Signature
Generate Preamble
Transmit Preamble
Wait Acknowledgement(AICH)
Transmit Data/ Control Part
Retry (next access slot)
�� Power_rampPower_ramp
�� Max No. RTXMax No. RTX
Exit Procedure
No ACK
Any Downlink Physical Channel
(except SCH)
S/P
I
Q
Downlink SpreadingDownlink Spreading
x
x
OVSF
x
+ x
Complex value
Downlink scrambling code
Σ
x
x....x
Gi
Gj
Gk
Σx
Gp
x
Gs
To QPSK modulator
P-SCH
S-SCH
Physical Channel #1
j
I+jQ
+ x
Complex valueUplink Scrambling Code
x xDPDCH1
Spreading Code 1
Gain factor (data)
x xDPCCH
Fixed Spreading Code Gain factor (control)
x
j
I
Q
To QPSK modulator
Σ
x xDPDCH2
Spreading Code 2
Σx xDPDCH3
Spreading Code 3
x xDPDCH4
Spreading Code 4
x xDPDCH5
Spreading Code 5
x xDPDCH6
Spreading Code 6
Uplink Spreading (DCH)Uplink Spreading (DCH)
ModulationModulation
Separate
Real &
Imaginary
Real
Imaginary
Pulse Shaping
Pulse Shaping
x
Cos (ωt)
x
-Sin (ωt)
+
From spreading
(complex values)
To Transmission
FDD Power ControlFDD Power Control
�� Open LoopOpen Loop
�� Close LoopClose Loop
�� UplinkUplink
�� DownlinkDownlink
Node B
UE Transmits Preamble at computed Power
P-CCPCH
(BCH)
Node B
SIRest> SIRtarget ?∆dB
Up/ Down
SIRest> SIRtarget ?∆dB
Up/ Down
P-CCPCH
FDD Compressed modeFDD Compressed mode
�� PurposePurpose
�� Measurements at Measurements at ≠≠ frequencyfrequency
�� Reduction of Processing GainReduction of Processing Gain
�� CDMA: SF/2 orCDMA: SF/2 or
�� Coding: puncturingCoding: puncturing
�� Power increasedPower increased
Fame Fame Fame Fame
Transmission gap for inter-
frequency measurements
1 or 2 frames
Site Selection Diversity TransmitSite Selection Diversity Transmit
Cell C
Cell ACell B
FBI
(Primary cell)
DPCH
DPCCH
(Power Control)
DPCCH
(Power Ctl)
DPCH
FBI
(Primary cell)
DPCCH
(Power Control)
DPCCH
(Power Ctl)
Closed Loop Transmit DiversityClosed Loop Transmit Diversity
Spreading/Scrambling
DPCH
(Downlink)
x
x
w1
w2 Σ
Σ
CPICH1
CPICH2
Antenna 1
Antenna 2
FBI
Tx
Tx
Rx
RxWeight Generation
TDD Frame Structure ExamplesTDD Frame Structure Examples
Frame = 10msSlot = 2560 chips
Multi-switching-point/ symmetric DL/ UP allocation
Multi-switching-point/ asymmetric DL/ UP allocation
Single-switching-point/ symmetric DL/ UP allocation
Single-switching-point/ asymmetric DL/ UP allocation
TDD Burst StructuresTDD Burst Structures
Data Symbols TFCI Midamble TFCITPC Data Symbols GP
96 chipsBurst type 1 512 chips
Burst type 2 256 chips
Burst type 1 976 chips
Burst type 2 1104 chips
(UL
optional)(UL/ DL
optional)
Data Symbols Midamble Data Symbols GP
192 chips512 chips976 chips 880 chips
RACH Burst
976/ 1104 chips
TDD specific spreadingTDD specific spreading
�� DownlinkDownlink
�� SF= 16 nominallySF= 16 nominally
�� SF= 1 possibleSF= 1 possible
�� UplinkUplink
�� SF= 1 to 16SF= 1 to 16
�� Two codes max per slot Two codes max per slot
per UEper UE
Symbol spreading/ channelisation
Data Symbols
Scrambling
Chips
Scrambling code
(16 chips long)
Channelisation code
(1-16 chips long)
Transmitted chips
CDMA ExplainedCDMA Explained
Section 7Section 7
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
NetworkNetwork
UTRAN InterfacesUTRAN Interfaces
Core
Network
Iu
RNC
IubIub
RNC
Iub Iub
Iu
IurSRNC
DRNC
General Protocol ModelGeneral Protocol Model
Application
Protocol
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
LayerSignallingBearer(s)
Data Stream(s)
DataBearer(s)
Transport Network
Control Plane
SignallingBearer(s)
ALCAP(s)
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
Control Plane User Plane
Physical Layer
Iu Interface ArchitectureIu Interface Architecture
Iu
Core Network
RNC
Circuit--switched Packet--switched
Iu-CSIu-PS
Broadcast
Iu-BC
Iu Interface CapabilitiesIu Interface Capabilities
�� Procedures to establish, maintain and release Radio Access Procedures to establish, maintain and release Radio Access Bearers;Bearers;
�� Procedures to perform intraProcedures to perform intra--system handover, intersystem handover, inter--system system handover and SRNS relocation;handover and SRNS relocation;
�� Procedures to support the Cell Broadcast service;Procedures to support the Cell Broadcast service;
�� General procedures between CN and UTRAN, not related to a General procedures between CN and UTRAN, not related to a specific UE;specific UE;
�� UE addressing capability for user specific signalling managementUE addressing capability for user specific signalling management;;
�� Transfer of NAS signalling messages between UE and CN;Transfer of NAS signalling messages between UE and CN;
�� Location based services;Location based services;
�� Simultaneous access to multiple CN domains for a single UE;Simultaneous access to multiple CN domains for a single UE;
�� Mechanisms for resource reservation for packet data streams.Mechanisms for resource reservation for packet data streams.
Iu CS Protocol ArchitectureIu CS Protocol Architecture
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
ATM
Physical Layer
UP Protocol Layer
AAL2
Transport Network
User Plane
User Plane
AAL2 SAR
RANAP
Transport Network
User Plane
Control Plane
AAL5
SCCP
Convergence layers
Transport Network
Control Plane
AAL5
AAL2 Signalling Protocol
Convergence layers
Iu PS Protocol ArchitectureIu PS Protocol Architecture
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
Transport Network
Control Plane
UP Protocol Layer
AAL5
Transport Network
User Plane
User Plane
IP
UDP
GTP-U
ATM
Physical Layer
RANAP
Transport Network
User Plane
Control Plane
ATM
Physical Layer
AAL5
SCCP
Convergence layers
Iu BC Protocol ArchitectureIu BC Protocol Architecture
Radio
NetworkLayer
Transport
Network
Layer
SABP Protocol Layer
AAL5
Transport Network
User Plane
SA Broadcast Plane
IP
TCP
ATM
Physical Layer
User Plane (UP) ProtocolsUser Plane (UP) Protocols
�� Transparent ModeTransparent Mode
�� Support Mode for predefined SDU sizeSupport Mode for predefined SDU size
Radio
Inte
rface
Pro
tocols
Iu UP layer inTransparent mode
Iu UP layer inTransparent mode
NAS
AS
Iu Interface
Radio
Inte
rface
Pro
tocols
Support modeFunctions
Support modeFunctions
NAS
AS
Iu Interface
Iu UP
Protocol frames
Iur Interface CapabilitiesIur Interface Capabilities
SRNC DRNC Iub
Iur
Radio application related signalling
Transport channel
data stream
Iur Protocol ArchitectureIur Protocol Architecture
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
Iur Data Stream
AAL2
Transport Network
User Plane
User Plane
AAL2 SAR
RNSAP
Transport Network
User Plane
Control Plane
AAL5
SCCP
Convergence Layers
Transport Network
Control Plane
AAL5
AAL2 connection Signalling
Convergence Layers
ATM
Physical Layer
SRNC RelocationSRNC Relocation
Core
Network
Iu
Iur
SRNC DRNC
1-R
eloc
atio
n re
quire
d
4-R
eloc
atio
n co
mm
and
2- Relocation request
3- Relocation request Ack
5- Relocation commit
6- Relocation detect
7- ID exchange with UE
8- Relocation com
plete9-Iu
Rel
ease
com
man
d
10-Iu
Rel
ease
com
plet
e
Iub Interface CapabilitiesIub Interface Capabilities
RNC
Iub
Transport Channel Data Stream
Radio application related signalling
& Node management
Iub Protocol ArchitectureIub Protocol Architecture
Radio
Network
Layer
Transport
Network
Layer
ATM
Physical Layer
Iur Data Stream
AAL2
Transport Network
User Plane
User Plane
AAL2 SAR
NBAP
Transport Network
User Plane
Control Plane
AAL5
SSCOP
SSCF-NNI
Transport NetworkControl Plane
AAL5
SSCF-NNI
AAL2 Signalling Transport
converter
AAL2 connection Signalling
SSCOP
RAB Establishment within UTRAN
Example (no DRNC)
RAB Establishment within UTRAN
Example (no DRNC)
CNCNRNCRNCNode BNode BUEUE
RANAPRANAPRAB Assignment
Request (establish)NBAPNBAP
Radio Link Setup
Request
NBAPNBAPRadio Link Setup
Response
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup
ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup(not required towards PS)
RRCRRCRadio Bearer Setup
RANAPRANAPRAB Assignment
Response
Not required
For RACH/ FACH
RAB Release within UTRAN
Example (no DRNC)
RAB Release within UTRAN
Example (no DRNC)
CNCNRNCRNCNode BNode BUEUE
RANAPRANAPRAB Assignment
Request (release)
NBAPNBAP
Radio Link
ReconfigurationRequest
NBAPNBAP
RL Reconfiguration
Response
ALCAP Iub Data Transport Bearer Setup
ALCAP Iu Data Transport Bearer Setup
(not required towards PS)
RRCRRCRadio Bearer Release
RANAPRANAPRAB Assignment
Response
Not required
For RACH/ FACH
Synchronisation IssuesSynchronisation Issues
Core Network
RNS
NodeB
NodeB
NodeB
….
Vocoder
RNC
NodeB
NodeB
….
UTRAN
RNC
UE1 UE2
Time
AlignmentHandling
Transport
ChannelSynchronisation
Radio
InterfaceSynchronisation [TDD] Radio
InterfaceSynchronisation